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Bacteriologic cultures of segments of oviduct were obtained at the time of postpartum tubal ligation. Except for one instance of suspected exogenous contamination, all oviducts were sterile. Transfundal aspirates from the endometrial cavity were obtained at laparotomy. These aspirates, with only one exception, were also sterile. The tubes and endometrial cavity normally remain sterile following parturition. Postpartum tubal ligation may be performed at any time in the puerperium without an increased risk of postoperative infection occurring from endogenous bacterial, mycotic, mycoplasma, or L-form microbial flora.