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Slavery in eighteenth-century North Africa, as described in the literature of that era, is the main theme of this paper. However, as the eighteenth century gives an arbitrary division to our topic, the scope of this study has been enlarged. The account of Morocco begins with the reign of Mulay Isma'il (1672–1727) and extends through that of Mulay Sliman (1792–1822). As conditions were much the same throughout both of these rulers' reigns, any division would be meaningless. The account of slavery in Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli has been extended in the same manner. The period of the latter eighteenth century was one of decline for all three of these Muslim states. Conditions remained the same until the period of time around 1820. Then naval action by Lord Exmouth, and diplomatic pressure by the combined European powers practically put an end to the holding of Christian slaves.

Philippe Broyon Pioneer Trader in East Africa by NORMAN ROBERT BENNETT OLLOWING the Brussels Conference of 1876 leading to the formation of the Association Internationale Africaine, reports of a young European resident in East Africa reached those interested in the new effort to penetrate this area of the African continent. He signed his letters with the name, " Philippe Broyon-Mirambo,"' and he called himself " a relation of the Sultan of Unyamwezi."2 The object of this study is to recount the activities of this adventurer who was the first independent European trader and plantation owner in the interior of East Africa. Philippe Broyon was born in Bex, Switzerland, in 1844. He chose the sea for a career, and made several voyages to Zanzibar as a sailor on French vessels from Marseilles between 1862 and 1866. Then he accepted employment from the French firm of Roux de Fraissinet in Zanzibar. After a time Broyon decided to enter into trade on his own account, and in 1872 he made his first inland expedition, accompanied by five Africans. His base of operations became the trading centre of Saadani on the coast opposite Zanzibar where he had early gone to study the routes inland and the local conditions of trade.3 Little is known of Broyon's early activities in what is now Tanganyika. A few travellers, however, did report seeing Broyon, or at least traces of his activities, as they passed through the area in which he worked. In 1875 Lt. Murphy of the Cameron expedition in search of Livingstone found Broyon settled near Mpwapwa, a village about 200 miles from the coast. He apparently was well-established there and living in peace with his African neighbours.' Direct evidence of Broyon's presence in the area comes in a letter of his in 1875 sent from there to the French Consul in Zanzibar; Broyon reported that he had purchased from an African a rifle lost by H. M. Stanley in a recent encounter with a native group." A later English traveller reported that Broyon had lived at this location near Mpwapwa for two years." Additional reports of Broyon's travels are mentioned by other European visitors. Mackay of the Church Missionary Society gave Broyon credit for being the first outsider to open a trade route through the Useguha region ; the Arabs in their journeys inland had not developed this route.' Pare Horner of the Roman Catholic mission at Bagamoyo said that the Swiss trader had opened a route to the Nguru region of Tanganyika where his order later established a mission.s While trading in the interior, Broyon entered into close relations with the Nyamwezi leader, Mirambo-the chief brought to the knowledge of the outside world as a result of his conflict with Stanley and the Arabs when the AngloAmerican explorer was in search of Livingstone.' Broyon apparently first reached Mirambo in 1875 when a lack of provisions motivated him to travel further inland."1 According to reports reaching Europe, probably from Broyon, he went to Mirambo's village, Urambo, with a group of Arab traders. Friendly

The city of Salem, Massachusetts, was a major port for American commerce to Africa for much of the nineteenth century. Even in the latter years of the century, when trade had moved to larger centers, the Salem men still played an important role in some African areas. Due to the efforts of the Peabody Museum and the Essex Institute, many of the papers relating to this American contact with Africa have been preserved. The collections include logbooks of vessels, merchants' account books, and letters to and from agents and captains. The following pages briefly describe the materials relating to the history of Africa in the archives of the two Salem institutions. The list includes only those items of historical interest. (There are many logs of voyages to Africa of only nautical value.) It attempts to be complete, but no claim is made to having found every document of interest to the historian. Part of the contents of the archives remain uncatalogued and materials relating to Africa are occasionally uncovered under unlikely headings. Research for new sources is being continued.

An NDEA Summer Lanuage and Area Program will be offered during the eight-week summer session, June 26-August 18, 1967, on the UCLA campus. Languages to be offered are: Swahili, Afrikaans, Hausa, and Fulani. Area courses will be offered in anthropology, English, geography, history, law, and political science. The program is open to all undergraduate and graduate students interested in pursuing a combined area and language program. Applications for admission should be directed to the Summer Sessions Office, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024. Fellowships (NDFL Summer Awards) are available through the Office of Education in Washington, D.C. The African Language and Area Center of Duquesne University, in cooperation with the African Language and Area Centers of Columbia, Howard, Indiana, Michigan State, Northwestern, Ohio, and Wisconsin universities, is sponsoring an eight-week Intensive Summer Language Program in six African languages which is supported by matching funds provided by the U.S. Office of Education under the National Defense Education Act. The Reverend Joseph L. Varga, C.S.Sp., professor of Swahili at Duquesne University, will assume overall responsibility for language instruction; and the whole Intensive Summer Program will be under the direction of Dr. Geza Grosschmid, director of the African Language and Area Center, Duquesne University. Courses: Intensive elementary courses are offered in Hausa, Ibo, Lingala, Mende, Swahili, and Yoruba. Intensive intermediate or advanced conversation courses are offered of the same, and enrollment will determine their instruction. Each intensive elementary and intermediate course (12 credits) is five hours a day, including lab, Monday through Friday. The advanced conversation course (4 credits) is one and one half hours a day, Monday through Friday.