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This paper investigates particular aspects of the black person as client and therapist. It emphasizes the importance of heterogeneity within the black population in the understandinci of the black client, the black therapist and their interaction. There are important differences between blacks due to urban vs. rural background; socioeconomic status; religious affiliation; education; etc. A stereotype of "The Black" is thus misleading. Both client and therapist must acknowledge and deal with the effects of the black stereotype in their interactions, as they can make a difference in the therapeutic outcome. It is noted that, although the black professional therapist will typically be a member of the middle or upper class, this is not necessarily true of the client. The therapist should be aware of different cultural styles among black people, especially those with whom he intends to work. Such awareness will also help the therapist strengthen his own racial identity. In the therapist-client interaction, the twin dangers of overand under-emphasis on the importance of race are noted. The ways in which racial issues are to be resolved will depend on the particular case.

1. Nine-hundred and sixty-eight cases admitted to an army neurosis center are analyzed according to certain sociological factors. The age distribution of cases is given. 2. Normal homes produce a significantly smaller proportion of military delinquents than broken homes. 3. A rough gradation of financial status of the parental home of patient-soldiers is presented. While there is an apparent tendency for the homes with inadequate finances to produce a larger proportion of military delinquents than do homes with more adequate financial status, this is statistically not significant. 4. Urban-rural background is given for the 968 patients. Patients with urban background are somewhat more likely to be military delinquents than those from rural background. 5. The marital status by three year age groups is presented. Military delinquency is not significantly related to marital status in this group of patients. 6. Men who have held but one job before entering the service are less likely to become military delinq...

Previous research has demonstrated that socioeconomic differentials in fertility are heavily influenced by couples with rural background. These studies show an inverse relationship between fertility and socioeconomic status for couples of rural background, but no relationship for urbanorigin couples. The effect of urban background on rural fertility differentials has not been examined. This study investigates the potential effect of urban-origin couples on socioeconomic differences in fertility in rural areas. Data from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity are analyzed to show that rural socioeconomic fertility differences are not influenced by the presence of persons of urban background.

Although the hypothesis that children can be viewed, as a form of consumption has been advanced for some time (Becker, 1960; Silver, 1965), empirical investigation of the hypothesis requires that account be taken of knowledge of birth control. It may be necessary to account for additional factors such as public financing of children's education and the possible effect of a rural background, in which children are more likely to perform productive activities. For a given level of birth control information, the desired number of children should depend not only on current income but also on expected future income, since parental outlays extend over a period of about twenty years. The hypothesis, then, is that children commit the parents to a long-run consumption expenditure which should in turn be a function not only of current income but also of long-run income. Further, it will be an assumption of this study that graduate students, as highly educated young adults, are homogeneous with respect to knowledge of birth control.

Summary. The association of the urban/rural variable with university academic performance was assessed by a matched pair procedure. Variables matched were sex, co-educational/single-sex school, examining board (W.J.E.C. only), Arts/Science faculties, and (for A-level) number of subjects taken, best subject, average grade and number of attempts. Social class was mostly matched but partly balanced. Student pairs were selected from a three-year entry to Welsh University Colleges, with first-year results unknown. A comparison of urban (over 16,000 population) versus rural, produced little difference between the matched samples, except that the urban Arts students from single-sex schools did better than their rural counterparts. Limiting urban to cities over 100,000 while still opposing this to rural (under 16,000) increased the differences, so that in four separate matched samples namely, city co-educated Arts versus rural co-educated Arts, city co-educated Science versus rural co-educated Science, and similarly for single-sex schools, the city students had the better first-year performance, statistically highly significant for the combined samples. Students from intermediate sized towns in all groups performed less well than those from both city and rural schools, producing a curvilinear relationship between performance and the urban/rural variable.

(1948). Rural Background Found in Six Third-Grade Arithmetic Texts Published between 1942 and 1946. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 295-306.

Early in 1942 the decision was made to have a faculty member with a rural background live in the community and serve as a co-ordinator between the farmers and the boys. The writer has spent two summers in the rural community and has observed and studied the boys' experiences at first hand. Let it be understood that the boys, sixteen of whom participated in the summer of 1943, did not have "snap" jobs! The tempo of activities on the farms was much too accelerated to tolerate the presence of any able-bodied person who was not there with serious intent. The boys were selected because of

Marked differences exist between respondents and non-respondents to a mailed questionnaire. Higher intelligence scores and scholarship, loyalty or ties to the questionnaire sponsor, and a rural background, seem to be positively associated with the tendency to respond. Knowledge of the probable tendencies of bias in response to mailed questionnaires should enable the investigator to evaluate his returns and to phrase his questions and his appeal for response in a more effective manner.