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The hydrolysis of sodium trimeta- and tetrametaphosphates was run in water, dioxane–water, and formic acid–water solvents with an initial concentration of 0.025 mol/l at various pH values and temperatures. The hydrolysis of both the metaphosphates followed first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of the phosphate under all the conditions studied and was an acid- and base-catalyzed reaction. In acidic solutions, the rate of hydrolysis of both the metaphosphates in water is faster than that in formic acid–water and slower than that in dioxane-water. Therefore, it is concluded that, in the formic acid–water solvent, the nucleophilicity of the water molecule may decrease on account of the solvation of the water molecule with the acid, while, in the dioxane–water solvent, since the scission of the hydrogen bond between water molecules may occur by the interaction of dioxane and water molecules, the nucleophilicity of the water molecule may increase. The hydrolysis of both metaphosphates in acidic...

In Japan, since radioactive tracers were used to investigate the sand movement at Tomakomai Harbor in 1954, they have been used in the ports and harbors of Irako, Isohama, Kashima, and Niigata in order to get the fundamental data necessary for harbor construction. The principle of this method is to put on the aea bed radioactive tracers which have the same specific gravity and size diameter as natural sand, and to trace their movement due to waves and currents by the radiation measuring instrument. The method of making, injecting, and tracing radioactive tracers at Kashima Harbor is described. The radioactive tracers were obtained by irradiating glass containing cobalt or scandium in an atomic pile. In order to infect tracers on the sea bed without radiation hazards, the cylindrical injection apparatus containing tracers is hanged from boat. When it reaches the sea bed, a glass beaker is broken by projections and tracers are put off on the sea bed. In the case of removing tracers from small polyethylene bags into a larger one and from the bag into the injection apparatus, a wooden box filled with sand, a long iron nipper, and an electric heater or a heated iron bar aremore » used. The movement of tracers on the sea bed is traced with a watertight underwater detector. This detector has two G-M tubes of 40 centimeters long and 5 centimeters dinmeter and is connected with a cable of 200 meters long as ratemeter on the boat. As an example of the investigations conducted in Kashima Harbor, the results as to radioactive tracer of about 30 millicuries injected on the sea bed of 9 meters deep are shown. In a comparison of results with the characteristics of waves and currents, sand in 9 meters depth is known to be moved to the shore in accordance wtth the direction of wave when the wave height is about 2.5 meters, but a part of it is moved parallel with the shore line and another part is moved in the direction of wave when the wave height is about 1.5 meters. (auth)« less

gem-ジクロルシクロプロパン類のモノクロルシクロプロパンへの接触水素化分解における塩基の役割を明らかにするために,アミンならびに水酸化アルカリの存在下。ラネーニッケルおよび漆原ニッケル触媒を用いて,常温常圧下に7,7-ジクロルビシクロ[4.1.0]ヘブタン(1),9,9-ジクロルビシクロ[6.1.O]ノナン(2),6.6-ジクロルビシクロ[3.1.O]ヘキサン(3)および2-オキサ-7,7-ジクロルビシクロ[4.1.0]ヘブタン(4)の水素化を検討した。(1),(2),(3)および(4)は,エチルアミン,ジエチルアミン,トリエチルアミンの存在下では円滑にそして主としてcis-モノクロルシクロプロパンに水素化分解されたが。塩基なしでは反応は非常におそかった。エチレンジアミン,トリメチレンジアミン,ヘキサメチレンジアミンおよび水酸化アルカリの存在ではtrans-モノクロルシクロブロパンが増加した。(3)と(4)はこの条件下では主としてtrans-モノクロルシクロプロパンに水素化分解された。これらの結果は塩基の触媒表面への吸着の強さに依存すると考えられる.この接触水素化分解の機構について推論した。

Up to now, only two viruses are known to produce hemolytis in vitro, mumps and Newcastle disease. However, during the course of studies on Hemagglutinating Virus of Japan (HVJ), previously known as Newborn Pneumonitis Virus or Sendai Virus, hemolytic activity of the virus on chicken or guinea pig cells has been noticed. As two schools in this country have already ovserved the same fact, this paper chiefly concerns to further explanation of this property, especially from the view-point that whether the differentiation between the phenomenon of elution and that of hemoysis is possible or not.On the purification procedure of the virus, using adsorption to and elution from chicken red cells, both hemagglutinin and hemolytic activities detected in the infected allantoic fluid have been recovered in the same manner. Specific immune serum against the virus inhibited the hemolysis as well as hemagglutinin. These results may suggest that the hemolytic activity is intrinsic character of the virus itself and is not due to other constituents of the allantoic fluid.The mediation of the hemolysis through the same receptors of red cells as are concerned with hemagglutination has been also confirmed by the fact that cells could be rendered insusceptible to hemolysis by treatment with enzyme RDE or by the action of influenza virus PR 8. The result described above will indicate that the adsorption of virus to red cell is an indispensable step for viral hemolysis to follow.Further kinetic studies on the hemolysis after adsorption, revealed the difference between the phenomenom of elution and that of hemolysis. When cells on the course of elution at 37°C was chilled, the elution will not follow so far, but the hemolysis will continue in the same manner as when these cells were kept at 37°C. Moreover, when adsorbed cells were kept under different temperature, the characteristics of elution curve was quite different from the curve of hemolysis.In final experiment, eluting ability, enzymatic activity and hemolytic activity of both formalin treated virus and purified virus with methanol have been compared with that of untreated virus. Methanol treated virus did agglutinate chicken red cells, eluted from cells as well as that of control. Moreover, the treated virus had full activity of enzyme to destroy α-inhibitor. Never the less, hemolytic activity has completely lost after methanol treatment. Thus the dissociation of luting activity and hemolytic activity has been established with treated virus. The difference of heat stability found between the hemolytic property and hemagglutinin was also in favour of this conclusion.However, by means of ultraviolet irradiation or by treatment with sodium periodate, the hemolytic property of the virus was not differentated from the eluting activity.

This paper presents the results of two-dimensional model experiments conducted in order to clarify the basic characteristics and to find out some preventive measures against scouring around coastal structures. The applicability of these results to the field are discussed on the basis of some results of field investigations. The results of two-dimensional experiments presented herein show that the characteristics of waves just in front of structures and their reflection by structures are most important factors of scouring. The results of field investigations, however, indicate that in addition to those two factors, the currents caused due to waves around structures play important roles m scouring.

The writers attempted the inoculation experiments with the uredospores in order to determine the susceptibility of varieties or strains of 16 species of Triticum to the cereal rusts and their related species obtained from different localities of Japan proper.

The glassy and crystalline products were made by heating a mixture of aluminum oxide and sodium metaphosphate glass with P/Al ratios in the range from 1.0 to 300 at 1000 °C for 3 hr. The crystalline substance was present in the products with P/Al ratios smaller than 5.0 and was, except for aluminum oxide, always aluminum orthophosphate. The quantitative analysis and the measurement of the average chain length of the phosphates contained in the soluble parts of the products showed that aluminum oxide reacts with sodium metaphosphate to make Al–O–P linkages. A theoretical treatment of the average chain length of the polyphosphates present in the aluminate-phosphates was also made. By comparing the calculated average chain length with the measured one, it has been concluded that the most reasonable chemical structure of the glassy products of the aluminate-phosphates is Al(OP)3. By the analysis of the infrared spectra of the thermal products, four-way branching points may be said to exist in the glassy products.

The hydrolysis of long-chain polyphosphates (Graham’s salt) was carried out in water and dioxane-water solvents at various pHs in the range from 3.0 to 11.0 and at 30, 50, and 70 °C. The rates of the hydrolytic degradation of the polyphosphates into shorter chains and into trimetaphosphate obeyed the first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of the polyphosphates. In acidic media, a small solvent effect was perceived on the rates of both the processes. On the other hand, in basic media the effect was very remarkable; that is, the rates of both the processes in the dioxane-water solvent were more rapid than in water. The results show that the rate of the hydrolysis of both the processes in basic media may be very dependent on the step of the nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the phosphorus atom of phosphates, while in acidic media other factor, for example, the folding of the chains to a helix, may affect the overall rate. The activation energies for the two processes have been found ...

Glassy and crystalline substances in NaPOs-MoOg system with P/Mo ratios from O.1 to 300were prepared by heating of NaPOs glass and molybdenum trioxide mixtures at 580, 700, or 750gC. The products were smbjected. to paper-chromatograPhic analysis, X-ray diffractometric measurement, and IR spectrophotometitic measurement. The prodqcts prepared at 580eC with PIMo ratios from O.1to 3. contained crystallin6 sodiummolybdenum oxide phosphate(NaMo02PO4). Since the average chain length of condensed phosphates present in the products increased with increasing P/Mo ratio, it could be concluded that NaPO391ass reacted with molybdenum trioxide to form P-O-Mo linkage, Assuming that the glassy products with P/Mo ratios larger than 5.0 had P P, P-O, P-O-Mo, and Mo-O linkage C a theoretical treatment of the degree of polymerizatien of condens. ed phosphates has. been made and compayed, with the experimental data, and reasonable chemical structure of glasses in NaPOs-MoO5 system were concluded as MoO2(PO)2, MoO2(PO)g, or MoO2(PO) The absorption at 870N930 cm-i in IR Spectra of the products with P/Mo ratios smaller than 5.0 were conSidered to be due to P-O-Mo /stretching.

To clarify the mechanism of delayed gastric emptying after vagotomy, and the related problem whether the vagotomized stomach develops pylorospasm under any condition, the author studied the motor function of the canine stomach with the use of electromyography when warm water was instilled before and after vagotomy.Regardless of whether vagotomy had been performed or not, a marked excitation of the pyloric portion of the stomach occurred, resulting in a spasm-like abnormal excitation and anti-peristalsis as the intra-gastric pressure was risen by instillation of water. However, the vagotomized stomach required much more water than the non -vagotomized stomach to develop the same degree of excitation of the pyloric portion, and this difference was probably due to hypomotility or hypotonicity of the vagotomized stomach. On the other hand, vagotomy did not cause pylorospasm or abnormal excitation of the pyloric portion, although hypomotility of the stomach was present.The above results suggested that the vagotomized stomach developed hypomotility or hypotonicity first, resulting in stasis and retention of the gastric content. And, the higher intra-gastric pressure due to this stasis and retention was followed by the occurrence of spasm-like abnormal excitation of the pyloric portion and anti -peristalsis. Therefore, “pylorospasm” was considered to occur secondarily as a result of gastric stasis and retention, but not primarily because of vagotomy.

Three volunteers, aged 20, 25 and 27 were experimentally infected with an amniotic culture fluid of fresh influenza B isolate. Two cases, which previously had low HAT antibody against the used virus, did not develop influenza B antibody, suggesting failure of the virus infection. All specimens examined throughout the course of infection by an immunofluorescent technique did not show accumulation of virus antigens. Only one case, which previously had no detectable antibody against influenza, B, developed typical signs and symptoms of influenza. At 48 hours after infection, fluorescent cells were detected by the immunofluorescent technique in the preparations from nasal scrubs. Fluorescent cells were successively found in the nasal scrub specimens up to 120 hours after the infection. Whereas, no fluorescent cells were found in the specimens obtained from nasal washings, throat scrubs, and throat washings throughout the course of infection. First discovery of fluorescent cells was 8 hours ahead the temperature rise and 48 hours ahead the first virus isolation.

In Japan, many breakwaters or jetties have been constructed in the sandy beach from the past decade for new ports to cope with the development of industry It is needless to say that the construction and prolongation of breakwaters or jetties cause the change of bottom topography in their vicinity, but many points remain indistinct on this change of bottom-topography In this paper, some general properties on the change of the topography of sea-bed caused by the construction of breakwaters are discussed on the basis of the hydraulic sounding maps of several ports and the results of model tests The terminology used in this paper is given in Figure 1.

Port Kashima has been constructed since 1963 on the coast of Kashimanada located north-east of Tokyo. Fig. 1 is the general plan of Port Kashima showing the layout of breakwaters and inner basins. The length of south and north breakwaters will be 2,800 and 1,380 m, respectively. The depth of fairway will be 16 m below L.L.W.L. (lowest low water level) aiming to accomodate 100,000 ton class vessels. The coast of Kashimanada is a bowshaped sandy beach of some 70 km long facing the Pacific Ocean; Naka River flowed out at the north end and Tone River at the south end, as shown in Fig. 2. The northern portion has a narrow beach with the cliff of Kashima Plateau behind it and the southern portion is of alluvium zone by Tone River with the sand dunes. Port Kashima is being constructed at about 25 km north from the south end of Kashimanada Coast and this place is geologically called as the south alluvium zone. In the coast around Kashima Port, there runs a sand dune along the coast. The crest of this dune is about 8 m above L.L.W.L. in elevation. The back shore in front of the dune is 50-80 m in width and 3-4 m above L.L.W.L. in elevation. There are alongshore bars at 100-150 m seaward from the shore line on a usual day and at T00-400 m on a stormy day in beach profile. The bottom materials are composed of mainly fine sand and the mean spring tide range is about 1.4 m. The wave, large or small, attacks this coast every day. From the above-mentioned, the sand drift should be estimated to be remarkable at the constructing site of the harbor. Therefore, the field investigation concerning sand drift has been conducted since tow years before the beginning of the works of harbor construction. In this paper, a few recent investigations will be presented in detail, after a brief description of main field investigations conducted until 1965*