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The interaction of gelatin and sodium alginate at pH

Summary The HI antibody response of chickens, rabbits and guinea-pigs to 4 commercially available equine influenza vaccines was studied. The responses of chickens and guinea-pigs to the A equi 1 components of the aqueous, the aluminium hydroxide and the sodium alginate adjuvanted vaccines were very similar and comparatively greater than the rabbit response. Guinea-pigs responded less well than the other 2 species to the A equi 2 components of these 3 vaccines. The oil-emulsion vaccine elicited the greatest response in guinea-pigs and the poorest response in chickens. This variation in species response to the different vaccines precludes the recommendation of any one species for routine potency testing purposes and emphasises the need to correlate the response of laboratory animals with that of horses.

Thawing time for frozen blocks of dressed cod (Gadus morhua) was investigated. Observations were made on the effect of size of individual fish, water recirculation rates, water temperature, block height, thickness and orientation, separation of individuals from the block at some intermediate time, and the use of sodium alginate to promote quicker thawing. Over the range investigated, the first two variables did not affect thawing rate; the remainder were of importance. Blocks 4 and [Formula: see text] inches (102 and 115 mm) thick, weighing 75–80 lb (34–37 kg), were separated and thawed in 60°F (15.5 °C) water in about 3 and [Formula: see text], respectively. These times were equal to or better than the times for freezing between plates under best local commercial conditions. In comparison, similar blocks can be thawed in about [Formula: see text] in a commercially available dielectric thawer. Thawing blocks of dressed fish in recirculated water thus merits consideration with other methods.

This work shows how the molecular weight of sodium alginate can be determined by measuring the values of the osmotic pressure, P, in the presence of low concentrations of sodium chloride, and extrapolation of P/C to C = 0, where C is the concentration of sodium alginate. For different samples of sodium alginate the slope of the curve P/C against C was independent of the molecular weight. Molecular weight values from 48,000 to 186,000 were obtained. The intrinsic viscosity of the different samples were linearly related to the degree of polymerization.

The viscosity and streaming birefringence of fractionated and unfractionated samples of sodium alginate have been measured at various concentrations, and rates of shear, and in the presence and absence of added salt. The viscosity data show the concave upward curve typical of polyelectrolytes at low concentrations, but pass through a minimum at higher concentrations. The influence of shear is least at this minimum. The initial slope of the orientation angle versus velocity gradient curves increases with concentration, but Δn/c is independent of concentration. The semiempirical theory of Peterlin for concentrated solutions is obeyed by the data for Δn, but not by that for the orientation angle. Molecular weights have been calculated from the hydrodynamic parameters. The viscosity behavior is interpreted in terms of the rigidity of the molecule.

Cell-free extracts prepared from alginate-grown Agarbacterium alginicum were observed to hydrolyze sodium alginate to its constituent monosaccharide residues. The enzyme was found to be relatively heat stable at pH 7 and only 40% of its activity was lost when it was heated for 5 minutes at 100 °C. The enzyme was active over a pH range of 5–10 with the optimum at pH 7. The optimum temperature was 37–40 °C and little activity was observed below 20 °C or above 55 °C. Among the compounds tested, only sodium alginate could serve as substrate for the enzyme.Enzymatic activity of the extract was enhanced by several monovalent cations but not by divalent cations. Those monovalent cations found to be effective were ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. The trivalent anions, arsenate and phosphate, also produced increased activity when added to the extract. Since low concentrations of p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethyl maleimide were inhibitory while cysteine, glutathione, or 2-mercaptoethanol reversed the inhibition and increased the activity, sulphydryl dependency was indicated.A 10-fold purification of alginase was attained by removal of nucleic acid and inactive protein by precipitation with protamine sulphate and acetic acid. Further purification was not achieved.

In the absence of interfering metals, quantities of cadmium ranging from 0.1 to 5 mg can be determined within a standard deviation of ± 1.55% by an electromctric titration with sodium sulfide. A platinum-tungsten electrode is used. Sodium alginate is added to suspend the cadmium sulfide precipitate.

Plants were regenerated from encapsulated shoot tips of pointed gourd. Shoot tips isolated from multiple shoot cultures of AM-8 and AM-15 cultivars of pointed gourd were encapsulated in sodium alginate beads. For germination and shoot proliferation, encapsulated shoot tips (artificial seed) were cultured in MS basal medium containing different concentrations and combinations of BAP and NAA. Use of MS medium resulted in 90% conversion of encapsulated shoot tips into plantlets. The results exhibited that BAP and combinations of BAP and NAA play an important role in germination of artificial seed being encapsulated by sodium alginate beads. The plantlets were successfully established in earthen pot. Under the present study, limited experimental efforts have been made to establish the protocol for encapsulating the shoot tips for the production of artificial seed and their subsequent regeneration. It is the first report in Bangladesh in developing artificial seed production technique using vegetative tissue of pointed gourd. Key Words: In vitro propagation; pointed gourd; shoot tips. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5832Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 555-563, December 2009

On Blotch Method by machine printing specially among the printing methods using Vat dyestuffs, a few factors were measured in order to find the following: (1) Physical properties of printing pastes. (2) The influence of these properties on the result of printing, That is, on printing pastes for Blotch Method which uses all kinds of thickener, their viscosity, spinnability, sharpness, levelness and colour value, fixed value, fixed percentage etc. of the prints steamed in Flash Ager were measured.The results obtained are as follows:1) As printing pastes for Blotch Method, wheat starch, Sodium alginate and Schisa are suitable.2) Single thickener which excels from every point of view does not exist.3) As mixed printing pastes for Blotch method, mixture of Wheat starch and Sodium alginate are excellent.

現在市販の工業用アルギン酸ソーダには, 多くの酸基が未反応のまま残留している。この残留未反応酸基がアルギン酸ソーダの諸性質に及ぼす影響を知る目的で実験を行い,種々の知見を得,次のように考察した。(1)未反応酸基酸度とpH値の変化との関係にはかなりの幅がある。この幅はラクトン結合酸基によるものであろう。(2)未反応酸基の多い溶液のpH値は時間の経過にしたがい低下する。その原因はrandom coi1の外周部より中心部に多くの未反応酸基を残留することによるものであろう。(3)同一重合度を有するアルギン酸ソーダの場合,未反応酸基の多くなるにしたがって粘度は低下する。その原因は, 極性の変化による水和性の低下によるものであろう。( 4 )アルギン粉末を保存する場合, 未反応酸基の多いほど, 粘度低下率大である。遊離アルギン酸自体による加水分解によるものであろう。(5)溶液の保存の場合は,未反応酸基の多いほど,粘度低下小である。pH値の低下による腐敗菌の発育阻止作用によるものであろう。(6)未反応酸基の多い時は,粘度が低下するにかかわらず毛管上昇距離も低下し,Lucasの式は適合しない。その原因はピラノース環結合角度の差による分子相互のからみ合いの増加によるものであろう。

アルギン酸ソーダのNaの0～0.06molをCaにより置換した場合における粘性挙動のうち, 濃度依存性, ならびに温度依存性に現われる変化を知る目的で,Arrhenius式,de Waele-Ostwald式,Andrade式等に対する適合性,粘性濃度係数, 流動曲線等に対する影響等について実験を行い種々な知見を得た。そしてこれらの変化の原因について, Ca置換量約0.02mol以下の場合は主として同一分子内に結合し, これをこえる時は異分子間に結合して立体構造を生ずることによるものと推論した。

Knowledge of mass distribution of particle sizes in latex is very important to the latex technologist. Therefore, it is desirable to have available a simple method for the determination of mass distribution of particle sizes. This paper presents a method, based on fractional creaming of latex with sodium alginate, which can be used in any laboratory without special equipment. The method is particularly advantageous for analyzing latexes of very wide particle size distributions. When analyzed with an electron microscope, these latexes require counting a very large number of particles. McGavack found that partial creaming of normal hevea latex with ammonium alginate gives concentrates of larger average particle size than the original latex. He found that the average particle size in the cream approaches that of the original latex as the amount of creaming agent is increased. In a previous paper from this laboratory, Schmidt and Kelsey demonstrated that the phenomenon of fractionation according to particle size with increasing amounts of creaming agent is applicable in a wide variety of anionic latex systems and in colloidal silica. Their results indicated also the existence of a quantitative relationship, independent of the nature of the dispersed particles, between the concentration of creaming agent and size of creamed particles. Maron confirmed fractionation with respect to particle size as a consequence of partial creaming with alginate. He showed that the mass average particle sizes of fractions, determined optically, cumulate to that of the original latex. Although the previous paper by Schmidt and Kelsey implied the basic concept of a method of determining particle size distribution by fractional creaming, it was not exploited at that time. In order to adapt the fractional creaming phenomenon to a quantitative method for particle size determination, we required a more precise knowledge of the relation between creaming agent concentration and size of particles creamed. It was proposed to establish this relationship with the aid of the electron microscope. Various factors influencing the creaming of latex, such as polymer concentration, electrolyte, soap content, and variability of the creaming agent, had to be considered in standardizing the creaming procedure.

カルボキシ基の一部をCaによって置換したアルギン酸ソーダをつくるため, 遊離アルギン酸ゲルをメタノール中でCaCl2とNaOHとによって処理する方法について実験を行い, 1)メタノールへのCa添加量約0.02mol以下においては高重合度の方がCaの結合率が高く, 約0.02mol以上の場合は低重合度の方がCaの結合率が高いこと。2)Ca添加量が約0.02molをこえると, 添加したCa量に対するアルギン酸に結合するCa量の比率が急激に低下すること, 等を認めた。この原因について,Ca置換率が粘度,構造性,毛管上昇性に及ぼす影響から,Caの結合型式に同一分子内結合と異分子間結合とがあり, Ca添加量が約0.02mol以下の場合は主として前者が, 約0.02mol以上の場合は後者の結合が起ることによるものと推論した。

An investigation has been carried out to evaluate the common brown algae indigenous to Great Britain as a source of alginate. In particular, the viscosity of the sodium alginate from each species has been examined, and the effect on the viscosity of drying and bleaching has been studied. In an attempt to show that the alginates from the different species are essentially the same, specific rotations have been determined.

To know the role of pectic enzymes in the clarification reaction of apple juice, a simplified model for apple juice, that is, aqueous re-suspension of ultracentrifugal precipitates of apple juice, was employed. It was found that the precipitates (i.e., suspended materials) contained 36% of protein and that the surface of the suspended materials was negatively charged at pH 3.5. Positively charged colloids at pH 3.5 such as gelatin enhanced the clarification reaction or mutually coagulated with the suspended materials. While negatively charged colloids at pH 3.5, such as sodium alginate completely inhibited the clarification reaction. The direct participation of pectic enzymes in the clarification of apple juice was shown, and a supposed mechanism of the enzymic clarification was presented.

Complicated structures form during the diffusion of calcium ions into sodium alginate only under convection-eliminating conditions. Their formation is accompanied by concentration of the alginate near the diffusion boundary. The freezing and thawing of laminar gels results in the separation of the layers at their surfaces at right angles to diffusion.

With the objects of decolorization of sodium alginate soln. and of decreasing total N content, comparison has been made between the two methods, that is, chlorine gas blowing and electrolytic bleaching. From the relations between bleaching condition and the purity and properties of alginic acid, it was found that 13l. of chlorine gas was the most appropriate for decolorizing 800cc of 1.25% sodium alginate soln. A sodium alginate soln. decolorized with this amount of chlorine gas was electrodialyzed with three chambers. The results attained after the electrodialysis of 7.3 ampere-hours were as follows: electric energy consumption and yield of alginic acid, 69.8 KWH/kg. and 23%, respectively. By this method, total N content could not be reduced to less than 1%, but the ashcontent could be reduced to 0.5%.

現在市販の工業用アルギン酸ソーダは,ほとんどアルギン酸ゲルをアルコール中にて中和する方法によって製造されている。この中和法による場合の諸条件のうち, アルコール濃度, 反応温度, 反応時間, アルギン酸ゲル塊の大きさ, ゲルの含水率,アルギン酸の重合度等が,未反応酸基,pH,粘度等に及ぼす影響を知る目的で種々実験を行った。その結果,きわめて多くの未反応酸基を残留することを知った。解決方法として種々の触媒につき実験を行い,酢酸ソーダがきわめて良好な結果をうることを認めた。

(1) We carried out some experiments on the preparation of alginic acid from the sea weeds, as above mentioned, and found that there were some different behaviours from those of Lami-nariaceae. (2) For the decoloration of alginic acid the sulphurous acid method was the most suitable one within the limits of our experiments. (3) The fact that alginic acid decreases its viscosity during the storage was confirmed. The cause of this fact will be explained from the fact that alginic acid is more difficult in drying than sodium alginate.

Methods are described for preparing degraded sodium alginate by oxidative-reductive depolymerization (ORD) and by γ-irradiation. The rate of degradat

A sodium alginate solution prepared from Eckloria cava at the optimum condition was electrodialyzed with two chambers, depositing algmic acid on the anode. Yield and purity of algmic acid attained were nearly equal to those by the oridinary method, indicating that it is worthless to use the two chamber method for obtaining highly purified algmic acid.

100～1000cp(1%)程度の市販高粘性工業用アルギン酸ソーダに対し,粘度法による重合度測定方法をStaudinger, Arrhenius, Philippoff,の三式について検討し,その結果低分子電解質(カセイソーダまたは炭酸ソーダ)の添加濃度は0.5%でよいことが観察された。また,Staudingerの粘度式は,高粘性工業用アルギン酸ソーダに対し適用困難であるが,Arrhenius, Philippoffの両式は浸透圧法による結果と大体近似し,適当であることを明らかにした。

A cell is described for determining both surface and interfacial tensions by the sessile drop method. The interfacial tension between gelatin solution or sodium alginate solution and benzene has been determined. Both substances lowered the interfacial tension, the gelatin attained equilibrium quickly. Both tension-concentration curves were similar in shape. It is suggested that a condensed multilayer having the physical properties required to stabilise emulsions, is built up immediately below the surface.

In order to investigate systematically the effect of sodium alginate and C. M. C. as the paper making mucilage the degree of deflocculation of the fiber suspension was measured statically by means of “the time of the flocculation method, ” at the constant pulp consistency of 0.1% and in varying concentration of these additives having various degrees of polymerization and etherification.The results obtained are as follows.(1) When additives are used in the same concentration range those giving higher viscosity to the solution are found to have more great deflocculating effect on fiber suspension.(2) When additives of the same degree of etherification, but different in their degree of polymerization, are used in the same viscosity range those of the higher degree of polymerization are found to be more effective in deflocculating the fiber suspension.(3) When additives of the same degree of polymerization, but different in their degree of etherification, are used in the same viscosity range those of the lower degree of etherification are found to be more effective.

Sedimentation, diffusion, and viscosity measurements were made on five unfractionated samples of sodium alginate ranging in intrinsic viscosity from 3.1 to 17.5. Diffusion coefficients were subject to large errors and are believed to be overestimated.Though the molecular weights obtained from sedimentation–diffusion (Svedberg equation) and sedimentation – intrinsic viscosity (Perrin–Simha equations) showed good agreement and yielded values of 3 to 21 × 104, higher values (4.6 to 37 × 104) from sedimentation–viscosity (Mandelkern–Flory equation) appear to be the better estimates. A linear relation between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight was found with a slope (Mandelkern–Flory equation values) equivalent to Km = 13.9 × 10−3. The results indicate that sodium alginate has a relatively high extension ratio.

Calcium carbonate gallstones and calculus-like concrements of calcium carbonate experimentally produced by Maki et al. were cut into thin serial sections by the author's resin-reinforcing technique.1 These specimens were then observed under polarized light, by contact microradioeraphy or after various histochemical stainings. The results obtained were as follows: a) Human calcium carbonate gallstone has a specific structure of its own, though it has been considered until now to be an amorphous mass. b) In human calcium carbonate gallstone, mucopolysaccharides were found evenly distributed, filling the spaces among calcium carbonate crystals in reticular fashion. c) Histochemically, these mucopolysaccharides consisted mainly of sulfated mucopolysaccharides with some contamination of neutral or weakly acid mucopolysaccharides. d) The mucopolysaccharides in human calcium carbonate gallstone are quite similar to sodium alginate in an artificial calculus in their way of distribution and arrangement in minute details. These facts suggest that mucopolysaccharides may take an important part through their bridging action in the formation of calcium carbonate gallstones.

These seaweed products are finding so many industrial uses that not any one listing of those uses appears to be complete.

SUMMARY Optimum conditions for the reaction of food gums with the anthrone reagent vary from one gum to another. The sulfated, carboxylic acid type and mixed polysaccharides produced colors with absorption maxima at 620 mμ. The uranic acid type of polysaccharides, pectin and sodium alginate (Kelco Gel HV), produced colors exhibiting absorption maxima at 520 mμ. In all cases, color intensity increased with increasing temperature. The heating time necessary for maximum color development at 99°C varied from 4 to 10-min, depending on the hydrocolloid in question. With pectin and sodium alginate, although color intensity increased with heating time at 99°C, no definite heating time for maximum color development was observed up to 60 min. In most cases, aging led to a rapid decrease in color intensity, except for pectin and sodium alginate, in which cases color intensity increased.

An invariance of sedimentation rate with molecular weight was observed between certain concentrations for the polyelectrolytes sodium carrageenate and sodium alginate. This result was explained by assuming a network model which, at low concentrations, breaks up to permit sedimentation of the molecules individually. By applying the Kozeny equation to the flow through the network the effective specific volume and surface of the molecules were determined.

の乾燥条件と粘度との関係を知る目的で,種々実験した。その結果ひも状に成型するためには含水率,重合度,pH,温度の四つの条件が重要であることを認めた。この原因について重合度と水和性との関係,pHによる構造粘性の変化,温度の粘度への影響等の観点から考察を行った。また重合度あ高低により乾燥最適条件が異なることを認め,この原因について重合度と水和性との関連性から考察した。

褐藻類からアルギン酸ソーダを製造する場合,工程中の種々の加熱が製品の粘度に非常に大きな影響を与える事実がある。この実態を把握する目的をもって,粉末および溶液状態のアルギン酸ソーダの加熱による粘度低下を種々の温度および時間について研究した。その結果,予期以上の顕著なる粘度低下が起ることを見出したが,この点にかんがみ,高粘性アルギン酸ソーダを製造するためには,原藻からの抽出工程,製品の乾燥工程などにいっそうの配慮が必要であることを示唆した。

アルギン酸の基礎的研究のためシュウ酸による分別沈殿法,炭酸ソーダおよび塩化ナトリウムとのイオン交換による分別溶解法を市販の高粘性ならびに低粘性アルギン酸ソーダに対しズ試験し, 重合度分配を行い, アルギン酸ソーダの重合度分配法としては分別溶解法が適していること,および市販のアルギン酸ソーダには重合度の著しい分散が認められないことを明らかにした。