Search

Beim Ubergang vom Ruhezustand in den der Stoffwechselaktivitat zeigt eine anaerob vorkultivierte Hefe im Gegensatz zu einer aeroben eine NADH-Uberkompensation. Diese wurde von Holzer (1960) mit der zeitlichen Differenz zwischen einer NADH-produzierenden und einer NADH-verbrauchenden Reaktion gedeutet. Eingehende Untersuchungen zeigten, das diese NADH-Zunahme nur bei der aeroben Kultur effektiv mesbar ist, wahrend bei der anaeroben Hefe eine starke Uberlagerung zusatzlich auftritt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, das dieser peak der anaeroben Hefe nicht aus der GAP-Dehydrierung, sondern aus der Dehydrierung endogenen Alkohols stammt. Der peak ist direkt vom Alkohol-Spiegel abhangig und nicht durch Azid, Cyanid oder Monojodessigsaure beeinflusbar.

KOSIN (1956) reported that pre-incubation warming of chicken and turkey eggs improved their subsequent hatchability. The treatment which was most effective for turkey eggs was a single warming period of 2–5 hours at incubation temperature, followed by storage, at 53°F. Kosin also reviewed the pertinent literature. Subsequently Kosin (1957) observed that overnight holding of the eggs at room temperature (72–74°F.) before storage at 53°F. also improved hatchability of turkey eggs. Becker and Bearse (1958) reported that both White Leghorn and Dominant White × White Rock Cross chicken eggs were improved in hatchability by (1) warming for five hours at 100°F., (2) for one hour at 100°F. and, (3) leaving overnight in a room at 70–73°F. METHODS Following publication of Kosin's (1956) work all turkey eggs incubated at Larro Research Farm in 1957 were warmed for five hours at 100°F. on the day following production. The hatchability for …

FUNK (1934) recorded mortality among birds of known incubation period, finding that the last 10 percent of the hatch had an 8-week mortality rate nearly 3 times that of the earlier hatched chicks. Henderson and Champion (1948) found a significant negative correlation between speed of hatching and 8-week weight in Rhode Island Reds. Other breeds indicated the same relationship, but estimated correlations were not significant. Henderson (1944) found significant positive regressions of age at sexual maturity on speed of hatching in White Leghorns and Rhode Island Reds, but his estimates for other matings were not significant. Hays (1941 a, b) summarized observations on 4,730 Rhode Island Red chicks hatched over a 3-year period. Salient points of his conclusions were that females predominated among early hatched chicks, mortality to 6 months increased with length of incubation period, there was no relationship between speed of hatch and laying-house mortality, early hatched pullets . . .

The reproductive behaviour of the pigeon was studied in pairs which were allowed free access to each other only once a day, during a 34 minutes' observation period. The different actions typical of reproductive behaviour are described. The most important of these are bowing, attacking intention, attacking, driving, nest demonstration, moulding, nibbling, pushing, begging, billing, displacement preening, pecking, squatting, strutting, mounting, copulation, collecting of nest material, nest-building and nest defence. Bowing, attacking and driving are most frequent at the beginning of the cycle, but a new peak in the frequency of bowing and attacking occurs in the male at the time the female begins to show nest demonstration and pushing. Nest demonstration is more frequent in the male than in the female at the beginning of the cycle. In the female it occurs later, but reaches almost the same frequency as in the male. Nibbling occurs only in the female at the beginning of the cycle, but later on it is also shown by the male. Pushing, which is also shown mainly by the female, is most frequent during the days immediately prior to egg-laying. At this time the collecting of nest material also reaches its peak. This behaviour is more frequent in the male than in the female. Begging, billing and displacement preening are frequent during the whole pre-incubation period. Apart from squatting and mounting, displacement preening, begging and billing were more closely associated with copulation than any of the other actions studied by us. The sequence in which the dominance of different behaviour elements occurs during the proceeding of the cycle is, more or less, repeated during the individual 34 minute encounters. The courtship actions do not form rigid chains. Each activity may be followed or preceded by several others, but often the association with some particular activities predominates. There are two dominating sequences of activities, one leading to copulation through displacement preening and billing, and another leading to nibbling and collecting of nest material via nest demonstration. The actions that compose the courtship pattern seem to form three fairly distinct groups. The first of these is the primarily aggressive behaviour, represented by bowing, attack intention and attacking. Driving seems to be more closely associated with this group than with any other. The second group is sexual behaviour proper, consisting of displacement preening, begging, billing, squatting, mounting and copulation. The third group is formed by nest demonstration, pushing, collecting of nest material and nest-building. Transition from one behaviour group to another occurs on occasions when there is a change of motivation or of external stimulus situation. When the behaviour pattern changes from one type to another, behaviour is often seen which contains elements of two different actions. All intermediate stages between ordinary preening and displacement preening are seen. The function and origin of some of the courtship actions is discussed. Bowing, which is primarily an intimidating display belonging to aggressive behaviour, also has a sexual function in some cases. It contains ritualized elements of attack intention and of braking movements, elicited by the activation of escape tendencies at the approach of the opponent. Driving seems to be an ambivalent behaviour, during which the male is both aggressively and sexually motivated. It may be derived from the intention movements of attacking and of mounting. The most important functions of nest demonstration are to attract the female to the nest site, to strengthen the bond between the partners and suppress aggressiveness, and to stimulate the collecting of nest material in the male. Of the elements which compose the nest demonstration, nodding is probably derived from the movement used when adding material to the nest. Wing vibration is very similar to the movements of the wing shown by the young when begging for food from the parents. Aggressive behaviour seems to have a stronger inhibitory effect on nest demonstration than on sexual behaviour, and since aggressive behaviour is most frequent in the first part of the cycle as well as at the beginning of the individual tests, nest demonstration occurs comparatively late. 34 minutes of daily contact between male and female during a period of 12 to 15 days was sufficient to produce broodiness and egg-laying.

THE hatchability of turkey and chicken eggs usually increases when the eggs are subjected to certain pre-incubation warming treatments. Kosin (1956) reviewed the relevant literature and also obtained evidence in a series of experiments with chicken and turkey eggs indicating that warming procedures generally improved the hatchability of fertile eggs. He found that a single five hour warming period at 99 3/4°F. was effective with turkey eggs. Subsequently Kosin (1957) observed that placing eggs in a 72–74°F. environment overnight also improved the hatchability of turkey eggs. Because these two treatments were not tested with chicken eggs, it seemed desirable to observe the effect of these warming treatments upon the hatchability of chicken eggs. METHODS Four trials were conducted as follows: 1. For the first trial eggs were saved for a 22-day period from a flock mating of White Rock ♀ ♀ × Synthetic Dominant White ♂ ♂ and the . . .

THE apparent increase in hatchability of turkey eggs when submitted to a pre-incubation period of warming as reported by Kosin (1956) and of chicken eggs as shown by Jackson (1912) and Becker and Bearse (1958) raises the question as to whether there is a genetic effect on this response. If such an effect exists, it may be a clue as to why certain sire families exhibit higher hatchability than do other families. This study was designed so as to determine if there are sire family differences in the response to pre-incubation warming. PROCEDURE The stock used in this study was the trapnested Station flock of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys. In 1958 there were 136 females started in 11 single male mating pens, and in 1959 there were 110 females started in 10 single male mating pens. The eggs were all marked in the usual manner with the hen number, pen …

An autoradiographic and cytological study involved blastoderms of Broad Breasted Bronze turkey eggs subjected to storage up to 21 days at 13° C. and 80% relative humidity. In one phase of the study, the blastoderms were treated with tritiated thymidine during storage; in the other phase, the blastoderms were first stored, then treated with T-H3 and, finally, incubated for 10 hours at 37.5° C.Results indicate that:1. The frequency of mitotic and necrotic cells in the blastoderms increased during pre-incubation storage.2. Nuclei, labeled with T-H3, were found present in the blastoderms exposed to the isotope, both during and after storage.3. The "aged" blastoderms, when incubated for 10 hours, showed a high incidence of necrotic nuclei, of nuclear fragmentation, of mitotic irregularity, and a decreased frequency of labeling with T-H3.The conclusions reached are that:1. The turkey blastoderm is physiologically active during extended storage at 13° C.: it exhibits evidence of some DNA synthesis and of undergo...

HATCHABILITY of fertile eggs is lowered and hatching time is lengthened when hatching eggs are stored for long periods before setting. These effects have been found in both chickens (Funk, 1934) and turkeys (Asmundson, 1947; Kosin, 1950). In addition, it has been noted that storing eggs reduces the 8 and 9 week post-hatching body weights of chickens (Becker, 1960; Zawalsky and Merritt, 1961). Because of the similarity of the influence of storage in both species, an experiment was performed to determine if storage of turkey eggs affected post-hatching turkey body weight. The results of that research are reported herein. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four lines of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys developed from a base generation in 1954 (Kosin and Becker, 1959) were hatched in 1960 and mated during the 1961 breeding season. The lines were: line 1—random control; line 2—individually selected for large 24-week body weight; line 3—selected…

THE hatchability of turkey eggs is reduced when stored for more than several days and several methods are often used to offset this loss (Sampson and Wilson, 1944; Asmundson, 1947; Kosin, 1950, 1954). These include holding eggs at 55°F. and also pre-incubating the eggs (Kosin and St. Pierre, 1956), although the pre-incubation treatment may not be effective when hatchability is high (Kosin, 1960; Milby and Sherwood, 1960). Another factor which may affect the hatchability of stored turkey eggs is the gaseous environment surrounding the eggs during the storage period. A technique useful for maintaining egg quality was used by Becker (1964) with chicken eggs to reduce the hatchability loss when eggs were stored before incubation. In that study, eggs were placed in polyethylene and polyvinylidene chloride copolymer (Cryovac) bags and stored up to 15 days. It was observed that the hatchability of the eggs stored 8–15 days was highest…

THE possibility of infection in newly hatched chicks from Newcastle disease virus present in the eggs of sick, recovered or vaccinated hens has received the attention of several investigators. Van Roekel (1946), Jungherr (1946 Jungherr (1947), and Thompson and Osteen (1948) isolated Newcastle disease virus from fresh eggs. Beaudette et al. (1948) isolated the virus from the ovarian yolk of affected hens. De Lay (1947) obtained Newcastle disease virus from incubated infertile eggs and from embryos which died on the 15th and 17th days of incubation. Hofstad (1949) isolated Newcastle disease virus at the 10th day of incubation from infertile eggs and dead embryos. Prier et al. (1950) isolated the virus from eggs laid on the 4th and 5th days following vaccination with living virus vaccine. De Lay (1947) reported isolation of Newcastle disease virus from the yolk-sac content of four-day-old chicks hatched from eggs collected from infected flocks. This investigation . . .

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate pre-incubation fumigation effects on hatchability using formalin and potassium permanganate. Evidence is provided that embryo viability was not impaired when 1.5 cc of formalin were used with 1 g potassium permanganate per 0.02832 m3 of fumigation chamber, under the following conditions: Fumigation time was 20 to 30 min, egg pack was adequately ventilated immediately after fumigation (at least 24 hours of ventilation prior to packing in a case), relative humidities ranged from 49 to 58% or 60 to 78% when fumigating at a maximum temperature of 37 C, and temperatures of either 23 or 37 C were used with relative humidities ranging from 60 to 78% during fumigation. These fumigation procedures did not affect hatch-ability, even when eggs were prewarmed at 37 C for 3 hours prior to fumigating at 23 C for 20 min, or when the prefumigation egg temperatures were 11 or 16 C prior to fumigating at 37 C, which resulted in considerable condensation of moisture on the egg shell. Although fumigation would usually be conducted within a day or two from time of lay, hatchability was unaffected when eggs were stored up to 3 weeks and fumigated at time of setting.

The main objective of the present study was to examine the effect of storing White Leghorn eggs in Cryovac bags and in CO2-enriched air (1.5% CO2) on the livability of embryos during subsequent incubation. The secondary objective was to study the pattern of CO2 concentration in the egg albumen following oviposition and its possible relationship to embryos’ viability. The eggs were kept for 0, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 15.5°C. The results (1) pointed to a “sparing” effect of plastic bag storage and a depressing effect of the CO2 treatment on hatchability, and (2) showed that during storage in “normal” air, the egg suffered a rapid loss of CO2 from its albumen. Two principal conclusions were reached: (1) under the conditions of the study, the beneficial effect on hatchability derived from storing eggs in Cryovac bags was attributed to increased humidity within such environment and (2) the CO2 concentration in the egg albumen is not a major factor for maintaining the inherent capacity of the egg to hatch following an extended period of pre-incubation storage.

IT IS a common practice in the turkey industry today not to extend the presetting storage period beyond the seventh day. In fact, many commercial hatcheries aim to set eggs after only 3 or 4 days of storage. This is based on the widely held belief among practical breeders that the hatchability of turkey eggs drops rapidly after 4 days of storage and, certainly after 7 days. Contrary to the earlier observation of Scott (1933) who found that hatching eggs of standard bred Bronze turkeys could withstand storage for several weeks, Asmundson (1947) concluded that hatchability may be adversely affected after only 3 days of storage. In a later paper, Asmundson and MacIlraith (1948) concluded that there was no advantage in setting eggs the same day as laid. In fact, their data suggested that “eggs set the same day as laid do not hatch as well as eggs held several …

RECENT publications on the subject of pre-incubation treatments for hatching eggs have indicated that (1) holding eggs at room temperature or (2) heating eggs at incubator temperatures for short periods may be beneficial to hatchability. Hutt and Pilkey (1930) suggest that incubating eggs four to five hours directly after laying could result in the development of the embryos beyond the critical stage associated with pre-gastrulation. Hays and Nicolaides (1934) reported that eggs from hens with high hatchability contained more advanced embryos than eggs from low hatching hens, while Taylor and Gunns (1935) reported no correlation between the size of the embryo in the unincubated egg and hatchability. An increase in hatchability through the use of warming treatments applied to hatching eggs prior to incubation was reported by Kosin (1956) and by Becker and Bearse (1958). The work reported here was carried out to obtain further information on this subject through …

WARMING of hatching eggs prior to the regular incubation period resulted in improvement in the hatchability of chicken and turkey eggs (Kosin, 1956; Becker and Bearse, 1958). Milby and Sherwood (1960) showed that pre-incubation warming only increased hatchability of turkey eggs produced from hens whose hatchabilities were below the average of the population (Milby and Sherwood, 1960). The usual warming procedure is to subject eggs to a period of five hours at 99.5°F. the day after they are laid, after which time the eggs are returned to the egg holding room for the remainder of the storage period. The question arises as to whether greater benefit could be obtained if warming is applied, instead of on the day after lay, somewhat near the middle of the storage period. Or, the five-hour warming might be given in the form of two or more doses with approximately equal intervals between applications. In …

Veranderungen des Huhnereiweisses durch Lagerung konnen in der Immunprazipitation (Ouchterlony-Test) erfasst werden.

SummaryThrough a window in the shell, two sets of observations and linear measurements were made on the blastoderms of turkey (Broad Breasted Bronze) eggs held for 14 days at 13°C: one before and the other at the end of the holding period. At both times, free hand sketches were made of the gross morphology of the germ disc and its diameter was measured. The eggs were then incubated for 40 hours at 37.5°C and the blastoderm and the area pellucida were measured. A parallel series of observations was made on eggs in which the outer limits of the germ disc were marked (“tattooed”) before storage. During the holding period marked changes in the gross morphology of the turkey germ disc usually could be observed. The diameter of the germ disc also changed (“fluxed”) in most cases. Subsequently, early blastoderm growth at 37.5°C was favored by these changes.

Using the back-titration method it was studied the influence of hemolysis upon radioimmunoassay of insulin. The degradation of immunoassayable insulin was increased by incubation with the increasing degree of hemolysis of plasma and with incubation period. The degradation of insulin was prevented when immediately after preparation the hemolytic plasma was incubated with anti-insulin serum.

Usually the transit environmental temperature of hatching eggs is approximately 23°C. when shipped by air. When such eggs arrive at destination 1 to 3 days prior to setting in incubators the question arises whether they should be retained at 23°C. or cooled and prewarmed prior to incubation to maintain maximum embryo viability. An experiment was designed to estimate the effects on hatchability of reducing egg storage temperature from 23°C. to 11°C. for 24 and 48 hours with and without prewarming at 23°C. compared with retention at 23°C. on eggs held 7 and 14 days prior to incubation.…

A SHORT aerobic pre-incubation period before the onset of anaerobiosis greatly stimulates the rate of anaerobic glycolysis in slices of tissue. This fact, discovered by Rosenthal and Lasnitzky many years ago1, has later been confirmed2–4; but the mechanism of action of the previous incubation remains up to now largely unexplained.