Search

Ephestia cautella (Walker) was unable to survive on rice bran of less than 5 per cent oil content and even on bran with 10 per cent oil it developed slowly and mortality was high. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) survived on rice brans with oil contents of 0–10 per cent but the mortality and time taken for development increased as the oil content decreased. Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse survived and bred better on de-oiled rice bran than T. castaneum. Adult T. castaneum and L. oryzae were placed on batches of de-oiled rice bran treated with 20 or 16 ppm malathion, 8 or 4 ppm pirimiphos methyl, 8 or 4 ppm phoxim or 6 or 3 ppm fenitrothion, and mortality assessments were made over a period of 8 weeks after treatment. In general L. oryzae was more susceptible to the insecticides than was T. castaneum. Phoxim at 8 ppm gave highest mortality of T. castaneum and phoxim and pirimiphos methyl, both at 8 ppm, were equally effective in causing the highest mortality of L. oryzae. Malathion at 20 ppm or 16 ppm gave high mortality of both insects initially but began to lose effectiveness after 31 days. Fenitrothion did not give adequate control of either species. Phoxim at 8 ppm was the most successful treatment in preventing breeding of both species. The highest level of insecticide residue found 50 days after treatment was 13·7 ppm for malathion initially at 20 ppm, and by this time the other insecticides had lost about 60 per cent of their initial residue levels.

Phoxim was evaluated as an oral systemic insecticide for control of Polygenis gwyni (C. Fox) on Hispid Cotton Rats, Sigmodon hispidus berlandieri Baird. When bait containing 0.24% phoxim was fed to cotton rats in field enclosures, a significant reduction in the treatment flea index was recorded, beginning less than 36 hr postapplication. When evaluated in the open field, the application of 88.7 g/ha technical (through 0.24% phoxim-treated bait) resulted in effective control of a heavy flea infestation, again beginning less than 36 hr post-application. The flea population in the treated area was depressed continuously while treated bait was available.

In 1967 the following chemicals were tested in the U.A.R. and found to be effective against the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). All closages are expressed as kilograms active ingredient per feddan (1.05 acres). Cyolane®(cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinyl) dithioimidocarbonate) at 0.375, endrin at 0.6 + dicrotophos at 0.6 and a mixture of DDT + lindane + methyl parathion at 1.2 + 0.36 + 0.375 proved to maintain their high initial control and residual effect 3 days after application against 2nd-stage larvae. These insecticides were recommended in the U.A.R. by the Ministry of Agriculture for large-scale application during the 1967 cotton-growing season. Among the newly tested insecticides Dursban® ( O, O -diethyl O -3,5,6-trichloro-2 pyridyl phosphorothioate) at 0.408, E.I. 47470 (2-(dietnoxyphosphinylimino)-4-methl-1,3-dithiolane at 0.375, Sumithion® 100 ( O, O -dimethyl O -4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate) at 1.25, PH 76-24 (tetradifon + Sumithion) at 0.16 + 1.9, monocrotophos at 0.870, Gardona® (2-chlom-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate at 0.750, DDT + endosulfan + methyl parathion at 1.40 + 0.40 and VCS-506 ( O -(4-bromo 2,5-dichlorophenyl) O -methyl phenylphosphonothioate) at 0.525 gave also high initial control and reasonably high residual effect after 3 and 6 days against the 2nd- and 4th-stage larvae. 1968 results indicate that over 90% initial control and over 50% control after 3 days of the 4th-stage larvae were obtained following use of: phoxim at 1.0, toxaphene + EPN ( O -ethyl O-p -nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate) at 1.6 + 0.40, monocrotophos at 0.58, VCS-506 at 0.700, Dursban® at 0.408, Cyolane® at 0.375; E.I. 47470 at 0.375, monocrotophos at 0.60, Sumithion® at 1.75, endrin + dicrotophos at 0.5 + 0.5. endrin + VCS-506 at 0.195 + 0.175, DDT + methyl parathion at 1.0 + 0.375, Gardona at 0.750, Lannate® ( S -methyl N -[ (methylcarbamoyl) oxy]thioacetimidate) at 0.90 and 1.80, Dupont 1642 (methyl N-(carbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate) at 0.90 and 1.80, and endrin + methyl parathion at 0.39 + 0.50

To investigate the possible control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica (White)) by applying insecticides at the time of adult emergence, the pattern of development of pupae and adults and of the appearance of eggs was determined on four sites in four successive years by soil sampling. Data on primary emergence of beetles were obtained on three of the sites and related to presence of eggs in the soil. Light-trap records showed that beetles were not generally trapped until quite old, and the appearance of numbers of beetles in the traps was too late in relation to primary emergence to be of value in timing insecticide treatments. Seventeen insecticides of low residue hazard were examined for contact activity against C. zealandica adults. The best of these were “Dursban”, Bayer 77488, and diazinon. Three field trials were conducted using these insecticides, two with ultra-low-volume and one with dilute spraying, each applied to plots within areas of infested pasture. DDT was also included in the h...

Malathion resistance is recorded from eastern Australia in Tribolium castaneum associated with peanuts and cereals in storage. Responses of susceptible and resistant strains were compared by exposure to insecticide impregnated filter paper (maximum resistance factor χ 18·3) using knockdown as a criterion of response. The relationship between this response and mortality is discussed. Mortality responses were compared also in treated wheat and flour. Resistant strains from peanuts also showed tolerance to dichlorvos (χ3·3), fenitrothion (χ3·8), Gardona ( χ >227), phoxim (χ10·3), Cyanox (χ3·0), Abate ( χ >9), diazinon (χ11·4), Dursban (χ4·7), Hoe 2910 (χ5·8), carbaryl (χ12·5), arprocarb (χ25·3), promecarb (χ2·5), DDT (χ2·2) and lindane (χ36·3). There was a slight but significant increase in tolerance to pyrethrins (χ1·2) and synergized pyrethrins (χ1·4), no significant change in tolerance to bromophos and a significantly lower tolerance to iodofenphos (χ0·7). The resistance was not suppressible by triphenyl phosphate. Another resistance which was malathion-specific was recorded from New South Wales and both non-specific and specific malathion resistances were recorded from samples collected from infestations in ships. In all instances, these malathion resistant strains were found to have lindane resistance also. The occurrence of malathion resistance in T. castaneum associated with stored peanuts, cereals and shipping is discussed.

Laboratory tests indicated that larvae of Euxoa messoria (Harris) were highly tolerant to aldrin and chlordane both as soil and rye foliage applications. The toxicity of 3 experimental materials, phoxim, chlorphoxim, and Stauffer N-2596 ( S -( p -chlorophenyl) O -ethyl ethylphosphonodithioate), to 4th- and 5th-instar cutworms was compared with results obtained with 3 standard insecticides, Bay 37289 ( O -ethyl O -2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate), DDT, and Dursban® ( O, O -diethyl O -3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate). In addition to Bay 37289 and Dursban, N-2596 and phoxim showed potential as soil insecticides to replace DDT. Soil moisture had a pronounced influence on the toxicity of all the insecticides. As rye foliage treatments, the 3 experimental materials were also effective, with phoxim being equivalent in toxicity to Dursban, and N-2596 and chlorphoxim to Bay 37289. All were more effective than DDT. DDT was highly persistent on the rye crop, but the persistence of biological activity of the 5 oreganophosphorus insecticides, particularly phoxim, was very short. While it appears that these materials will be effective against cutworm larvae, accurate timing of spray schedules to coincide with cutworm hatch and favorable climatic conditions for insecticide activity will be essential.

Forty-one insecticides and combinations in different formulations and rates were screened for their effectiveness against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval ) as ovicides and larvicides; 23 compounds and combinations, mostly organophosphorous insecticides, induced complete ovicidal or early larvicidal effect within 48 h after they were sprayed under field conditions, but they lacked persistance as ovicides. The most effective initial ovicides according to rates of active ingredients were: chlorpyrifos, Cyolane ® 25% (cyclic ethylene P, P -diethyl phosphonodithiomidocarbnmate) Cytrolane® 25%, (cyclic propylene P, P diethyl phosphonodithioimidocarbonate) chlordimeform, monocrotophos, and methomyl. The most effective group of larvicides against all instars under field conditions were Bayer 5638, ( O, O -diethyl- O -(3-quinoxalyl) phosphorothioate), chlorpyrifos, dicrotophos, endrin + leptophos (1:1), leptophos EC, methomyl, monocrotophos, Tamaron® ( O -methyl S-methyl phosphoamidothioate), the mixture of toxaphene + DDT + methyl parathion, and phoxim. The foliage residues of most sprayed compounds after 5 days showed loss of more than 50% of their residual toxicity agninst different larval instars under laboratory conditions. The compounds which gave more than 50% larvae mortnlity were after 5 days: monocrotophos, Bayer 5638, Cyolane, Cytrolane, endrin + dicrotophos, endrin + leptophos (1:1), leptophos EC, Tamaron, and phoxim.

Phoxim (phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime O,O -diethyl phosphorothioate) and a series of analogs have been examined for toxicity to insects and the white mouse. These compounds were generally quite toxic to insects and, with the exception of the phosphonate derivative, were virtually nontoxic to mice. The PO esters were all potent inhibitors of both bovine erythrocyte and housefly-head cholinesterase but they were somewhat more effective in inhibiting the latter. Although differences in cholinesterase sensitivity to inhibition may contribute to the selective toxicity of phoxim, the evidence indicates that metabolism may play an even more important role. In mice, phoxim is rapidly degraded to nontoxic hydrolysis products. The most important pathway appears to involve desulfuration of phoxim to PO phoxim which in turn is hydrolyzed with extreme rapidity to diethyl phosphoric acid and critical levels of PO phoxim in the mouse are not reached. In addition, pathways involving cleavage of phoxim to O,O -diethyl phosphorothioic acid and hydrolysis of the cyano group to the carboxylic acid also were found to be important. The latter appeared to increase in importance as the administered dose was increased. Relatively large amounts of phoxim and PO phoxim were found internally in susceptible flies but phoxim was rapidly metabolized in organophosphate-resistant flies to nontoxic products. As in the mouse, hydrolysis of the PO phoxim to diethyl phsophoric acid evidently was the predominant pathway for degradation in resistant flies.

Microplot field trials were conducted to assess effectiveness of 4 insecticides applied to the rye cover crop and to soil against the larva of Euxoa messoria (Harris), which allacks flue-cured tobacco in southwestern Ontario. Under adverse conditions of moderately high temperature and low soil moisture, Dursban® ( O, O -diethyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) at ½ and Bay 37289 ( O -ethyl O -2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate) at 1 lb active ingredient (AI)/acre as rye treatments provided effective control. Stauffer N-2596 ( S- ( p -chlorophenyl) O -ethyl ethylphosphonodithioate) at ½ and 1 lb AI/acre was slightly less effective, while phoxim at ¼ and ½ lb AI/acre was ineffective. Under optimum conditions of moderate temperature and high soil moisture all 4 materials as incorporated soil treatments at 1-1½ lb AI/acre provided excellent cutworm control. Residue analysis indicated that at the highest rates of application applied to the soil (Dursban and N-2596 at 2 lb, Bay 37289 at 3 lb AI/acre) 94% of the Dursban, 88% of the Bay 37289, and 85% of the N-2596 disappeared from the soil by harvest. No residues were found in fresh tobacco.

SUMMARY Under severe infestation pressure and delayed emergence following mid-October drilling, only dieldrin seed dressing gave an acceptable control of wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.). The control afforded by commercial seed dressings of BHC, carbopheno-thion, chlorfenvinphos, ethion and the experimental compounds GS 13006 and pirimiphos-ethyl, and by chlorfenvinphos granules was markedly inferior to that obtained with dieldrin seed dressing. In short-row screening trials, bendiocarb, C 10015, C 18244, carbo-furan, dialifor, ethoprop, iodofenphos, methiocarb, ‘Phosvel’, PPC-3, propoxur and RD 21192 showed little promise. Phoxim and pirimiphos-ethyl showed some promise but were not sufficiently active to warrant further study. Special seed dressing formulations of ‘Dursban’ did not overcome the inherent phytotoxicity of the compound to germinating wheat seed.

Side-dressed and broadcast applications of insecticides Were evaluated for wireworm, mostly sugarbeet wire-worm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim), control on potatoes in 2 separate field experiments in Idaho. In the 1st experiment, Bay-38156 (O-ethyl-S-p-tolyl ethyl-phosphonodithioate) and disulfoton were side-dressed at rates of 8 ami 18, Agritox® (O-ethyl 0-2,4,5-trichloro-phenyl ethylphosphonothioate) and Dasanit® (O, O-diethyl O-[p- (methylsulfinyl) phenyl] phosphorothioate) at 0.8 and 1.8, and propoxur at 0.9 and 1.7 oz active in gredient (AI) /1000 ft of row. All treatments resulted in significant reductions in wireworm injury. The treatments are listed in the following order of decreasing effectiveness: llay-38156 > disulfoton > Dasanit and propoxur > untreated control. Control with Agritox was midway between that with disulfoton and Dasanit, but not signilificantlv different from either. In the 2nd experiment, chlordane was broadcast at the rate 10 lb; diazinon and parathion at 6 lb, phoxim at 3 lb, and Dyfonate® (O-ethyl-S-phenyl ethylphosphono dithioate) and Agritox at 4 lb AI/acre. Phorate was side dressed at 2.3 oz and dichlorvos at 3,8 oz AI/1000 ft of row. Each plot was paired with an untreated control. Reductions in damage to tubers were: Agritox, Dyfonate, and chlordane> parathion> phorate, Damage in plots treated with phoxim, dichlorvos, and diazinon did not differ from that in plots treated with Agritox, Dyfonate, and chlordane or from the plots treated with parathion, Dichlorvos side-dressed at 12.4 and 3.8 oz AI/1000 ft of row resulted in better control than that obtained with 2.0 oz. None of the chemicals gave satisfactory control. If wireworm control were to depend on one of the organo-phosphate materials, the wireworm population would be expected to increase slowly until wireworm injury again would be be of the major problems confronting potato growers in Idaho.

When captan was applied to freshly-cut potato seed pieces to control seed-piece decay, it prevented infestation by the seed-corn maggot,Hylemya platura (Meigen), which may otherwise cause extensive damage during cool, wet springs. In 1969, diatomaceous dust mixtures and seed-piece soaks containing 5% captan, methiocarb, or phoxim applied at a rate of 1 1b/acre gave effective control of the seed-corn maggot and seed-piece decay. In 1970, in similar tests, captan, TD-1771 (dimethyl 4,4′-O-phenyl-enebis/3-thio=allophanate/), and TD-5056 (2-methyl sulfonyl 6-nitro benzo thiazole) gave significantly better control of the maggot and of seed-piece decay than methiocarb or phoxim and than five other treatments.

Sixty-two insecticides were evaluated in the laboratory for control of larvae of Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenee). Endrin was used as the reference standard for the selection of replacements for the persitent organochlorine insecticides. Candidate insecticides were selected by screening tests, and all orgnochlorine insecticides tested were effective for control of this species. The reaaction of this species to the carbamates indicated its ability to detoxify most of these compounds. Twenty-three organophosphorus insecticides appeared to be possible substitutes. In comparative oral toxicity tests, Dursban® ( O,O -dicthyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate), was 2 times less toxic than endrin. N-2596 (S-(p-chlorophenyl)- O -ethyl ethylphosphonoditioate) and VCS 506 ( O -(-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O methyl phenylphosphonothoate) were 4 times, and AC-47470 (cyclic propylene (diethoxyphosphinyl) dithioimidocarbonate) and phoxim were 5 times less toxic than endrin. Zinophos® ( O,O -diethyl O -2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate), Bay 37289 ( O -ethyl O -2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate, AG-47031 (cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinyl) dithioimidocarbonate), and R-15792 ( S -( p -chlorophenyl) O -isobutyl ethylphosphonodithioate) were 7 to 10 times less toxic than the standard. Simulated field tests in the greenhouse indicated that Dursban (0.14 to 0.56 kg/ha), VCS-506 (0.28 to 0.56 kg/ha), phoxim (0.42 to 0.84 kg/ha) and Bay 37289 (0.56 to 0.84 kg/ha) were as effective as endrin at 0.14 to 0.28 kg/ha when applied as a spray to wheat and bare soil. AC-47470 (0.42 to 0.84 kg/ha) was effective only as a foliage spray, and AC-47031 and Zinophos were ineffective at similar rates. Effects of various soil types on the bioaetivity of the organophosphorus replacements were indicated, and the need for proper timing of application under field conditions was stressed.

Nineteen insecticides were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions to assess their potential as soil insecticides. Spectrum of insecticidal activity as contact poisons was assessed using species of insects representing five orders: 24- to 48-hr-old nymphs of a common field cricket ( Achela (formerly Gryllus) pennsylvanicus (Burmeister); an adult picture-winged fly Chaetopsis debilis (Loew); 3rd-stage larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); an adult flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze); and the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Direct-contact toxicity was assessed relative to the toxicity of carbofuran. Biological activity of the insecticides in moist and air-dry mineral soil and moist muck soil was determined using crickets as the test insects. Initial fumigant activity and persistence of biological activity over 48 weeks also were determined using moist mineral soil. Carbofuran, aldrin, dieldrin, and diazinon were used as standard insecticides in the various soil tests. Most of the experimental insecticides were effective broad-spectrum contact insecticides, although none showed as broad a spectrum of activity as carbofuran. Thirteen of the 19 showed fair to good activity in soil. Of these, 7 were of limited persistence, 4 moderately residual, and 2 highly residual. Several of the tested compounds appeared to warrant evaluation as soil insecticides under field conditions. These included Ciba 18244 ( O -(2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O -ethyl ethylphosphonothioate), leptophos, Pirimiphos-methyl® ( O [2-(diethylamino-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate), Pirimiphos-ethyl® ( O -[2-diethylamino-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate), Bux® Insecticide (m-(1-ethylpropyl) phenyl methylcarbamate mixture (1-4) with m -l-methylbutyl) phenyl methylcarbamate), and Bay 92114 (isopropyl salicylate O -ester with O -ethyl isopropylphosphoramidothioate).

Phoxim was tested on hard winter wheat, shelled corn, and sorghum grain as a protectant against adult rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); confused flour beetles, T. confusum Jacquelin duVal; and lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha Dominica (F.). Evaluations of results were made at intervals by determination of mortalities after aging of the deposits, by counting the number of progeny developing after toxicity test exposures, and by an assessment of progeny damage to the treated grain. Phoxim applied at a rate of 5 ppm was superior to the standard dosage of 10 ppm malathion in all tests. Protection against rice weevil damage was excellent throughout the 12-month storage. A lessening of toxicity effectiveness against the flour beetles and lesser grain borers was noted after 9 months storage, and little progeny damage was inflicted. Definite levels of phoxim residue were evident with the 3 dosages applied. Variations were found, but the recoveries seem representative for 3 scalar rates of application.

Ten insecticides were tested against larvae of Calocalpe undulata (L.). The decreasing order of toxicity at LD50 was: bioethanomethrin, phenothrin, pyrethrins, phoxim, tetrachlorvinfos, mexacarbate, carbaryl, phosmet, DDT, and malathion. At LD90, the decreasing order of toxicity was the same, except that phoxim and tetrachlorvinfos switched positions. Malathion was not toxic at the highest dose level tested (500 μg/g body weight). When the response of C. undulata was compared with that of 4 other forest geometrid species, the data showed that pyrethroids were always the most toxic candidates whereas malathion was always the least toxic.

Twenty insecticides were tested by topical application on mixed groups of 4th- and 5th-stage larvae of Symmerista canicosta Franclemont. Four exceeded DDT in toxicity at LD50, but only resmethrin was significantly more toxic. Most of the compounds showed unusually high toxicities. Twelve, listed in decreasing order of toxicity, caused 50% mortality with

Twenty chemicals were tested for their toxicity to 4th-instars of Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McDunnough. Eleven were more toxic than the standard, mexacarbate, at both LD50 and LD90. They were, in decreasing order of toxicity at LD50 bioethanomethrin, NIA 26021 ([+] cis stereo isomer of resmethrin), NIA 18739 ([+] trans stereo isomer of resmethrin), resmethrin, methomyl, phoxim, DDTpp′, chlormethylfos, and Phosvel ®([2, 5-dichloro-4-bromophenyl) O-methyl phenyl thiophosphate). The descending order of toxicity at LD90 was: bioethanomethrin, NIA 26021, NIA 18739, resmethrin, methomyl, phoxim, chlorphoxim, pyrethrins, DDTpp′, chlormethylfos, and Phosvel. The cis isomer of resmethrin was significantly more toxic at both LD50 and LD90 than the trans isomer. Data also were obtained on the effect of posttreatment holding conditions and on the effect of dye tracers and stabilizing adjuvants on the insecticidal activity of pyrethrins.

Phoxim was the most effective of 4 chemicals tested in fishmeal-honey baits against Tribolium audax Halstead and Trogoderma variabile Ballion. Both phoxim and methomyl retained excellent activity after 5 months storage at 21±1°C or 30±0.5°C. Trichlorfon did not retain good effectiveness following storage, and DDT required 3 weeks to provide high mortality of the beetles. A mixture of fishmeal:honey (60:40 by weight) was more attractive than similar bait mixtures containing various protein hydrolysates. Relative humidities within sealed containers of the baits ranged from 50 to 59%, while pH levels of the baits were 5.1–6.3 under a variety of conditions. The mean period of development from egg to adult emergence for both T. audax and T. variabile at 21±1°C and 50% relative humidity was 80 days. At 30±0.5°C it was 41 and 49 days for T. audex and T. variabile, respectively.

Seven systemic insecticides administered orally to guinea pigs caused complete mortality of Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) without noticeably affecting the guinea pigs. Four other compounds killed all the fleas but they also killed the guinea pigs. Ten compounds killed 50–95% of the fleas, but 3 of the 10 killed the guinea pigs at the dose that killed the fleas. Forty other compounds were ineffective.

The relative susceptibility of Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst), T. grassmani Beal, T. inclusum LeConte, T. simplex Jayne, T. sternale Jayne, and T. variabile Ballion (= T. parabile Beal) to 10 organophosphorus insecticides was determined by direct application of spray solutions to mature larvae. Various degrees of differences in susceptibility were observed among species, and the range of differences varied with insecticides. The magnitude of differences in susceptibility between the most susceptible and least susceptible species of Trogoderma to each insecticide at LC50 was: C-9491 ( O -(2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate), simplex: variabile , 34.9; diazinon, simplex: inclusum , 4.8; dicapthon, glabrum: grassmani , 5.6; dichlorvos, grassmani: simplex , 2.5; Dursban® ( O, O -diethyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate), grassmani: variabile , 5.4; fenitrothion ( O,O -dimethyl O -4-nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate), simplex: variabile , 34.4; fenthion, simplex: variabile , 8.3; Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), grassmani: variabile , 6.1; malathion, simplex: variabile , 21.3; and phoxim, grassmani: inclusum , 1.7. The response of T. inclusum to C-9491 was similar to that of T. variabile . The order and rank in relative effectiveness of insecticides indicated by ratios calculated from LC95 values obtained for the least susceptible of the 6 species of Trogoderma to each of the compounds tested were: phoxim 1.0; dichlorvos 1.5; dicapthon 2.0; Gardona 2.7; fenthion 2.7; Dursban 5.4; fenitrothion 6.1; diazinon 7.0; malathion 24.1; and C-9491, 48.9. However, when results with T. variabile are execpted, fenitrothion was the most effective compound tested against all of the other species; followed by fenthion against T. glabrum, T. grassmani , and T. simplex ; Gardona against T. inclusum ; and phoxim against T. sternale .

When the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus (Baird), was fed ad lib. on bait containing 0.24% insecticide, 96–99% control of Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) was shown with chlorphoxim for 4–14 days. Phoxim was 95–99% effective and trichlorfon did not exceed 79%.

The residual toxicities of 22 chemicals to nymphs of Amblyomma americanum (L.) were compared with that of DDT. Sixteen were more effective than DDT and phoxim and National Research Development Corporation NRDC-104 ((5-benzyl-3-furyl)methyl 2,2-dimethyl.3.(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate) (approximately 70% trans, 30% cis isomers), were 12.5 and 10.5 times more effective, respectively.

Ten insecticides (carbamate, chlorinated hydrocarbon, organophosphate, and pyrethroid) were evaluated to find promising candidates for field testing against Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner). The decreasing order of toxicity at LD50 was NIA-24110 ((5-benzyl-3-furyl) methyl trans- (+) - 3-(eyclopentylidenemethyl) - 2, 2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate), resmethrin, pyrethrins, mexicarbate, phoxim, Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), DDTpp, carbaryl, Imidan® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N -(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide), and malathion. The decreasing order of toxicity at LD90 was: NIA-24110, resmethrin, pyrethrins, mexicarbate, phoxim, DDTpp, Gardona, Imidan, malathion, and carbaryl.