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The transmission of monochromatic light through the sandwich cell of MBBA (a typical n-type liquid crystal) with vertical alignment is investigated. When the cell is set in crossed Nicol and controlled by a.c. voltages, the transmissivity is zero at any voltage V below the threshold value Vth. When V>Vth, it shows nearly a sinusoidal variation with V. This phenomenon is observed even with fairly thick cells (50 µm). The threshold voltage Vth is shown to be independent of the cell's thickness and about 4.0 V (r.m.s.) at 24.0°C for f

1. Electrical activities occurring spontaneously and in response to electrical or photic stimulation were recorded from nervous, muscular and non-nervous tissues of Spirocodon saltatrix.2. Two types of quick pulses, nMP's and PSP's, were recorded from the nerve ring. nMP's originated in the outer nerve ring and PSP's, in both the outer and the inner nerve rings. The PSP's appeared to trigger swimming contractions because they always preceded the muscle contraction pulses of the bell (SSP's) and the velum(VSP's).3. Composite pulses with quick and slow phases (QSCP's) and slow monophasic pulses (SMP's) were recorded on the subtentacular region and the tentacles, respectively. The QSCP's had an intimate relationship with nMP's and their quick components appeared to be of nervous origin as were nMP's and PSP's. The SMP's seemed to be myonal or epithelial events and their conduction was restricted to each radial streak.4. Contraction pulses of the velum (VSP's) and the subumbrellar muscle (SSP's) consisted of ...

The visible absorption spectra of the cross-sections of the dyed various synthetic-polymer fibres were measured by means of a microspectrophotometer. We found that the spectra of Acridine Orange hydrochloride in the crosssections of fibres showed a maximum of α-band and β band, and the spectra of Acridine Orange (free base), indicated a maximum of α-band, β-band and the crystal peak of the dye. These results suggest that the monomeric state, the aggregate as well as the crystal of the dye exist in these dyed synthetic-polymer fibres.

This paper deals with the analytical study of the effect of fine structure of the lower ionosphere on the reflection of very low frequency radio waves. We consider the case of a plane whistler wave propagating in the vertical direction in the presence of a uniform magnetic field of the same direction. The lower ionospheric model adopted here is a bilinear (double linear) density profile as a kind of idealizations of the actual ionosphere. For the bilinear model, the frequency characteristics of reflection coefficient will be shown for several combinations of β1 and β2, which are the density gradients of the lower and upper layers. In these cases, conspicuous changes in reflection coefficient arise, being composed of the reduction in reflection coefficient at all frequencies and components which oscillate with frequency. Such oscillatory fluctuations with frequency may result from the wave interference effect between the penetrating and reflected waves in the lower layer.

The purpose of this-paper is to investigate theoretically the scattering characteristics of electromagnetic waves by a cylindrically inhomogeneous irregularity in an unmagnetized plasma at oblique incidence. This problem is very important in radio wave propagation in the ionosphere.In a homogeneous plasma embedded a cylindrical irregularity whose radial density distribution is assumed to be of parabolic form. Under this condition, analytical expressions of scattered wave fields produced by radio waves at any angle with the irregularity are discussed. Also the wave field die tributions inside the irregularity are fully given. Formulas of scattering patterns are given analytically as a function of frequency, incidence angle and irregularity width. As special cases, the scattering by a magnetic field-aligned irregularity at normal incidence and by irregularities with regular spatial distribution are also discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the transmission of ELF and VLF electromagnetic waves through the lower ionosphere from below at equatorial latitude. We treat the case in which the electromagnetic waves are incident on the lower ionosphere whose electron density increases linearly wih height, and the geomagnetic field is taken to be horizontal. Analytical expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients are derived and numerical results are given. The most outstanding result is as follows. The wave transmission is, generally, extremely small due to the presence of an evanescent region. However, there exists a narrow band of possible tunneling penetration around 1 kHz. The frequency of maximum transmission is found to depend on the density gradient. Lastly some discussion is given on the relation with equatorial ELF and VLF radio phenomena.

This paper deals with the scattering of electromagnetic waves obliquely incident on an inhomogeneous plasma column which has a parabolic radial density distribution and its application to ionospheric irregulariries. Explicit expressions of scattered wave fields and fields inside the irregularity are given. Formulas of scattering patterns are given analytically as functions of frequency, incident angle, and irregularity width. As special cases, scattering by a magnetic field-aligned irregularity at normal incidence, and scattering by irregularities with regular spatial distribution, are also discussed.

The K-9M-26 rocket was launched from Kagoshima Space Center in Japan (geomag. lat. 20°N) to study the propagation characteristics of ionospheric or short fractional-hop whistlers coming from the local Earth-ionosphere waveguide. Their dispersion and amplitude characteristics are investigated in detail, and they are checked against the propagation theory. An analysis of their dispersions shows that the quasi-longitudinal (QL) approximation is pertinent above the E-region even at such low latitudes as 20°. Then it is found from the study of wave field intensities that the observed ionospheric whistlers are identified as having propagated up to the rocket after propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide over considerable distances.

メタクリル酸ボルニル(BMA)およびメタクリル酸イソボルニル(IBMA)を合成し,スチレン(St)および塩化ビニル(VC)とのラジカル共重合の研究を行なった。共重合は封管法でアゾビスイソブチロニトリルを開始剤とし塊状,60℃で行なった。初期生成共重合体の組成分析より,モノマー反応性比(r1,r2)およびQ,e値を計算し,つぎの結果を得た。BMA(M1)-St(M2)系:r1=0.44,r2=0.49BMA(M1)-VC(M2)系:r1=12.5,r2=0.06IBMA(M1)-St(M2)系:r1=0.32,r2=0.70IBMA(M1)-VC(M2)系:r1=10.0,r2=0.12Q(BMA)=0.79,e(BMA)=0.46Q(IBMA)=0.54,e(IBMA)=0.42これら値をメタクリル酸メチルについての結果(Q=0.74,e=0.4)と比較すると,BMAの結果は全く一致し,IBMAではQ値が多少小さく表われた。したがって,前報でのべたエキソ型のIBMAの重合でビシクロヘプタン基の立体効果が現われるという結論に対して有力な支持となった。また,生成共重合体の軟化点,極限粘度,耐熱性などについても考察した。

Low-latitude nose whistlers which showed nose frequency of 55-70 kc/s were obsesved at Moshiri. Their path latitudes have been estimated to be not lower than 42° for whistlers of nose frequency 55 kc/s, and 39° for 70 kc/s. Occasionally, high-latitude nose whistlers were also observed at Moshiri. It is inferred that they emerge from the ionosphere near 60°. Some discussions are given in order to estimate the path latitude and electron density distribution. And it is shown that the low latitude nose whistlers can possibly provide informations about the electron distribution in the intermediate region.

Phosphatase activity which was extracted from human intestinal mucous membrane was subsected to paper chromatography and paper elecrophoresis, using as substrate naphthyl phosphate and di-naphthyl phosphate.Phosphomonoesterase and phosphodiesterase activities were located in the same position on the chromatogram. A direct developing method was employed for detection of enzymatic activities.The authors showed some important evidences on the subject, but the problem of the specificity of phosphodiesterase seems to be still unresolved.

The propagation characteristics of downgoing magnetospheric whistlers through models of the lower exosphere are theoretically treated taking into account the Earth-ionosphere cavity. The situation is that the whistler mode propagates downward in the presence of the homogeneous magnetic field of vertical direction, and the lower exosphere is tentatively divided into several characteristic regions. The analytical expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients, for these models, are derived and their numerical values are shown for nighttime and daytime conditions. It is found that the most striking effects of the introduction of the Earth-ionosphere cavity are summarized as follows: (1) the reflection coefficients of magnetospheric whistlers become nearly unity for the usually encountered collisionfrequency in the lower ionosphere, and (2) there appear several characteristic minima in the transmission coefficients at certain frequencies, which are closely related with the spacing of the Earth-ionosphere cavity. These results will be useful in the study of the loss mechanism of VLF emissions as well as the whistler penetration problem.

Aiming at automatically locating the atmospheric sources, a new direction finding network system has been planned by our Research Institute since May 1967. The new automatic location system of atmospheric sources adopts the principle of triangulation network, consisting of the three direction finding stations, Moshiri Sakushima and Kagoshima. A direction finder of twin channel type each installed at a station, is tuned to 10 KHz and is used for locating distant sources, several hundred to several thousand kilometers away from each station. Test observations using the new system have been continued from one to two weeks each month from July to October 1968. At present, the site error is being investigated, referring to these observation data. The routine observation, being delayed by the deficiency of the electronic computer, will be opened in spring 1969.

1. Pig pancreas extract is examined by means of paper chromatographic technic using 1.5% NaCl and 10% acetone buffer solution pH 5.0 as a developer. Esterase and lipase are separated and they showed color reactions in different places respectively. At least two spots are found in esterase reaction.2. Eleven kinds of effectors are applied to the separated esterase portion on paper chromatogram and resulting color reactions are examined. At least in two spots, different color reactions are noted, depending on the different substances applied Atoxyl, Eserine and Thyroxine showed strong color reaction in the spot of relative larger Rf value. Fluoride, Urethane, Qunine, Cocaine and Nitromin showed weak color reaction (inhibition) in the spot of smaller Rf value. Strychinine and 1-Leucylglycylglycine showed inhibition in both spots in same degree. Taurocholate showed activation in both spots.

Using the data of whistlers observed at Wakkanai during the period January 1959 to November 1962 and at Moshiri during the period December 1962 to December 1966, the variations of occurrence rate, and of dispersion, of whistlers have been individually examined for eleven magnetic storms. It is found that whistler occurrence rises rapidly from the beginning of a magnetic storm and reaches a maximum one to three days after the date when ΣKp attained a maximum, and whistler activity lasts about a few days. Dispersion of whistlers on these occasions has been found to decrease gradually by about 10-20 sec^1/2.

The result of radio noise observation with VLF wide band receiver on board the K-9M-26 rocket is discussed. On the flight we observed a large number of short fractional-hop whistlers originating around the launching site. From the altitude dependence of their dispersion the electron density profile of the ionosphere with layer structure is derived. Also the analysis of ordinary whistlers shows that the whistlers which have emerged once above the maximum density region of the ionosphere, echo back and forth between both hemisphereres taking non-ducted propagation, resulting in large dispersion.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically the dispersion characteristics and guiding mechanism of electromagnetic waves in a multicomponent magnetoplasma. The problem is very important in exospheric raio wave propagation.Dependence of group velocity on wave frequency is plotted with wave normal angle as a parameter for plasmas with different ion compositions. The guiding mechanism due to magnetoionic ducting is also discussed at VLF-ELF-ULF whistler frequency ranges in the exosphere. Especially the effect of ions appears very serious in ELF frequency range. Simple considerations are given for newly observed ELF whistlers.

The REXS satellite was launched into an elliptical orbit on August 19, 1972. VLF electric and magnetic field experiments covering the frequency range from 300 Hz to 21 KHz was made with this satellite. The operation of the satellite in orbit was satisfactory during several revolutions, except that the satellite was noisy in lower frequency bands of electric field and also in all frequency bands of magnetic field. Though, unfortunately, the telemeter system was damaged by accident on the third day after launching, preliminary analysis has shown some new distinctive features on the record of dynamic spectra.

The thiophene and pyrrole clathrates Cd(en)Ni(CN)4·2C4H4NH and Cd(en)Ni(CN)Cd(en)Ni(CN)4·2C4H4S were prepared. Their structures were discussed with the data of the unit cell dimensions and the infrared spectra in comparison with the known benzene clathrate Cd(en)Ni(CN)4·2C6H6 of which the infrared spectrum was reassigned. The c-dimension of unit cell, i. e., the length of Cd-en-Cd bridge in the host lattice decreases in the order of guest species, benzene, thiophene and pyrrole, identical with that of decreasing diameter of the aromatic ring.

When the ship's response in waves is non-linear, the ordinary power spectrum of the response process is not enough and sometimes even misleading to show the statistical character of the ship's response.One of the authors has attacked this problem and computed theoretically the effect of weak-non-linearity of known types of ship's roiling on the apparent power spectrum, through a perturbation method, and also introduced the, multi-input spectrum analysis method to analyse a certain type of non-linearity of a ship's response. However these ways resulted to be not enough to show directly the existence of non-linearity and its character, and he has pointed out the necessity to introduce the higher order spectrum in the analysis of ship's responce in waves. At present stage however, very few works have been published on the higher order spectrum, and its physical interpretation is not fully explained, and even the practical computational procedure are still left uncertain and unclear.Here the authors firstly considered the physical meaning of the higher order spectrum, its relations with the character of the non-linearity of response process, on the basis of comparison with the ordinary power spectrum, and tried to make clear the necessity of higher order spectrum analysis in the study of ship's response in waves. Secondly, taking the Bispectrum and Trispectrum, the 2 nd and the 3 rd order spectrum as the most basic and important higher order spectra, the authors tried to do the same thing, relating with the skewness and peakedness of the response process, and then showed examples of Bispectrum, analysed from the ship's oscillations in waves.Thirdly, to check the above mentioned thoughts, an analogue simulation of the weak non linear rolling was tried by analogue computer. A white compulsory input was feeded to the simulator which is weakly non-linear, and the record of output was analysed and the Bispectra were obtained.The results are not fully satisfactory ones in some points, however, as the first step of introduction of the higher order spectrum method in the study of ship's response, expecting to proceed into the Cross-Bispectra or cross higher order spectra in near future, and to make up the deficiency of published materials on these problems, the authors wished to present these results.As Appendices, the F. F. T. program, which is very effective ih tne computation of higher order spectrum, as well as in ordinary spectrum, and the program to get the Bispectrum through F. F. T. are summarised.

1. By applying atomized chemical solutions on to gecko and carp retinae, neuropharmacological reactions of the photoreceptors and horizontal cells were observed. 2. Sodium L-glutamate and L-aspartate, glycine, ACh and GABA, had no appreciable effect on the photoreceptor activity. 3. Carp horizontal cells were depolarized by both L-glutamate and L-aspartate. When maximally depolarized, the action of the endogenous transmitter from the receptor terminals was completely masked, resulting in abolition of the S-potentials. 4. Responses to red light in both L- and C-type horizontal cells were more strongly affected by aspartate than responses to blue light. 5. Glycine and GABA hyperpolarized the horizontal cells, and the S-potentials were diminished. 6. ACh had no effect on the activity of the horizontal cells.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the guiding mechanism of hydromagnetic whistlers along the Earth's magnetic field-aligned plasma column in the magnetosphere by use of wave theory. The radial density distribution perpendicular to the magnetic field is assumed to be Gaussian and we use the method in which the fields are expanded into power series of the radial distance from the column axis. And the condition for trapping in a duct is discussed for enhanced, and depressed, ducts. The existence of trapping frequency region, which is closely related to the duct modulation factor, is demonstrated and the duct width necessary for trapping is also estimated.