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The paper examines operations under the Interstate Compact for the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers, which enables a state to supervise other states' parolees and probationers who wish to serve their parole or probation within its territory because they have family and employment there. Administrative practices have been worked out so effectively that the system operates almost as a matter of routine. The highly successful annual meetings of Compact Administrators have resolved most of the major problems as they have arisen, including such matters as frequency of progress reports, degree of adherence to job or residence requirements demanded, methods used to appre hend violators, and procedure for handling men who have moved from one state to another without going through Com pact channels. Some problems still face the states under the Compact, including questions of procedure posed by recent Supreme Court decisions, such as Hyser v. Reed, but, on the whole, the Compact has had tremendous success.

I.S.D. of recent years seems more common than formerly, and unrecognised it can be rapidly fatal or can lead to much avoidable suffering. Early diagnosis with effective treatment is the only answer to this severe infection and much has been learned in recent years of the value of combined antibiotic approach together with certain other supportive measures, but even so in this infection we still face a gross mortality of nearly 20 per cent. and even in those who come early for treatment the mortality rate has not fallen below 10 per cent.

IT WAS with considerable pleasure that I accepted the invitation of your committee to present a paper before this Society, as one of a group along with those of my good friends, Drs. Hellman and Woodbury. Variance of opinion has existed among us, and I sincerely hope that our discussions here may result in a fuller coalescence of our views. The task assigned to me was to cover more particularly the mechanics of orthodontic practice. Obviously this could not be successfully done without some consideration of the various factors entering into the growth problem, with which, so far as is possible with our present knowledge, mechanical procedure must harmonize. So, in the title of this paper, I have used the word "biomechanics," a term suggested by Hellman some time ago. Notwithstanding the extensive research being done by a number of orthodontists, imbued with biological inclination, as well as by other students of biology, sufficient evidence has not yet been evolved to establish any definite knowledge concerning the etiology of malocclusion. The growth process in the human being is obscure; its study, undoubtedly, is very fascinating, and our specialty is fortunate in having so many of its own members who are capable of doing this type of work. Some day, as a result of their efforts, and the work of others who will follow them, the science of orthodontics may become established upon a sound biological basis, but in the meantime we must still face our problems in treatment, directed almost wholly by theories and clinical experience. For the workers in this field I have the greatest admiration; they are endeavoring, in our behalf and in the interests of humanity, to discover what is taking place in the growth process that would account for the malformation of the jaws and dental arches so common today. It is not my desire to be understood as decrying the efforts of these men, but the difficulty in arriving at definite conclusions concerning the etiology of malocclusion is partly responsible for the fact that we have no scientific basis from which to approach the problem of treatment, thus resulting in confusion. Greater progress might possibly result if those men with biological tendency would place a higher value upon knowledge gained through clinical experience, for from this source we have learned considerable. Dr. Arthur Thornton Taylor, of Sydney, Australia, recently visited a number of orthodontists throughout the world, as wen as several dental clinics in which orthodontics was practiced, and his impressions in "Scanning the Orthodontic Horizon'" give us some idea of the diverse views concerning the biological as well as the mechanical side of our specialty.

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, have resulted in the increased scrutiny of both immigrants and non-immigrants entering the United States. The latter group includes students who enter the country on temporary visas to complete programs of higher education. Depending on the source, the number of foreign students in the United States has remained constant or fallen since 2001, and there has been a large decline among students from predominantly Muslim countries. Canada, by contrast, has relaxed its entry requirements for some foreign students and there has been a concerted effort among Canadian universities to increase foreign student enrolment. We find that the number of foreign students in Canada did increase following 9/11, especially those from predominantly Muslim countries. We discuss some of the implications of this increase in foreign students for Canadian universities and the Canadian labour market. Although these results support the hypothesis that changes in U.S. immigration policy are responsible, causality cannot be inferred from our data. This underlines the need for better data to adequately address the post-secondary education choices of international students. Les attaques terroristes du 11 septembre 2001, ont entraine une verification plus minutieuse des immigrants et non-immigrants entrant aux Etats-Unis. Le dernier groupe est compose des personnes qui entrent aux Etats-Unis, avec des visas provisoires, dans le but de suivre des etudes superieures. Tout dependamment de la source, le nombre de ces etudiants est demeure constant ou a diminue. Le plus grand declin est constate parmi les etudiants en provenance des pays musulmans. Contrairement aux Etats-Unis, le Canada rend ses conditions d’admissibilite moins contraignantes pour certains etudiants etrangers. De plus, il y a eu un effort concerte parmi les universites canadiennes d’augmenter l’inscription des etudiants etrangers. Nous constatons que le nombre d’etudiants etrangers au Canada a augmente suite aux evenements du 9/11, particulierement ceux des pays a predominance musulmane. Nous discutons des implications de cette augmentation pour les universites canadiennes et le marche du travail canadien. Bien que l’hypothese que les changements de la politique americaine en matiere d’immigration en soient les responsables, la causalite n’est pas demontree par nos donnees. Ceci souligne le besoin de meilleures donnees pour demontrer de maniere plus adequate le choix des etudiants internationaux en matiere d’education post-secondaire.

Long-term cannulation of the thoracic duct became a research tool with the advent of plastic tubing materials. However, technical problems still face investigators who try to obtain thoracic duct lymph over a long period of time. In our laboratory, a system capable of obtaining intermittent thoracic duct lymph samples over a ten-day period has been developed. Anatomic Catheter Placement Three anatomic features of the thoracic duct (TD) are pertinent to its successful catheterization: (1) occurrence of multiple communicating collateral branches (Col) near its termination; (2) a bifurcation (Bi) in the main duct in the vicinity of the third and fourth thoracic vertebrae; and (3) multiple lymphatic-to-venous (L-V) connections in addition to the termination of the TD at the junction of the left jugular and axillary veins. Cephalad to the diaphragm, the main thoracic duct gives off several collateral branches (Fig 1-3) which reunite with the main duct at its bulbous

This publication, though not a medical treatise, contains much data, observations and deduction, of the background of tropical medicine, considering the factors which make for success or failure of white colonization in the tropics. A foreword suggests the timely appearance of this book when intolerance in Europe is forcing many refugees to seek homes in new environment; that science and improved communication are gradually converting white “sojourners” into “white settlers” with permanent homes in some areas of the tropics. The text is less hopeful of the availability for colonization of other areas. This book is unusually comprehensive in its scope, not dealing with particular problems of specific regions but delving into historical, economic, social, administrative, medical, climatic, geological and geographical problems in many tropical and subtropical regions. The scientific invaders of the tropics still face three great obstacles: disease, climate and the colored races.

I have been asked to touch briefly on the whole area which we will cover today: the problems facing the Negro today, first as a medical student, then in postgraduate training, and finally in actual practice. The Medical Student Much progress has been made, especially in recent years, but many problems still face the Negro in medicine today. A few years ago, the black applicant to medical school was fairly limited in his choice. He applied to Howard University and to Meharry Medical College. If he applied elsewhere, it was really an act of courage because he knew that his chances were fairly slim. Today the average black student still makes a smaller number of applications than the average white student, but the situation is somewhat different. If he is a brilliant and exceptional student, he may be sought after, courted, seduced, bought, and before he knows it, actually auctioned

M jOST hospitals are justifiably proud of their maternity departments. Even during the past twenty years, the reduction in maternal and infant mortality rates has been tremendous. Improved analgesics and anesthetics offer considerable relief of pain during labor. Yet women still face labor with fear, and maternity floors are often disturbed by their moans and cries. Doctors and nurses who care for these patients are coming to realize that medical skill, perfection of techniques, and relief of pain do not always assure a satisfactory labor experience for the patient. Antepartum education is helping many women, and is receiving increased emphasis throughout the country. Good nursing care during labor seems to offer as much help. It is being studied in some of our large teaching hospitals, yet in some hospitals it is not always available. Most hospitals, these days, are suffering from a shortage of trained personnel. Undoubtedly, in some instances, the labor rooms are slighted because of the needs of more acutely ill patients. It is rather unfortunate, perhaps, that we are taught to consider labor as a normal physiological process, for labor patients need very intensive nursing care. Small and medium-sized hospitals, especially, lacking interns or resident staff physicians, need nurses who can take full responsibility for observing the progress of labor, administering analgesics, and calling the doctor when he is needed.

The application of linear programming techniques to the problem of capital budgeting has repeatedly been proposed in the literature. However, while the potential of linear programming models for this important area of business decisions is generally recognized, practical applications still face some severe limitations. This note focuses on one particular problem peculiar to the application of programming techniques to capital budgeting, namely the mutual dependence between the optimal solution of the linear programming model and the discount rate used to calculate the coefficients of its objective function.