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Alice had come through the looking-glass and had just read an intriguing poem in a book she had found on a table. When she had finished it she said, "Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas-only I don't exactly know what they are!" On several occasions during this conference, and many times in the past, I have shared Alice's dilemma. Fortunately for most of us here, this is not our first conference on the toxicity of lead, and it becomes increasingly less difficult to place pertinent ideas and data into perspective. We have really come a very long way in our understanding of low-level lead toxicity. How many conferences, symposia, books, review and research articles have there been since that Public Health Service Conference on Environmental Lead Contamination in December of 1965? Our numbers and efforts have expanded daily and data are being generated almost too rapidly for any one to keep up-to-date with it all. As stimulating as this has been for the involved and concerned scientist, the past eight years have not been completely joyous ones; rapid expansion can bring its problems. For some it has been the frustration of keeping patience while new investigators redis

Explanations of the formation of radial dykes, ring dykes and cone sheets are reviewed and the explanations of the formation of cone sheets are found to be unsatisfactory. Ring dykes develop on shear fractures formed in the overlying rocks when the magma subsides as explained by E.M. Anderson. Radial dykes and cone sheets form as a result of the upward pressure of the magma, and the problem is to explain the development of the two very different stress distributions which gave rise to the two kinds of intrusion. The radial dykes are simple hydraulic tension fractures formed periodically during the upwelling of the magma. It is suggested that the cone sheets occupy shear fractures formed as the result of dynamic stresses arising from the rapid expansion of a magma undergoing retrograde boiling.

This article reviews the results of 38 studies which attempted to train children in psycholinguistic skills and which used the ITPA as the criterion of improvement. It was concluded that the effectiveness of such training has not been conclusively demonstrated and therefore that the rapid expansion of psycholinguistic training programs seems unwarranted.

Cervical osteophytosis may or may not be causally related to concomitant dysphagia. Several characteristics of the osteophyte suggest relation to dysphagia: 1. large size; 2. location in the cricoid region; and 3. hoarseness or cough (periesophagitis) caused by rapid expansion of the bony mass. Surgical excision and repair are necessary in unremitting dysphagia. For high cervical lesions, a transoral repair has been proposed; for mid and lower cervical disease, an external approach is performed. A careful consideration of the differential diagnosis of cervical dysphagia is necessary prior to beginning therapy.

In this review we concentrate on one important and neglected aspect of supernova research and discuss the literature concerned with the description, classification, and interpretation of the spectra of supernovae. This literature is very fragmentary and scattered, which no doubt in part explains the confusion that persists in the subject. We hope that this attempt to synthesize what is known about supernova spectra and to compile a bibliography of some of the more valuable contributions in this area will prove timely in view of the recent rapid expansion of observational efforts in this field, It will, of course, also reveal how sadly inadequate observational efforts have been in the past.

THE importance of industrial growth is widely agreed in Zambia, as elsewhere.1In the post-independence era, Zambia's manufacturing sector actually did grow at a rate exceeding that suggested by the U.N. experts as critical for attainment of the goals of the ‘Development Decade’ of the 1960s.2But the rapid expansion of manufacturing industry did not contribute significantly to the spread of increased productivity in all sectors of the Zambian economy.

T HE recent rapid expansion of the knowledge of human genetics has brought to the attention of diagnostic radiologists a number of clinical disorders which are related to chromosomal aberrations, presen ting significan t roentgenographic manifestations. It appears also that the participation of tile ratliologist in the sttldy of these disor(iens will become increasingly important as new genetic information becomes available. Klinefelter’s syndrome was first describeti in 1942 by Klinefelter, Reifenstein and Albright.7 It is, in a broad sense, a clinical syndrome characterized by azoosperm ia, small atrophic testes, hyalinized tubtiles, anti increased tininary excretion of gonadotropin. Patients with this syndrome are normal, eunuchoid or obese individuals often displaying gvneconiastia. In 1956, Plunkett and Barr’0 reported finding chromatin-positive cells in patients with this syndrome. Their report was followed by Jacobs and Strong’s contribution5 which demonstrated abnormal sex chromosomal arrangement of XXY in these cases. It is now recognizeti that this syndrome is generally characterized by cells possessing at least two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome; a number of variants have been reported to occur. Description of the roentgenographic manifestations in this syndrome has been very sparse, in contrast to Turner’s syndrome which is the counterpart of Klinefelter’s syndrome. The purpose of this paper is to report the pattern of skeletal abnormalities studied in 8 cases of chromatin-positive Klinefelter’s syndrome. XXI 14 XXXI 1

In order to permit rapid expansion of telephone cable production to meet unprecedented postwar requirements, a new type of sheath was developed as an alternative to lead-antimony sheath for paper i...

The relative merits of gamma-rays and x-rays are discussed with special reference to the practice and scope of radiography. It is shown that the methods are to a large extent complementary and that radio graphy by gamma-rays has special features which have assisted the rapid expansion of the radiographic inspection of castings and welds.

Under the National Health Service the status of British psychiatry has improved in relation to that of general medicine. One of the most important factors has been the ending of the comparatively isolated position of psychiatry. Another has been increased financial provision, and a third the rapid expansion of undergraduate teaching. As a result, psychiatry has emerged from the status of an isolated specialty to that of a major branch of the medical profession.

ANY power system, either present or proposed, may be reproduced in miniature and studied in careful detail with an a-c network analyzer. This device has become a powerful tool in designing and operating electric systems to cope with the rapid expansion of electrical facilities throughout the country. Its increased usage is reflected in the number of analyzers either built or planned, and in the waiting period of several months required to obtain a position on the schedule of those analyzers available for rental.

Companies which wish to achieve rapid expansion would do well to examine the business strategies of successful growth firms. The probability of successful growth can be enhanced by learning what these strategies are and adopting them in their own programs.

RAPID expansion of the poultry industry and changes in consumer preference from “New York” dressed to eviscerated poultry have developed increased needs for profitable disposal of poultry byproducts. Rendering plants process a large proportion of the poultry heads, feet, viscera, blood and feathers used in feeds today (Kahle and Gray, 1957; Lortscher et al., 1957). Blood is heat-dried for use as a supplement in feeds. Wet feathers may be hydrolyzed under high steam pressure, dried and ground for use in feeds (McKerns and Rittersporn, 1958). In recent years, poultry offal, including heads, feet, and viscera, has become increasingly valuable as a feed or feed supplement in the diets of fur-bearing animals (Bassett and Wilke, 1948), and household pets (Morris, 1946). In cooked form, offal may be used to advantage as a feed for hogs (Kahle and Gray, 1957). Little information is available concerning the nutrient composition of poultry offal. Partial …

DURING the past few years the rapid expansion of mercury-arc rectifier installations at 600 volts d-c, both as to the total kilowatts installed and the relatively large number of units operated in parallel, has emphasized the importance of switchgear in providing suitable rectifier operation. In the event of a backfire, the rates of current rise through a rectifier and its transformer windings lie, in general, between three million and six million amperes per second. With large installations, such as shown in Figure 1 where 60 units of 5,000 amperes each are operated in parallel, the ceiling value of these currents is far above a figure which could be tolerated both from the standpoint of continuity of operation and safety to equipment.

Maoist ideology and policy imposed on the realities of China's economic backwardness and the scarcities resulting therefrom have produced a peculiar and sharply contrasting pattern of development during the past two decades. The differences in economic performance were so marked – characterized by rapid expansion in the 1950s and stagnation in the 1960s – that it almost seems as though one were dealing with economies in two entirely different settings, perhaps even in two different countries.

AS the technology of engineering progresses a point is sometimes reached where, by the expansion and generalization of certain basic concepts, two or more seemingly unrelated areas of study can be brought together and shown to have a common origin. The common origins are very important to those in the teaching profession, where the rapid expansion of the engineering profession demands that an ever-increasing amount of technical understanding be developed in the student with little or no increase in student contact time. Without these common origins, the necessary increase in teaching efficiency would be difficult to attain. One of the purposes of this, the companion paper,1 and a conference paper, ?General Network Theory in Terms of Matrix Algebra? by M. B. Reed, is to show that by expanding our general network theory and concepts as we now think of them, and by taking a slightly different and more general viewpoint toward the rotating machinery problem, these two areas of technology can be built on a common and rigorous foundation which results in a clearer and broader understanding of both areas, and at the same time will perhaps provide for a more efficient teaching program.

Originally, this article took the form of the Twenty‐first Brancker Memorial Lecture delivered to a meeting of The Institute of Transport. The author began his lecture by saying how honoured he was by the invitation to present the 1964 Brancker Memorial Lecture and that he felt especially privileged to have the opportunity of surveying a prospect which he believed would have excited Sir Sefton Brancker's most ardent enthusiasm—the prospect of reducing inter‐continental journey times‐by air to the same durations as those universally accepted for inter‐city journeys by rail and road. Previous Brancker Memorial Lectures had summarized the general development of British civil aviation from its earliest days to 1946 and had covered particular aspects of its very rapid expansion since that date. 1946 was a significant year because it marked the resurgence of commercial flying after seven years of wartime restrictions and regulation; it promised a new deal to both operators and travelling public, with the opportunity of usefully applying technical advances achieved during the war period; at the same time it threw into sharp contrast the relative design capabilities of the British and American aircraft manufacturing industries.

Summary The rapid expansion of plastics and other polymeric materials into the general consumer market over the last few years is now being followed by an increasing use of these materials in more severe engineering applications. It is becoming necessary therefore for engineers to develop a familiarity with these materials commensurate with that which they already have for more conventional engineering materials. In many ways the physical properties of polymeric materials are highly complex and their description and relation to structure present real problems. This article presents, in a simple way, some of the background to our current level of understanding of the relation between structure and mechanical properties; gives some examples of how polymeric materials are being used; and discusses some of the problems of designing in these materials, which present a real challenge to both the physicist and the engineer.

from 144 principals of high schools in Nebraska accredited by the University of Nebraska. The study was carried on by means of a questionnaire of the work-sheet type. It consisted of seven daily work sheets, which provided for information for every day in the week, including Saturday and Sunday. In addition to these daily work sheets, two blank sheets were submitted. One was for seasonal duties; the other, for personal information. From the information on the daily work sheets and on the seasonal work sheet, a cross section was made. This cross section furnished a picture of each principal's duties. No attempt was made to classify the data according to standards set up by authorities, because it was felt that the rapid expansion of the high school in the number of pupils enrolled and in the scope of its activities would make it necessary to reclassify the principal's duties and to set up new classifications. For convenience in handling the data and in order to make the results more applicable to the different sizes of high schools, the schools were classified on the basis of enrolment. A fivefold classification of schools was adopted, as follows: (i) schools with enrolments of less than ioo pupils, (2) schools with enrolments of from 1oo to 199 pupils, (3) schools with enrolments of from 200 to 299 pupils, (4) schools with enrolments of from 300 to 499 pupils, and (5) schools with enrolments of 500 or more pupils. After the data for each item on the questionnaire were tabu

No FIELD of knowledge has ever experienced in the same short period, such a rapid expansion as have the geological sciences in these closing years of the nineteenth century. With this unparalleled advancement of modern geology, occasioned by the changes in fundamental conceptions, and the application of more refined methods of investigation, there has appeared, in every branch, an endless multitude of new and often seemingly useless names. The dropping of the old and familiar terms, the change in meaning of those retained, and the introduction of an unheard-of host of others, has brought forth long and emphatic protests against such innovations. Many of these protests are not untimely. They come not alone from the layman, but from teachers and specialists. Everyone, who has come in contact with those not specialists, knows that the vast mass of technical terms and the cumbersome ver

INTRODUCTION THE consumer demand for fresh, ready-to-cook broilers has expanded rapidly during the past decade. Washington commercial broiler production (2¼ to 4 pounds live weight) in 1940 totaled 2,148,000 pounds compared with a total of 17,580,000 pounds in 1950. This type of relationship also exists for other leading poultry-meat producing areas in the United States. This rapid expansion in Washington production has followed a similar expansion in the state’s urban population. This relationship is important, because an increasing production of fresh cut-up broilers must be accompanied by a market willing to purchase this increased production at a market price satisfactory to producers and marketers. Here it should be noted that although we are concerned primarily with broiler production and processing plants in Washington, these technical and economic relationships ought to apply to other areas. PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES During the past decade, existing broiler processing facilities in Washington were inadequate to . . .

The urgency of meeting the problems of student teaching squarely today is the result of years of apparent apathy. Teacher training institutions have neglected to unite in an effort to secure improved professional laboratory experiences for all of the future teachers of our state. The problems to be outlined here are by no means new, but the rapid expansion of teacher training has given them new meaning. The writer makes no pretense of having all the answers condensed into a neat package for there are multiple factors involved in each situation.

A brief description is given of a new refrigerated expansion chamber apparatus based on an Australian C.S.I.R.O. design for measuring ice nuclei concentrations. The compatibility of results between five instruments of similar construction, a comparison of data obtained with a simple version of the mixing chamber method, and homogeneity of rapid expansion measurements at sites 8 and 100 miles apart are investigated. Except for uncertainties regarding the extrapolation of results to natural clouds, all indications are that, with care, the nucleation level in the atmosphere is capable of objective, compatible measurement with standardized equipment. However, a series of measurements verified the existence of significant differences between the rapid expansion and mixing chamber techniques. Both methods reflected similar trends during appreciable increases or decreases in nucleation activity. A surprisingly uniform geographical distribution of aerosols responsible for ice crystal nucleation is sugges...

CROSSBAR tandem is a relatively young switching system. It first went into service in 1941. Its original role was well defined although, in retrospect, severely limited; it was to take over in large metropolitan areas the functions of the panel-type office selector tandem system, even as the no. 1 crossbar system1 took over from the local panel central office. However, even at that early date, its latent potentialities for a broader field of usefulness were appreciated. This appreciation could not then be implemented because during World War II development of telephone switching facilities at Bell Telephone Laboratories came to a near standstill. The needs of national defense transformed switching development engineers almost overnight into designers and teachers of radar, sonar, etc. True, there followed the great postwar surge of switching development activities but these, in turn, involved new systems urgently needed to start customer and operator nation-wide dialing.1 This period saw the development of the no. 5 crossbar local switching system,2 the automatic message accounting (AMA) system,3 and the 4A crossbar long-distance switching system.4 In view of this tremendous development program of new systems, the available development talent had to be practically rationed, and so only a moderate amount of effort could be applied to the crossbar tandem system to increase its scope of usefulness. The outcome of this effort and the basic description of the crossbar tandem system were presented in 1950.5 The closing paragraph of this 1950 paper was the following statement: ���An extensive development program is now in progress to incorporate new features which will still further enhance the usefulness of crossbar tandem in the rapid expansion of automatic switching in the Bell Telephone System.��� By now, this extensive development program referred to is nearing completion, and it is the purpose of the present paper to highlight the significant new features embodied in the 1956 design version of the crossbar tandem system.

SummaryChanges were studied in gibberellin and abscisic acid in coffee flower buds and gibberellin in xylem sap when bud dormancy was released by rainfall or irrigation. Gibberellin levels in the buds increased rapidly, while those in the xylem sap remained unchanged. Bud gibberellin stopped rising when rapid expansion began and then decreased as this proceeded. The absolute amount of abscisic acid in buds remained steady prior to increasing just before anthesis. On a fresh weight basis levels declined during rapid water uptake but recovered as anthesis approached. The resumption of active growth leading to blossoming may be regulated by the liberation of free gibberellin from a bound form in the buds, but a second, xylem-transported, stimulus could also be involved.A column chromatographic technique using silicic acid for the separation of gibberellin and abscisic acid is described.

At the very high temperatures and densities which must exist in the interior of contracting stars during the later stages of their evolution, one must expect a special type of nuclear processes accompanied by the emission of a large number of neutrinos. These neutrinos penetrating almost without difficulty the body of the star, must carry away very large amounts of energy and prevent the central temperature from rising above a certain limit. This must cause a rapid contraction of the stellar body ultimately resulting in a catastrophic collapse. It is shown that energy losses through the neutrinos produced in reactions between free electrons and oxygen nuclei can cause a complete collapse of the star within the time period of half an hour. Although the main energy losses in such collapses are due to neutrino emission which escapes direct observation. the heating of the body of a collapsing star must necessarily lead to the rapid expansion of the outer layers and the tremendous increase of luminosity. It is suggested that stellar collapses of this kind are responsible for the phenomena of novae and supernovae, the difference between the two being probably due to the difference of their masses.

Rapid expansion of Zircaloy cladding has been shown to occur at the relatively high temperatures predicted in the unlikely event of a loss-of-coolant accident. Of primary concern to reactor safety ...

In these days of alarms and excursions, wars and rumors of wars, many in civil life must be giving thought to the possibility of serving in the Army or Navy in their professional capacity. Those who contemplate such a move must be wondering just what military or naval service would mean to them. I shall try to describe some of the work of the naval medical officer under various conditions at sea or ashore. Many doctors have entered the Naval Reserve and are now serving on active duty. It has been my privilege to serve with a number of them and I am glad to pay tribute to the willing, cheerful manner in which they have so efficiently aided the rapid expansion of the Naval Medical Department. They have in some cases sustained a violent dislocation from their accustomed daily life into a strange environment. They have almost without exception accepted the situation gracefully and adapted themselves quickly to the new conditions. When the medical man wishes to enter the Naval Reserve, he makes application to ...

Small impurities in a surfactant can cause major contamination of surfaces of its solutions if they are strongly adsorbed. Foaming (and foam removal) is widely used to purify the surface, but a criterion is needed to evaluate the purity obtained. An idealized calculation shows that dynamic surface tension effects can be used for this purpose. Following rapid expansion of the surface, a pure one returns to the equilibrium surface tension more rapidly than a contaminated one. The delay can be related to the surface enrichment of the impurity, and the extent of the slow equilibrium to the amount of surface contamination. Experiments have indicated that this criterion is quite effective in detecting unsuspected impurities in the surface.

‘Surra-man-raā’, says Mas'ūdī, ‘is the last the great cities founded in Islam.’ Seven in all, till the time of Mas'ūdī, these were according to him: Baṣra, founded in 17/638–9; kūfa, founded in 17/638–9; Fusṭāṭ, founded in 20/640–1; Ramla and Wāsiṭ, founded in 13–14/634–6; Baghdād, founded in 145/762–3; and surra-man-ra'ā, founded in 221/834–5. The one common feature was that, except for Ramla, these towns were all garrison centres. Built on the edge of the desert, the natural refuge for the predominantly nomadic Arab invading armies. the first five cities maintained all along an Arab-Islamic tradition. Emerging almost at the same time (save for Ramla) and marking at the respective moments of their emergence, historical landmarks in the rapid expansion of the Islamic empire in its first stages of growth, these five cities were populated on the whole by Muslim Arabs, who were to safeguard the conquests and gradually absorb rather than be absorbed by other elements. These cities were thus able to maintain that Arab-Islamic tradition which, challenged later by the heterogeneous cultural heritage of what became the Islamic World, proved strong enough to make and keep that world Islamic, though not wholly Arbic. This result was the fulfilment of the policies of the Caliph 'Umar I, under whose reign the major Islamic conquests were made and who, for direct strategic reasons, advised his generals to encamp their troops on the borders of the desert Arab lands and of the newly acquired territories.

The rapid expansion of community mental health programs is focusing increased attention upon the problems of organizing effective caregiving networks. Concepts drawn from open-systems theory are applied to this issue by exploring the primary task, the nature of inputs and outputs, environmental conditions, and subsystem interactions as they affect a community mental health program. The differences between programs organized according to a medical practice model and a human services model are also explored within this framework.

THE complaint is occasionally heard that chickens or turkeys obtained from commercial storage or frozen food lockers were found to be rancid. The fact that large numbers of frozen birds are satisfactorily preserved in storage would indicate that rancidity develops to an objectionable extent only in special cases or under unusual conditions. It might be expected that with the rapid expansion of the practice of evisceration, the problem of rancidity would become more serious, because of the greater area of tissue exposed to the air. Cook and White (1939) have investigated the development of rancidity in chickens in frozen storage. They reached the conclusion that at a temperature of 7.5°F., rancidity did not develop rapidly enough to present a problem during the normal storage period. However, after 25 months storage at this temperature, they found peroxide values indicative of incipient rancidity. The development of a fishy flavor in chickens and . . .

In May 1965 a survey into student attitudes to the Library of Southampton University was carried out by questionnaire with a sample of 322 under‐graduates. The aim was to assess the effect, if any, of the considerable measures taken since the 1962 survey. Uncontrolled factors, mainly related to the rapid expansion of the University, may, however, have affected the results. It appears that, except for social science students, there were few improvements in attitudes and use, and that seminars had little measurable effect. Possible explanations for this are offered, and the place of reader services in a university library discussed. Other items covered by the survey include the use of libraries in Halls of residence and of Southampton Public Libraries, which in both cases showed a sharp decline since 1962, the number and cost of books bought by undergraduates, and their use of libraries in vacations.

Resources in the northwestern Pacific and the Bering Sea are fished intensively and the potential increase in the yield of traditional species does not appear great. In contrast, waters from the Gulf of Alaska to off Baja California are lightly fished, except for a few species, and contain large potential resources, particularly of pelagic species. Countries bordering this ocean differ greatly from each other in the concepts and methods of domestic fishery management as well as in the degree of control by government. The overwhelmingly large part of the combined total catch comes from fisheries which are at present not subject to international regulation. The international regulatory regime consists of various conventions and short-term agreements designed to solve immediate issues. No comprehensive arrangements exist and principles of management differ from case to case. Among the major management problems are: fluctuations in the yields of coastal pelagic species; rapid expansion of pollack fishing in the northern areas; lack of inclusive agreement for fisheries in the East China and Yellow Seas; management of salmon fisheries; and development of new resources particularly in the eastern Pacific.

For the past decade, vascular roentgenology has been the fastest-expanding subspecialty of diagnostic radiology. Because of its definition and the need for the information it furnishes in the growing field of vascular surgery, a further and even more rapid expansion is anticipated. Like any other operative procedure, arteriography can cause certain complications, and the endorsement of a diagnostic procedure for widespread use can be given only after its benefits, in particular the information derived from it, are weighed against its risks of complications (1, 5, 6, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21). In 1962 a nationwide survey with tabulation of the complications of percutaneous retrograde arteriography established a then-acceptable rate of complications attributed to this procedure (17). A critical analysis of these data focused our attention on certain obvious causes of complications, which have since been corrected and eliminated. By definition, all complications occurring within forty-eight hours of a vascular...

'N THIS TALK l have decided to put particular emphasis on aspects of atomic energy which I conceive will especially interest this audience. It will of course mean less a complete treatment of certain parts of the subject "The Investment Status of Atomic Energy". My idea was to avoid -a balanced summary because these have been presented at many conferences and reprinted in financial periodicals. I have further modified my remarks in order to reduce the overlap with my article printed in the current issue of your Federation's ANALYSTS JOURNAL entitled "Uranium Demand and Supply". At the outset I would like to state a two-fold thesis. First, the atomic industry is moving swiftly and gives every indication it is just embarking on a period of rapid expansion. Second, the prices of atomic stocks by and large are currently capitalized at fairly high but not unreasonably high price-earnings ratios and fairly low but not unreasonably low dividend yields.

INTRODUCTION The geologist of the present day, immersed in, and at times almost submerged by, the immense mass of new, and often valuable, material which continuously claims his attention, usually finds little time to glance back through the past centuries and follow the gradual evolution of his science from the point where it takes its origin among the ancient Greeks, through the later classical times and the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, when a new method for the study of nature was introduced, and thence on to the present day. This new method was that of close observation and experiment, instead of reliance on speculation and subservience to authority. With its introduction, science, as a whole, entered upon an era of vigorous growth and rapid expansion, ever increasing as the years went on, which has made it one of the dominating influences in the modern world. A study of the . . .

This paper examines three aspects of the Opium trade in Szechwan from 1881, when for the first time there is evidence that China consumed as much native as foreign opium and that Szechwan was both the largest producer and consumer, until 1911, when the cultivation of the poppy was completely suppressed in the province as a result of the vigorous imperial campaign against the trade. It will consider first, the demand for opium who smoked it and why; second, the production of opium, how it fitted into and contributed toward the economy of the province; finally, the character of the suppression campaign of 1906–1911 as it affected Szechwan will be considered. The conclusions of the paper may be summarised as follows. (1) While the expansion of the opium habit in Szechwan, as in the rest of China, had no one cause, in Szechwan it has for its background a prospering society whose values and accepted goals had not kept pace with its economic expansion, a society which provided increasing wealth and leisure on the one hand, but only limited opportunities for socially approved spending on the other. (2) The rapid expansion of opium production in late nineteenth century Szechwan was part of the development of a market economy both within the province and in its relations with the rest of China. (3) The opium suppression campaign, because it undermined a developing economy, was much less popular in Western China than it was in the east, and contributed to the widespread unrest in those parts, which in turn led to the revolution of 1911.

The plan proposes the use of microwave relay links coupled with omnidirectional VHF transmissions at various points for providing Regional and National coverage of the TV service. It is suggested that the use of the microwave system already developed by the Southern Railway would lead to an effective, economic and rapid development of TV coverage over South India. Similar use of the microwave facilities already developed or are being rapidly developed by the Indian Railways in other parts of India would enable economic and rapid expansion of TV coverage over the whole of India and for providing a National hook-up of any particular programme.

SYNOPSIS Kituba of the southwest Belgian Congo originated as a highly simplified form of Kikongo used in inter‐tribal communication and in dealings with early European traders, explorers, etc. The spread of Kituba as a second language to speakers of many mutually unintelligible tribal languages accompanied the expansion of commerce and industry, and approximately 3 million people now speak it in Belgian and French territory. To‐day, however, many thousands of Africans speak only Kituba and no other tribal language. This development of Kituba into a fully fledged language has been marked by a rapid expansion of its vocabulary and the elaboration of its morphological and syntactical structure. In contrast with the rise of Kituba, however, is the decline of Bulu, a trade language of the French Cameroun. This decline is attributable primarily to the growing ethnic self‐consciousness of tribes for whom Bulu had previously been the medium of education, religious instruction and commerce. The emergence and growt...

The post-war years have seen a rapid expansion of the electronic industry in the domestic, industrial and military fields, with the innovation of a large number of devices based on new effects, materials and techniques. In phase with this expansion has been the need and growth of research, both into devices and into the systems in which they are to be employed. The Mullard company has been no exception.

Until a few years ago the majority of X-ray and radium workers were engaged in the medical field, and it is natural therefore that the schemes put forward by the protection committees in various countries were largely devoted to offering detailed advice to cover the particular problems met with in this field. Since the outbreak of war there has been a rapid expansion of industrial X-ray work and it is felt in many quarters that the time has arrived for the pooling of ideas which will lead to the preparation of a detailed protective scheme for the guidance of industrial workers. The scheme of protection against radiation is fundamentally the same for industrial as for medical workers, and is based upon the following factors. (1) The amount of radiation which the body will tolerate without ill effects. This is called the “tolerance dose.” (2) Absorption of the radiation and remoteness from the source. Clinical observations made several years ago on full-time X-ray workers led to various estimates of the tol...

Engineering curricula is broadening its base of science and mathematics to meet the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge. Increased emphasis is being placed on stimulating creative thinking. The void created by the growing shortage of engineers can be filled by better utilization and upgrading of engineering technicians.

With the rapid expansion of broad-band carrier telephone systems throughout the country, the use of these facilities for program transmission has become desirable. This paper describes a carrier program system capable of transmitting a band up to about 8000 cycles wide.

There has been a rapid expansion of pig research at the Rowett Institute during the last two years, and the object of this paper is to give some idea of our facilities, the kind of work we are doing, and a few of our recent findings.We are now able to feed individually up to 206 growing pigs at any one time, but only rarely will more than 150 be fed individually whilst about the same number will be fed in groups.Our permanent fattening house has four farrowing pens which are at the moment being used for baby pig experiments. It has three pens in which 36 pigs are individually fed and four pens somewhat similar to those used by the late Mr. McGuckian in Ireland. These house eight groups of seven pigs, which can, if we wish, be individually fed in a ‘ dining room ’ containing sixteen individual feeding compartments.

THE rapid expansion of federal activity in the areas of health and medicine during the 1960's has been sufficiently dramatic to generate considerable interest and debate within the medical profession. It is a fair assumption, however, that many busy physicians have not had the opportunity to keep abreast of all the new developments, since they have come in such quick succession and in so many different areas. This paper represents an attempt to summarize and analyze the federal function as it now exists, in contemporary terms and in historical perspective. The Beginnings In the early days of the Republic there . . .

From the time of Henry Grattan's pronouncement of 1791 that ‘the drinking of spirits’ had become ‘a great national evil’ to the conclusion of the Poor Law Report of 1837 that an Irishman could get ‘dead drunk for two pence', the problems of alcoholic production, consumption and controls plagued the Irish Government. In a country whose food supplies were often as precarious as its revenues, the brewing of beer and the distilling of spirits were enterprises as controversial as they were profitable. These industries, newly adapted to the large-scale production of the late eighteenth century, underwent rapid expansion during the first years of the Union despite restrictive taxation, periodic measures of prohibition and the persistent harping of temperance leaders. During this period Ireland became an exporter rather than an importer of alcoholic beverages and witnessed the development of a considerable number of licensed breweries and distilleries throughout the country.

The developments in education in librarianship and information science in the last five years have been remarkable. They stem partly from the general development of higher education, and partly from the growing realization of the importance of library and information work in our present and future society. The introduction of the 1964 syllabus of the Library Association, and subsequently the postgraduate syllabus, was a landmark. Whatever criticisms may be made of these syllabuses, they placed education for librarianship firmly on a full‐time basis for the first time, and led to the rapid expansion and improvement of the library schools. My own experience as an examiner for the Library Association convinces me of the marked raising of standards that has resulted. A measure of internal examining has been introduced, and this is likely to be extended, thereby providing for a much greater flexibility in teaching and course work.