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Let the p-primary abelian group G be the set-theoretic union of a countable collection of isotype subgroups H n {H_n} of countable length. We prove that if H n {H_n} is totally projective for each n, then G must be totally projective. In particular, an ascending sequence of isotype and totally projective subgroups of countable length leads to a totally projective group. The result generalizes and complements a number of theorems appearing in various articles in the recent literature. Several applications of the main result are presented.

Advertising and market researchers continue to look to the behavioral sciences for techniques and procedures in the hope of explaining, accounting for. describing and classifying consumers and their buying behavior. The use of projective techniques and their fallacies are discussed in this paper. A survey of the literature as well as experience in applying such techniques to consumers reveals their total incapacity and inapplicability to consumers. It is concluded that advertising and marketing would be better advised to expend time and effort on analyzing buying and use behavior rather than “personality”, “trait”, “attitudinal”, “psychographic” or consumer life styles.

We find the maximum number of orthogonal skewsymmetric anticommuting integer matrices of order n for each natural number n and relate this to finding free direct summands of certain generic projective modules. While studying composition of quadratic forms, Hurwitz [4] and Radon [6] considered families of orthogonal matrices {A1,3L , A,} satisfying the conditions (1) Ai= -At, i= 1, ,s (2) AiAj = -AjAi, i $ j. DEFINITION. (1) A family of orthogonal matrices satisfying (1) and (2) above will be called a Hurwitz-Radon (H-R)family. If n is a positive integer and n=2ab, b odd, then we write a=4c+d where O0d

The structure theory of hereditary noetherian prime (hnp) rings—in particular of Dedekind prime rings—has been recently developed by many authors including Eisenbud, Griffith, Michler and Robson; this theory extends some of the well-known results concerning commutative Dedekind domains. In this paper we study quasi-injective modules and quasi-projective modules over those (hnp) rings which are not right primitive and establish some results which extend the corresponding well-known results concerning commutative Dedekind domains. LetRbe an (hnp) ring, which is not right primitive.

Summary The present study examined the content factors of the Group Personality Projective Test (GPPT) using factor analytic procedures based on item intercorrelations, in contrast to the published version's use of part scores from a priori groupings of items. The factors extracted did not coincide with the original GPPT dimensions. Only a small portion of the GPPT items loaded significantly on the factors obtained. The proportion of variance accounted for by the factor structure was also very small. Results also indicated that a position response set may be affecting scores on the Neuroticism dimension. It was concluded that the GPPT, in terms of what it proposes to measure, apparently has very limited utility.

Our longitudinal studies of infants blind from birth included interpersonal games as an area in which reciprocity between the baby and his partners could be examined in fine detail. Observations of games were recorded, along with all other data, in descriptive narratives by the observers in their twice-monthly home visits. Oncemonthly film documentation also included "games" sequences. The games included a large number of the traditional nursery games and a number of games which appeared to have no tradition and were inventions of the parents themselves. It was not until I completed the data sorting and constructed individual profiles for a study of human attachments that a "games story" emerged. I then saw that there was a remarkable correspondence between the characteristics of the invented games and the characteristics of parent-child interaction derived from all other observations in the area of human attachment. In many cases the conflictual elements in the parents' relationship to the blind infant, the defenses or the failure of defenses against negative and forbidden impulses, could be read as fairly through the games profile as through the human attachment profile derived from all other sources of study. This is not to say, of course, that the baby games provided as much information as the larger study, but rather that the baby games were equivalent, in some ways, to a projective test in revealing the main lines of harmony and conflict in parent-child relationships. The children are blind, but our findings should not be interpreted as "blind baby and parent games," rather as "baby games" in which parents at play reveal to the clinician some aspects of their conflicted parenthood. We can read the adaptive defenses

Stmtrnary.-8 male and 8 female undergraduate students furnished written stories to Card 2 and Card 14 of the TAT. Each story was scored for n Ach first using McClelland's system (1953) and secondly utilizing Kiefer's (1952) method, which was devised for cross-cultural comparisons. Analysis of Ss' stories showed significant correlations ranging from .32 to .56 for these two scoring systems. These findings were interpreted in the light of the intenuon of the different scoring systems. McClelland's method appears best suited to determine the strength of a particular need while Kiefer's system indicates the direction and diversity of the needs. One of the basic problelns inherent in the use of projective techniques is the development of an objective method of analysis. This problem particularly plagues the Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) because of the almost infinite variety of stories individuals can produce in response to the same ambiguous picture. Many researchers have applied themselves to this problem since Murray proposed an objective scoring method in the TAT manual. Perhaps the most widely used method is that developed by McClelland (1953), which is primarily used to measure need for Achievement, but can also be applied to the measurement of other variables, such as n Failure, n Dominance, or n Aggression. McCleUand's scoring system has been employed because there is a basic simplicity about it, and it yields a single numerical score indicative of the intensity of n Ach for Ss. Yet it is subject to some of the same problems as other objective scoring techniques. Perhaps the most formidable of chese is E variability because of the very nature of the data involved. No cwo stories of the TAT are alike and no two interpreters can completely agree on the scoring of a single story. Correlations between different interpreters range from .37 to .88 (Jensen, 1970). Research possibilities of the TAT have begun to unfold. Unlike other instruments, the TAT can be used to measure any number of characteristics of individuals, depending only on the pictures chosen as stimuli. In this capacity it is especially useful in the comparison of values of distinct groups. The TAT may be useful when used in cross-cultural studies (Kiefer, 1973). Pictures can be designed which will eliminate some of the difficulties cross-cultural studies encounter, such as language and familiar cultural objects. The necessity for the development of some sort of objective scoring system is a prime concern when the TAT is used for these purposes. Although originally designed to attain n Ach measurements of the individual, McClelland's system has 'The author wishes to acknowledge the gracious cooperation and assistance of Robert Pasaak.

We show that the restricted word problems for finite-dimensional projective geometries and finite modular lattices and the word problem for modular lattices are undecidable.

This paper continues the study of codivisible modules, whose definition is a “dualization” of Lambek's concept [4] of a divisible module relative to a torsion theory. The main purpose of this work is to give a solution to the following problem posed by Bland [2]: “It would be interesting to know under what conditions the universal existence of codivisible covers implies that of projective covers.” The if-and-only-if nature of the solution, which is given in Theorems 2 and 4, shows that our sufficient conditions are “best possible” conditions. The method of the solution introduces the concept of a pseudo-hereditary torsion theory, which may be of interest in its own right; in particular, every hereditary torsion theory and every faithful torsion theory is pseudo-hereditary. The main results for a pseudo-hereditary torsion theory (T, F) relate the conditions, R/T(R) is semiperfect and R/T(R) is left perfect, to the existence of codivisible covers (see Theorems 1 and 3 and Corollaries 1 and 2).

The present study investigated the effect of participant and trainer Interpersonal Value Constructs (IVC's) on the behavior and experiences that took place in eight sensitivity training groups. IVC's were defined as: mental categories through which an individual perceives and interprets the desirable and undesirable features of interpersonal behavior. The assessment of IVC's was by a scaled projective technique: the Kilmann Insight Test (KIT). Results suggest that interpersonal values as communicated by mostly nonconscious expressions do influence behavior in a T-group. In particular, depending on the match between trainer and participant IVC's (similarities and/or dissimilarities) the participant is more likely to have 'positive' interpersonal experiences in his group. Also, independent of the trainer, the specific IVC's that a participant applies in his group affects other participants becoming attracted to him and developing respect towards him.

In this paper, the author proves the existence of a versal family of deformations for any projective algebraic variety. Bibliography: 6 items.

With self-rating (or “Likert”) scales, reliability is partly a function of number of items and it is therefore suggested that increasing the number of measurements (items) should also improve proje...

Vocational aspirations were investigated in a sample of 282 children between the ages of 3 and 6. Age comparisons suggested that one aspect of vocational development in early childhood involves mastery of the task of projecting oneself into the future and conceiving of oneself as one day achieving adult status. Race comparisons indicated that urban blacks were less mature than urban whites in terms of mastery of the vocational projective task seen as characteristic of this developmental period. No significant sex differences were found in rate of development. However, there were indications that the pattern of vocational projection differs for males and females and that females undergo occupational foreclosure earlier than their male peers. Implications for vocational development theories are discussed.

The concept of model completeness has been very useful in model theory. In this article we obtain a new model theoretic tool by “reversing the arrows.” Specifically, model completeness deals with the relations between a model of a theory and its extensions; in this paper we shall be concerned with the relation between a model of a theory and its homomorphic pre-images.This work is based on the intuitive principle that metamathematical theorems about universal sentences of the lower predicate calculus and substructures can be translated in a truth-preserving way to theorems about positive sentences and homomorphic images. From model completeness and the completeness theorems which depend on it, this translation gives new criteria for completeness.Special thanks are due to Professor A. Robinson whose encouragement and suggestions have contributed much to these results.

A construct replication of Herzberg's findings using the semistructured Occupational Values Scale to elicit projective responses about satisfying and dissatisfying job situations failed to yield th...

The Bender-Gestalt protocols of 37 bipolar (depression plus mania) and 30 unipolar (depression alone) Ss hospitalized for depression were compared for sequential patterns of placement on the test paper. Of 11 Ss with an itregular sequence and 11 Ss with an overly methodical sequence, 9 were subsequently identified as bipolar and 10 as unipolar, respectively. When these two groups with contrasting sequences were compared on the Ma and Pt scales of the MMPI, the bipolar group had significantly higher scores than the unipolar group on the Ma scale and significantly lower scores on the Pt scale. These results suggest that irregular sequence of placement and lack of impulse control are more characteristic of bipolar depression and overly methodical sequence and impulse control are more characteristic of unipolar depression.

This paper derives some sufficient conditions for the global validity of projective relativity theory. The basic object of study is the infinitesimal bundle, which is a generalization of a principal circle bundle. A method ofconstructing infinitesimal bundles is developed. The main result is that ifspacetime is non-compact and simply connected, and has a finite homology basis, then projective relativity is globally valid.

Let C be the category of cocommutative coalgebras over a commutative ring R and let H be a group object in C, i.e., let H be a cocommutative Hopf algebra. Assume that H is a finitely generated, projective R-module and that the integrals (of [4]) in H* ≡ HomR(H, R) are cocommutative elements. We will show that any Galois H-object (as defined in [3, Def. 1.2, p. 8]) is a finitely generated, projective R-module.

Twenty-six women with an idiopathic scoliosis of a high degree (average curvature 105°) underwent a psychiatric investigation and a psychological evaluation made from both socio-psychological and personality-psychological aspects, the latter being covered by a projective test (Rorschach) and a gestalt-psychological test (Bender). A synthesis was made of the different evaluations characterising the patients' experience of disability according to a 4-grade scale. This variable was then related to important somatic variables. The patients' superficial psychosocial adjustment was obviously very good. Only one woman had an invalid pension and the psychiatric contact of the material only moderately exceeded the figure for other women with the same age-distribution. However, the personality-psychological examination gave results indicating that adjustment was not always so good. Two case histories illustrate the discrepancy between a good superficial adjustment and a high-grade psychological handicap. The patients' lives were marked to a high degree by their deformity. The group was characterised by hypersensitivity and insecurity, with a tendency to dysphoric mood; the level of energy was high. Not unexpectedly, the psychological adjustment deteriorated with an increasing degree of deformity. Poor vital capacity also impaired adjustment.

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that people with oral characteristics should be dependent on others and should develop skills in predicting the responses of others. Using previously unacquainted students, the experimenters found that males who reported many oral images were better than low-oral males at predicting male personality test responses. Orality was unrelated to accurate perception by males of females or to accuracy of females' interpersonal perception. To corroborate this finding, Peace Corps trainees, previously well acquainted, were studied. Results were identical: Orality was significantly related to accurate interpersonal perception for males predicting males but only in that case. An independent assessment of fitness for Peace Corps work was positively related to both oral imagery and accurate interpersonal perception. The personality characteristics of accurate judges. These results were explained on the perceivers of others are not well understood. Because of the methodological problems involved in obtaining measures of accuracy of perceiving others (Cronbach, 1955; Shrauger & Altrocchi, 1964), the question has not been widely investigated. It is known that an important influence in shaping perceptions of others is "the manner in which the perceiver structures his interpersonal world fDornbusch, Hastorf, Richardson, Muzzy, & Vreeland, 1965, p. 440]." Psychoanalytic typology provides one model for the way in which perceivers structure their perceptual world. Gordon (1966, 1967), using a task that avoided many of the pitfalls described by Cronbach and Shrauger and Altrocchi had graduate students in clinical psychology evaluate a sample projective protocol. She found that judges scoring low on a penciland-paper test of anality showed more confidence in their ratings, saw the test subject as having fewer healthy aspects, and reported him to be less likable than did high-anal 1 Preparation of this paper was aided by a grant to the first author from the Foundations' Fund for Research in Psychiatry while he was a visitor for the academic year at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic, London.

A two-hour family art evaluation session has been designed by an art therapist and a clinical child psychologist. It has been used in a child guidance center for the past four years by the authors and other staff. All family members are asked to engage in three tasks: (a) individually developing a scribble into a picture; (b) individually creating a family portrait, and (c) jointly deciding upon and executing a mural. Each task is followed by individual and group discussion of products, associations, and feelings aroused. Occasional “free” art products are collected during the session. The procedure is discussed and illustrated in terms of the rationale for selection of tasks; the sources of data available on individuals, family characteristics, and family interaction patterns; the relationship of the projective and behavioral data to diagnostic conclusions and treatment recommendations; and the implementation and modifications of the technique within the clinic.

The accepted psychological projective test of spontaneous and thematic drawings was used with a sample of ninety-nine students in North Cameroun from six to fourteen years in age. The results show an unexpected absence of themes such as the sun, mountains and water and a different orientation of boys and girls on the traditional-modern continuum.

Clinical syndromes commonly mistaken for psychopathy were enumerated. The nature of the psychopath as viewed within the context of structural analysis was explicated. Guidelines for diagnosing the psychopath with various projective techniques were discussed and a case presented.

It is clear that the only simple distributive lattices have at most two elements. Thus, for a nontrivial lattice to be simple it must be nondistributive. Most of the results about simplicity of lattices concern themselves with showing a certain type of lattice is simple if and only if prime quotients are projective. The purpose of this paper is to find a local condition which can be applied to discover when prime quotients are projective. We prove the following theorems.

The author discusses the correlative nature of projection and introjection, their early roles in development and differentiation, and their later defensive uses. He describes how, in paranoid states, the interplay between projecting and introjecting leads to conflicted ambivalence between preserving and annihilating significant objects.

Economic base theory is alleged to have a number of shortcomings, both in concept and measurement, that considerably reduce its value as a predictive technique. Most empirical examinations of the theory have stopped short of suggesting ways in which the predictive ability of the theory could be improved. On the other hand, the sector or stages theory of economic growth, used to provide a theoretical explanation of regional growth, has not generally been applied to urban development, nor found embodiment in projective techniques.

The role of familial emotional stress has been recognized as a significant factor in the life of children with diabetes. The Kinetic-Family-Drawing was used to study 52 children with diabetes, as a projective technique to delineate environmental factors. An equal number of K-F-Ds of otherwise normal children were matched to the experimental group by age, sex, and race. The children with diabetes showed more examples of isolation in their drawings, and this finding correlated with examples of aggression. These findings suggest important dynamics that may exist in the family that has a child with diabetes.

Sumnzary.-The relationship between weak or strong Rorschach human movement responses and actimdes toward space explorations was studied. A group of 104 teachers and school administrators were given first a Space Exploration Scale, which was intended to tap attirudes toward expansive behavior, and then three M responses were elicited on Card 111. The 144 responses were rated independently by three judges as depicting either weak or strong activity. Only those 70 Ss for whom there was unanimous agreement were used for comparison analyses. Although there was some tendency for Ss who produced strong M to be more positive in their space exploration attitudes than Ss who produced weak M, the difference was not statistically significant. Many Rorschach studies yielding negative findings may be understood on the basis that the experimenter attempted to validate a Rorschach hypothesis by employing overt behavioral criteria. The argument presented against such an approach is that the prediction of overt behavior is not necessarily an adequate test of the validity of a projective method (Korner, 1950; Ainsworch, 1954). The proponents of this view maintain that the Rorschach technique provides valuable clues concerning the internal organization of the personality and often taps fantasy material that may not have direct representation in behavior which is observable to others. While this contention appears to have merit, it should be possible to establish a relationship in validational studies of the Rorschach between specific Rorschach construccs and dispositions to respond in certain ways, whether or not these tendencies result in direct overt behavior. In other words, the least that can be expected from the Rorschach is that determinants to which interpretive values are assigned by clinicians relate meaningfully to the "mental" position taken by the individual in relation to the behavior in question. It seems, therefore, that attitudes held toward partic~~lar issues, since they represent behavioral dispositions that do not necessarily correspond to actual behavior, would constitute very useful criteria in validational studies of projective techniques. The present study investigated the relationship between the quality of the Rorschach human movement (M) response and an attitz~de toward a specific topic rather than to the acti~al overt behavior. The M is regarded by many clinicians to be one of the most significant scoring variables on the Rorschach. Not only is the quantity of M considered to be