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Summary The culture of a haploid cell line from anthers of Vitis vinifera JS 23–46 is described. The importance of the stage of meiotic development at the time of anther excision and the effect of illumination at the beginning of anther culture is emphasised and compared with results obtained with varieties of Lycopersicon esculentum and Arabidopsis thaliana.

3,3-Diethoxybutan-2-one and 1,1,3-triethoxypropane have been identified by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis as common constituents of spirits distilled from grape wines (Vine sp. Vitis vinifera). These acetals, which are derived from diacetyl and acrolein respectively, were found to be abundant in heads fractions from continuous stills. A spirit which contained acetals as major components showed a different character when diluted at low pH to that of the same spirit diluted at neutrality and this difference is attributed to the release of free carbonyl compounds by acid hydrolysis.

A case of unilateral incompatibility in cv. Gold of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) has been investigated. Studies of the F1 and reciprocal crosses have indicated that cv. Gold, when used as a female parent, did not set fruit/seed, whereas reciprocal crosses were successful. Application of boric acid (200 ppm) on the intact stigma was found to be useful, as a gainst the application on a cut stigma, in overcoming the unilateral incompatibility in this cultivar.

Peterson, J.R. and Hedberg, P.R., 1975. Some factors affecting the response of grapevines to ethephon. Scientia Hort., 3: 275--283. Factors influencing the effects of ethephon on fruit abscission and leaf senescence in several Vitis vinifera L. cultivars were studied under field conditions in a series of exploratory experiments. Cultivars appeared to vary greatly in their response to treatment. Ethephon concentration, surfactant concentration, fruit maturity, application conditions and degree of foliage wetting all influenced the degree of response. The experiments were not conducted on a common cultivar, thus limiting the conclusions which can be drawn. It is apparent from the results that a complexity of plant, environmental and application factors affect the response of grapevines to ethephon.

« La pourriture grise s'est manifestée de tous temps, d'une façon plus ou moins grave, dans le vignoble français ; mais c'est surtout depuis une vingtaine d'années, depuis que le vignoble a été reconstitué par la voie du greffage, que ses ravages sont devenus fréquents et considérables, et c'est depuis cette époque aussi que l'on s'inquiète réellement de la combattre ».C'est par ces lignes que PERRIER de la BATHIE, Professeur d'Agriculture à Saintes, commence un article intitulé « Recherches sur le traitement de la pourriture grise », dans la Revue de Viticulture d'avril 1904.Il poursuit en citant les nombreux produits essayés, sans succès d'ailleurs, pour combattre la maladie, depuis les sels de métaux lourds — cuivre, fer, mercure — les poudres les plus diverses — houille, coke, charbon de bois, cendres, ciment, plâtre — en passant par les bouillies à l'alun, la chaux, l'alumine, etc... sans oublier la « matarotine « » mixture complexe, bizarre, inefficace et coûteuse ».Dans la même revue et vers la même époque, août 1906, GUILLON commente aussi dans ses « Recherches sur le développement et le traitement de la pourriture grise des raisins : « La pourriture des raisins cause des dégâts considérables. Il serait facile par une enquête de montrer combien de millions cette affection enlève chaque année à la viticulture ».Les préoccupations soulevées par la pourriture grise ne sont donc pas nouvelles et ces écrits du début du siècle ont conservé un caractère d'actualité regrettable.

Two seedless and five seeded grape varieties were treated with the watersoluble potassium salt of gibberellic acid at different stages of the vines’ development. Applications were made by dipping clusters or by spraying shoots or entire vines; concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1,000 ppm. In all varieties shoot growth was stimulated, and internodes were elongated. Treatment of Black Corinth resulted in an excellent set of large berries, and at the higher concentrations berries were elongated. In Thompson Seedless some treatments hastened flowering and produced more elongated clusters and peduncles, others resulted in increased berry size. Flowering was also hastened in Zinfandel and shoots were elongated. Tokay responded with longer leaves and elongated cluster parts. In Ribier and Red Malaga no beneficial results were obtained by dipping clusters, but spraying often hastened coloration slightly and sometimes produced higher Balling readings. Dipping flower clusters of Muscat of Alexandria failed to increase the percentage of set. Considerable numbers of shot berries resulted from some treatments of Thompson Seedless, Zinfandel, Tokay, and Ribier.

Gibberellin-like activity in berries of both ;Tokay' (seeded) and ;Seedless Tokay' grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) at different stages of development was determined. Activity in both seeded and seedless berries was mainly in the acidic ethyl acetate fraction. In seeded berries there was very high activity beginning at the early fruit-set stage and persisting for about 3 weeks after which the activity fell to low level and vanished by the middle of July. On August 1 there was another activity peak. The activity in ;Seedless Tokay' was similar except the decline was considerably more rapid and a secondary peak was reached in mid-June instead of August. The gibberellin-like substances in the acidic ethyl acetate fraction occurred mainly between R(F) 0.3 and 0.6 when the chromatogram was developed with ammoniacal isopropanol.The gibberellin-like substances from both types of berries were active in dwarf pea, dwarf corn, and lettuce hypocotyl bioassays, but not in the cucumber hypocotyl test. The role of gibberellin-like substances in berry development is discussed.

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction The word “ampelography” by its derivation from ampelos—vine—and graphe—writing—means the description of vines. In actual modern usage it is usually confined to what may be called the horticultural description of grapes. It differs both in purpose and material from botanical description. The taxonomic botanist deals with species, each consisting of a group of like plants which are more similar to one another than to the members of any other species; the horticultural ampelographist deals principally with variations among seedlings of the same species. The species of the botanist is a group of like individuals, usually seedlings; the variety of the ampelographist is a single individual—the clone—or the totality of all the plants derived by vegetative propagation from a single seedling3 and constituted therefore simply of parts of the same individual. The variations of the seedlings of a species in nature are comparatively rare and tend to disappear in competition with the type most suited to the environment. Under culture, any of these variations which are found desirable by man are propagated and preserved and in time may become very numerous. In their Ampelographie, Viala and Vermorel4 list 24,000 names and synonyms of grapes representing about 5,000 varieties, derived principally from one species, Vitis vinifera.

1. Thompson Seedless, Zinfandel, and Ribier, varieties of Vitis vinifera, treated with benzothiazol-2-oxyacetic acid in the range from 2.5 to 20 p.p.m. were usually retarded in maturation, as shown by a lower degree Balling reading or less coloration, and in the retention of a high percentage of total acid, while little or no damage to foliage resulted. 2. Much retardation resulted when the compound was applied from 4 to 5 weeks after berry set. Many of these grapes were hard, green, and irregular in size at harvest time. Less retardation occurred when the growth-regulator was applied soon after berry set or after fruit reached a degree Balling of 14. 3. The growth-regulator applied to portions of clusters apparently failed to move in appreciable amounts to adjacent berries.

The culture of the grape anid its accompanying art of wine making are of great antiquity in Greece. According to De Candolle (3), use of the grape doubtless began in prehistoric times. The poet Homer mentioned grapes and wine, and the art was probably known much earlier. The ancient Greek god, Dionysus, was patron of the crop. The Romans probably gained their knowledge of grape growinig and wine making fronm the Greeks, and for a long time they much preferred Grecian wines. It was the Greeks who founded French viticulture, near Marseille. Greece has long been famous for its production of the currants of commerce, from the 'Black Corinth' (or 'Zante currant'). According to Eisen (9), Pliny mentioned currants in the year 75 A.D. In herbals of the eleventl century and in literature of the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries, currants are referred to as "reysynis de corauntz," "corauntz, " "corent," "corawnce," "raysns of coreni," and currans." Raisins probably reached England as early as the thirteenth century (2). The species grown by the ancient Greeks, Vitis vinifera L., is still the one used in modern viticulture. This species is referred to as the Old World or European grape. Greece, including its islands, totals about 51,161 square miles (32,743,040 acres). Cultivated acreage is listed as 8,905,585 acres, about 27.2 per cent of the 'total. About 6.3 per cent of the total

does not appear. First page follows. In the progress of an investigation at the California Experiment Station of the effect of pruning on capacity, vigor, and bearing of Vinifera grapes,(12) it was observed that the type of pruning influenced the germinability of the pollen and the setting of the fruit. So far as I have been able to find, no account of the influence of pruning on the germination of pollen has been published. This is also true with reference to the set of fruit, unless we except the many reports of larger yields resulting from the less severe or so-called “long” pruning in deciduous fruits. In this case, however, the larger yields which accrue from the development of a larger number of fruits may be the result of a larger bloom without any change in the quality of the flower parts, since the less severe pruning leaves a larger number of fruit buds on the tree. Though there are no printed records of an increase in the set of fruits as a result of the long pruning of deciduous trees, the beneficial effect of blossom thinning on set has been indicated by Miss Bradbury.(1) She reports that during the one season of her tests, 1924, the set of fruits on sour cherry trees was increased from 24 per cent on the unthinned branches to 42 per cent on the branches on which the blossom buds of the spurs were thinned as early as practicable to one blossom to a bud.

1. Flowering clusters of Black Corinth and Thompson Seedless grapes at berry-shatter stage were dipped in GA1 or GA3 at various concentrations. Response to each compound was about equal, as judged by greater berry size in both varieties. 2. GA3 and KGA3 concentrations of 0, 5, 20, or 50 p.p.m. were separately applied to Thompson Seedless at shatter stage by dipping clusters or spraying vines. The compounds were about equally effective in inducing larger berries. 3. In dipping and/or spraying experiments, Black Corinth, Hunisa, and Ohanez showed no greater response to KGA3 and 4-CPA in combination than to either compound applied separately. 4. Carignane clusters at prebloom stage were dipped in KGA3 in the range 0-100 p.p.m. Pollen germinability was markedly decreased by KGA3 at 5-100 p.p.m. and was nil at 100 p.p.m. Treatment with KGA3 at 100 p.p.m. resulted in more berries with a single seed and fewer with three or four seeds. 5. Germinability of pollen obtained from Carignane clusters that had received ...

Endogenous levels of abscisic acid-like inhibitors doubled within 15 minutes of leaf excision in Vitis vinifera under laboratory conditions. At that stage water potential Ψ had fallen to -15 bars and stomatal closure was occurring. After prolonged stress (6 days and final Ψ -13 bars) inhibitor levels in intact vine leaves increased by a factor of 44 but showed a rapid decline following rewatering. Photosynthetic activity was not immediately restored, and its gradual recovery was not directly related to inhibitor level.

Three varieties of grape viz., Alamwick, Gros colman and Selection 7 were studied with the intention of determining chromosome number as well as cytological abnormalities. The somatic chromosome number was found to be 38 in all the 3 varieties. The length of chromosomes varied in between 2.163 and 0.786 microns. Chromosomes could be classified as median and submedian. A pair of sat-chromosomes were observed in all the 3 varieties.A maximum of 1.18 chiasma frequency per bivalent was noticed in Selection 7. In all the 3 varieties 3 bivalents were associated with nucleolus. Occurrence of lagging bivalents and binucleolar condition are the only abnormalities noticed in these studies. Meiotic index was cent per cent in all the varieties. Pollen fertility varied from 91.11% to 83.47%. Slight variation was noticed in pollen diameter. Since all the 3 varieties are cytologically stable, it is recommended that all these varieties can be used in breeding programme without any hindrance for grape improvement.

The author of this paper tried to find whether equal masses of cuttings produce in equal time and under equal environmental conditions, equal quantities of shoots and roots unconditionaly with grape vine (Vitis vinifera Chasselas dore) and he found that the quantity of new shoots and roots approximately proportionates to that of cuttings.He noticed however this mass relation law is adaptable only within a limit contrarily to Loeb's results. The increase ratio of shoots and roots is. not proportional to the cutting mass, it diminishes little by little at first, rapidly later as the cutting mass grows larger and it ceases when cutting mass reaches to some dimention. The author then considers that the reserved food is available for new shoots and roots except when it is within a morphological distance and outside of this limit it is not usable.By this fact the author believes that there must be field of nutrition in grape cuttings.

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction An intensive investigation of the phloem of Vitis vinifera L., the grapevine, was previously reported in this Journal (Esau, 1948a).3 That study was centered on the development of the tissue, especially with reference to seasonal changes. It served as a background for the subsequent study of the effects of Pierce’s disease virus on grapevine (Esau, 1948b). In connection with the earlier study, samples of bark were collected from thirty species of Vitis, other than V. vinifera, growing in the experimental vineyard of the Department of Viticulture at Davis. The first part of the present paper reports on a survey of phloem of these species. After an electron microscope was installed on the Davis campus, the ultrastructure of phloem tissue became one of the important research projects in the Department of Botany at Davis. Vitis phloem was included in the studies and a considerable amount of information on this tissue was obtained during 1960-1962. This information constitutes the major part of the present paper. Methodology in submicroscopic research is still new and is changing rapidly. The ultrastructural data reported here are based on relatively early techniques. Nevertheless, these data expand the understanding of the structure and seasonal changes in the conducting element, the sieve element, and further differentiate this element from the associated nucleate cells. The present study has confirmed the interpretation of some previously recognized features but has also introduced new problems. Early ultrastructural investigations on plant material have emphasized meristematic or relatively undifferentiated parenchyma cells, especially those derived from root tips (see, for example, (Whaley et al., 1960), and the submicroscopic structure of such cells is relatively well understood. Interpretation of the fine structure of mature and highly specialized cells must therefore be made by comparison with the less-differentiated cells. Part of the present paper deals with the sieve element in the root tip, which was studied against the background of information on more or less meristematic parenchyma cells of the same parts of the root. These background observations are reported in full because they help to single out the specific characteristics of the sieve element. The literature pertinent to the subject matter is not reviewed under a separate heading. Certain references are mentioned in connection with individual observations in the main text, but the comprehensive comparison of data obtained with those reported in the literature appears only in the discussion. The specific terminology concerning the phloem tissue is explained in the previous Hilgardia article on Vitis phloem (Esau, 1948a), and that serving for the description of ultrastructural details has been reviewed by (Esau and Cheadle (1965)).

The electrical potential difference across the sieve plates in the primary phloem of Vitis vinifera was measured by inserting micro-electrodes into the sieve-tubes. The values obtained ranged from 4–48 mV. The potential across the transverse walls of the phloem fibres was also determined and found to range from I–II mV. These results are discussed in relation to the theory of translocation based on electro-osmosis put forward independently by Fensom and Spanner.

Experiments were performed in 1958 on three seedless varieties of Vitis vinifera to determine their responses to gibberellin. Berry-growth curves of Black Corinth and Thompson Seedless were double sigmoid when growth increments in diameter were plotted. Gibberellin increased berry diameter but did not alter the general shape of the curves. On clusters of Black Corinth or Thompson Seedless, only the treated portions responded to gibberellin. In Black Corinth, increasing concentrations from 1 to 100 ppm of gibberellin usually progressively increased berry size and length-to-width ratio. Black Corinth showed little increase in size of berry as a result of compound absorbed by leaves. The percentage increase in length of young Thompson Seedless clusters dipped in gibberellin was greatest in the apical portion and least in the basal (peduncle). Thompson Seedless vines were sprayed with gibberellin at 10, 25, or 50 ppm, at four prebloom stages. Length of cluster was increased by the second application. Weight of fruit was sometimes decreased by gibberellin, but in two of four instances in which crop level could be eliminated as a factor, maturation was hastened. Gibberellin at 1 ppm and higher, applied after shatter, increased berry size of Thompson Seedless. The compound at 1,000 ppm injured the berries, but not the foliage and shoots. Largest berries resulted from combined gibberellin and girdling. The largest berries in Thompson Seedless were produced by spraying at the shatter stage; later sprayings produced progressively smaller berries. Gibberellin absorbed by leaves had only a small effect on enlargement of fruit. Gibberellin increased berry size of Black Monukka.

Phosphatase and catalase activity in the woody tissues of grape vine cuttings (Vitis vinifera), stimulated by β-indolebutyric acid, was studied at various temperatures. Its influence is evinced by increased root formation. The cause of the final effect is not, however, only quantitative acceleration of the metabolic processes. The parallelism of the activity changes of both enzymes in the stimulated and control tissues is evidence of this.

Plants of Vitis vinifera, var. Chasselas Dore were summer-pruned at various times after harvest in order to secure a second, winter crop. Dry weight, starch content, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar-content in canes of such treated plants were determined from July 1953 until February 1954. As controls, normally winter-pruned plants were used. Highest fertility was found in the latest-pruned plants, which also gave the largest yields. The earliest-pruned plants had the lowest fertility and gave the smallest crop. Dry weight in the controls was highest during September, and dropped some what during January and February. In the summer-pruned vines dry weight decreased immediately after pruning and rose again at the time of the termination of the induced growth-period. Starch-content in the controls increased strongly from the time of beginning of the experiments until November, decreased afterwards and rose again in January. Starch-content of all the treated vines, independently of time of summer pruning, followed mostly the trend of the starch-content of the controls, but differed from it by being at a minimum in November and by not rising in January. The trend in the reducing and non-reducing sugar-content is similar in the treated and non-treated plants. However, there is always a temporary decrease in sugar immediately after the pruning. In all the plants there was an increase in the reducing sugars in February and at the same time a decrease in the non-reducing sugar. No starch-sugar conversion could be found during the winter period.

One of the most important biological characteristics of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is its capacity to form buds in the axil of each leaf all along the length of its shoots. Grape buds are generally classified as mixed buds, i.e., both leaves and flowers develop from the same bud. Four types of buds are recognized in the grapevine which, for sake of brevity, may be referred to as (a) primary, (b) secondary or accessory or replacement, (c) basal, and (d) latent. As a general rule, on a young shoot two growing points are formed in the axil of each leaf, but as they are enclosed in a common protective scale, they appear as one bud. One of these develops in the same season in which it is formed and gives rise to a lateral. The lateral may soon be checked in growth and drop off in winter or may continue to grow and mature into a cane at the end of the season. However, where no lateral is produced, as it often happens at the proximal bud positions, two primary buds may be formed at the node. The other growing point, in the meantime, develops two accessory or secondary buds, one on each side, and the three thus formed remain enclosed in common scales so that they appear as one large bud which is often referred to as "eye."9 The accessory buds, also called replacement buds, seldom develop further, and the central bud constitutes the main unit. As all these buds arise in the axil of the leaf, they are called axillary buds. The compound bud (eye) remains dormant over winter in temperate climate and resumes growth in the following spring. If the central bud is killed by

SUMMARY The table-grape variety Flame Tokay contains cyanidin-3-monoglucoside as the principal skin pigment, 82% of the total pigment, with no evidence for the presence of malvidin-3-monoglucoside. Skin pigment compositions for the Red Malaga and Emperor varieties were also determined.

Present study was undertaken to investigate the relative efficacy of four growth regulators, viz., α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) at various concentrations (ppm) on the yield and some other quality characteristics of grape (Zakkao cultivar) at the experimental grape research vine of BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi during the period January, 2003 to July, 2004. Yield was found to be increased (33.11 %) by spraying with 05 ppm of 2,4-D as compared to control and other growth regulator treatments. Fruits of treated plants showed increased total soluble solids (20.28 %) and vitamin (23.18 %) than that of untreated one. The titrable acidity (T. A) of fruits (33.01 %) of the treated plants was reduced significantly as compared to control. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(1), 59-66, 2007

Styles of V. rotundifolia are uniformly thick from stigma to the ovary and one and one-half times longer than that of V. vinifera. The differences in the length of styles has nothing to do in the failure of crossing rotundifolia female (2n=40) with vinifera male (2n=38), since the pollen tubes of vinifera penetrate the entire style and in some cases the ovules of rotundifolia pistils in the duration of time as control.The absence of swelling of the ovaries even four days after cross-pollination with vinifera and secondly the abscisson of pollinated as well as non-pollinated pistils at about the same time suggests that fertilization does not occur.The complete failure of crossing, therefore, must reside in the cytoplasm of either embryo-sac or/and maternal tissue surrounding the embryo-sac.

In the results of successive trial growing of the newly introduced European grapes, the following varieties were observed to grow well even outdoors in Tokyo district of Japan and to have special quality; 1) For table use: Incrocio Pirovano No. 28, Incrocio Pirovano No. 150 (Angelo Pirovano), Incrocio Pirovano No. 192 (Tereza Pirovano). 2) For table and wine use: Seyve-Villard 20-365 (Dattier de St-Vallier), Seyve-Villard 18-285, Seyve-Villard 12-375, Seibel 10076, Moscato bianco, Moscato nero. 3) For brewing of wine: Riesling Italico, Verdiso.

Fusel oils from Australian grape wines (Vine sp. Vitis vinifera) have been found to consist substantially of ethanol, n-propanol, isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol), isoamyl alcohol (3-methyl-1-butanol) and active amyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-butanol). In addition there are present large numbers of aliphatic esters, believed to be of considerable importance to grape brandy and spirit flavour and quality. The quantities and occurrence of these esters have been found to follow a systematic pattern. The major esterified alcohols are related to the free alcohols present and the major esterified acids occur as a series of acids of even carbon number with a maximum concentration at the n-decanoic acid. These relationships provide a basis for calculating the approximate ester composition of fusel oil.

1. In order to investigate the mechanism of gibberellin action, effects of gibberellin on the respiration metabolism were observed with the leaves of Muscat of Alexandria grape.2. In the case of the excised leaves immersed in 100ppm gibberellin aqueous solution, respiration showed no significant difference in O2 uptake but a sharp rise in CO2 output, compared with non treatment. Respiration quotient was 1.3-1.6.3. In the case of the attached leaves sprayed with 100ppm gibberellin aqueous solution, respiration on the first day after treatment showed a decrease in O2 uptake and an increase in CO2 output.These abnormal respiration activities were restored as before, on the third day.4. The organic acids of leaves on the first day after treatment with 100ppm gibberellin aqueous solution had been fractionated by column chromatography.As a result, the treated leaves, compared with non treated, contained more pyrvic, glyoxyric, acetic, fumaric, oxalic, malic and tartaric, but less oxaloacetic, α-ketoglutaric, citric and isocitric acid, while succinic acid occured in approximately equal amounts in both treated and non treated.5. In view of above results, firstly malic dehydrogenase activity, in vitro, was measured with and without addition of gibberellin.As a result, gibberellin in a concentration of 1ppm inhibited malic dehydrogenase activity almost completely.

does not appear. First page follows. In previous papers(2), (3), (4) experiments were described, the results of which showed: (1) that dormant2 pruning depresses the capacity of the vines for total growth; (2) that dormant pruning depresses the capacity of the vines for fruiting; (3) that dormant pruning reduces the quality of the fruit of some varieties; and (4) that bearing depresses the capacity of the vines for growth. The purpose of this paper is to describe the effect of dormant pruning on the carbohydrate metabolism of the vine and to discuss the influence of this effect on growth and fruiting. Types of Pruning Used The plan of the plantings and the various types of pruning employed were those described in detail in the earlier papers.(2), (3) The types of pruning used on the vines from which samples for analysis were taken were: Non-pruned, part crop: no pruning. All clusters in excess of what was thought necessary for a good crop of fruit were removed before blooming.

Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L., cultivars Muscat Gordo Blanco and Sultana) were grown in controlled-environment growth cabinets. At intervals, up to 13 weeks after bud burst, shoots were harvested, and both the number and fresh weight of leaf primordia, in buds at certain nodes, were measured. Bud development, in terms of leaf primordia, was depressed, with reduction in both light intensity and temperature. This parallels effects on initiation of bunch primordia. Bud development outdoors was similar to that in growth cabinets under the best conditions. At the time a node was separating macroscopically below the shoot apex, its subtended bud consisted of an apical dome and two leaf primordia. It was known that temperature had its greatest effect on subsequent fruitfulness of a bud at this stage. About 3 weeks after the shoot apex had grown away from a node, the bud situated at that node consisted of an apical dome and approximately six leaf primordia. It is at this stage that the fruitfulness of a bud is kn...

Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L., c.v. Muscat Gordo Blanco, syn. Muscat of Alexandria) were grown in controlled-environment growth cabinets for 13 weeks after bud burst, and then buds which had developed on the shoot were examined for the presence of bunch primordia. Studies made were of effects due to (a) changing temperature and light intensity during the 13-week growth period, (b) length of daily period of exposure to inductive temperatures, and (c) night temperature. Fruitfulness of a bud was related to the temperature experienced over a period of approximately 3 weeks during which the node subtending it changed in location from the shoot apex to about 10 nodes below the apex. The effect of temperature was greatest wherr the subtending node just appeared below the shoot apex, and the effect fell proportionately to zero for a bud at a node about 10 below the apex. Fruitfulness must be decided at a very early stage of bud development. Fruitfulness was related to the maximum temperature experienced each day...

The anthocyanin skin pigments of the American grape, Vitis cinerea Engelmann, are shown to be qualitatively identical with the pigments of most Vitis vinifera L. varieties previously investigated. A unique chromatographic solvent system is described which permits greatly improved resolution on a preparative scale of the complex mixture of acylated anthocyanin-3-monoglucosides present in the cinerea skins. Only about 50 per cent of the acylated pigments are esterified with cinnamic acid derivatives ( p -coumaric and caffeic acids).

Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L., c.v. Muscat Gordo Blanco, syn. Muscat of Alexandria) were grown in controlled-environment growth cabinets for 13 weeks after bud burst, and then buds which had developed on the shoot were dissected and examined for the presence of bunch primordia. Environmental variables examined were light intensity and temperature. Fruitfulness (number of bunch primordia per bud) increased with increasing light intensity over the range 900 ft-c-1,800 ft-c-3,600 ft-c (16-hr days at 25 C or 30 C). At 20 C buds were barren at 13 weeks, and fruitfulness was achieved above this temperature and increasingly so to a maximum between 30 C and 35 C. Temperature appeared to exert an effect on both rate of bud development and on actual number of bunch primordia differentiated. A temperature which promoted stem dry-weight accumulation (20 C) retarded differentiation and development of bunch primordia. There is evidence that light intensity affected fruitfulness via effects on carbohydrate level, but th...

SUMMARY Gas chromatographic analysis of the methylated sugar residues obtained from the band-2 pigment of Vitis vinifera var. Tinta Pinheira indicated that the acyl function, p-coumaric acid, was most likely attached at the four-position on the glucose portion of the anthocyanins. The possibility of an acid-catalyzed migration of the acyl function during the methylation process cannot, however, be ruled out completely. The acylated pigments of band 2 are thus considered to be the 3-monoglucosides of malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, and delphinidin, each acylated with p-coumaric acid at the four-position on the glucose.

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction The herbicidal plant regulator 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and related compounds have been demonstrated to be very toxic to the grapevine even at low concentrations (Clore and Bruns, 1953); (Weaver, Winkler, and McCune, 1958).5 It is generally recognized that clusters are extremely sensitive to the compounds, especially at young stages (Weaver and Williams, 1951). However, there have been few studies where the relative sensitivity of clusters at each of several stages of development to 2,4-D have been made. This paper presents results of experiments performed in 1958 and 1959, to elucidate and add further information on response of clusters to 2,4-D and related compounds. One objective was to develop a test method whereby one could compare toxicities of various regulators on grape clusters, or could compare varietal sensitivity of clusters to the regulators. Materials and Methods Mature vines of Thompson Seedless (syn. Sultanina), Tokay, and Ribier in an irrigated vineyard at the University of California, Davis, were used. The seedless variety, Thompson Seedless, was pruned to four canes (Winkler, 1931), while Tokay and Ribier, seeded table grapes, were cordon-trained and spur-pruned. Aqueous solutions of the plant growth regulators, obtained from commercial sources, were prepared by adding sufficient ammonia to dissolve the compounds. All concentrations are expressed in parts per million on an acid-equivalent basis. Hereafter, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is referred to as

SummaryGibberellic acid (GA) and the auxin, 4 chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA), differ in their effects upon berry enlargement in two seedless varieties of Vitis vinifera L., cv. Black Corinth and Thompson Seedless. Although initially both substances cause nearly equal increases in berry growth rates, at maturity GA-treated berries far surpass those treated with CPA. The growth rate of CPA-treated berries declines, relative to that of the GA group, two to seven days after treatment. The results of experiments in which berries received treatment with both GA and CPA show that CPA may act as an inhibitor of GA-induced expansion, particularly during the later stages of enlargement. Also, GA-treated berries have a greater length-to- width ratio than CPA-treated berries. Thus, there are apparently qualitative differences in mode of action between the two substances. Increase in berry size, regardless of treatment, is the result of water uptake accompanied by solute storage and synthesis of cell components. Histo...

Summary. High concentrations of 2,4-D and picloram interfered with the downward movement of 14c-assimilates infield-grown vines. The interference in translocation was appreciably greater with picloram than it was with 2,4-D, Although basipetal translocation was retarded, translocation within the treated shoots continued from the vegetative part to the clusters. Translocation of 2,4-D appeared to follow the same route as 14c-assimilatcs for the most part. Formative effects were absent on untreated grape shoots although the adjacent shoots treated with 2,4-D or picloram on the same cordons were killed; however, formative effects were evident on some of the stump sprouts which developed after the vines were harvested. The malformed leaves on the stump sprouts were twelve or more nodes from the base of the shoots, while 14c was in the more basal leaves. Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) rootings treated with 20 000 ppm 2,4-D or picloram transported less 14C to the roots than did the controls. Treatment with either herbicide resulted in a marked increase in the labelling of the stems. Effet du 2,4-D et du pichlorame sur la migration de metabolites marques au 14C dans Vitis vinifera L. Resume. II a ete ohserve que des concentrations elevees de 2,4-D et de pichlorame Interferaient avec le mouvement vers le bas de metabolites marques au 14c dans des vignes cultivees en plein champ. L'interference dans la migration fut nettement plus importante avec le pichlorame qu'avec le 2,4-D. Bien que la migration basipete fut retardee, la migration a travers les parties aeriennes traitdes se poursuivait jusqu'aux grappes. La migration du 2,4-D parut pour la plus grande part suivre les memes voies que les metabolites marques au 14c. II n'y cut pas d'effets morphogenes sur la vegetation non traitee alors que les parties adjacentes traitees avec le 2,4-D ou le pichlorame sur les memes souches furent tuees; toutefois, des effets morphogenes furent evidents sur certaines pousses developpees apres la recolte, Les feuilles deformees sur ces pousses se situaient a au moins douze nœudsdeta base des pousses bien que le 14C fut present dans des feuilles plus basales. Des boutures de Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) traitees avec 20 000 ppm de 2,4-D ou de pichlorame transfererent moins de 14c dans leurs racines que les temoins. Le traitement avec I'un ou I'autre de ces herbicides provoqua un accroissement marque de la radioactivity dans les tiges. Einfluss von 2,4-D und Picloram auf die Translokation 14c-Assimilaten in Vitis vinifera L. Zusammenfassung. Hohe Konzentrationen von 2,4-D und Picloram beeinflussten die Ableitung von 14C-Assimilaten in Freiland-Reben. Die Beeinfiussung der Translokation war wesentlich starker bei Picioram als bei 2,4-D. Obgleich die basipetale Translokation gehemmt war, erfolgte innerhalb der behandelten Sprosse eine Ableitung von den vegetativen Teilen in die Trauben. Die Translokation von 2,4-D schien in den meisten Fallen denselben Weg zu nehmen wie die 14C-Assimilate. An unbehandelten Sprossen wurden keine formativen Effekte festgestellt, obgleich die benachbarten Sprosse, die mit 2,4-D oder Picloram behandelt worden waren, abgetatet wurden; formative Effekte konnten jedoch an einigen der Stockausschlage nath der Traubenernte beobachtet werden. An diesen Schosslingen waren bis zwolf und mehr Nodien von der prossbasis entfernte Bla tter noch verformt, wahrend 14C mehr in den tiefer stehenden Blattern gefunden wurde. Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) Stecklinge, die mit 20 000 ppm 2,4-D oder Picloram behandelt worden waren, transportierten weniger 14c in die Wurzeln als die Kontrollen. Dagegen hatte eine Behandlung mit einem der beiden Herbizide in jedcm Fall eine starke Zunahme des 14C im Spross zur Folge.

Experiments were performed in 1963 and in 1964 on four varieties of Vitis vinifera to determine the responses to the kinins, BTP (6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine) and BA (benzyladenine). Both kinins were effective in increasing fruit numbers, and in some instances fruit growth. BTP was more effective than BA. BTP applied to Black Corinth clusters at bloom produced berries three to four times larger than the controls, and the pedicels were much thickened. Black Corinth was treated at bloom with BTP, gibberellin, and/or an auxin, 4-CPA. Gibberellin alone and a mixture of all three compounds produced the largest berries. Berries were elongated as a result of the gibberellin. 4-CPA and BTP produced about equally sized, almost round berries. Treatment of the apical half of Black Corinth clusters at bloom with BTP at 1,000 ppm enlarged only the treated berries. Treatment of the basal portion resulted in some movement towards the apical portion. When Thompson Seedless clusters were treated with BTP and the mixture of BTP and gibberellin, the number of berries was increased. Berry size was increased only by gibberellin or the mixture of the two compounds. At the shatter stage BTP at 1,000 ppm increased berry size although not nearly so much as gibberellin alone or the gibberellin-BTP mixture. BTP or BA applied to Thompson Seedless at shatter stage increased numbers of berries. BTP in range from 125 to 1,000 ppm increased berry numbers in Muscat of Alexandria, as did dipping of clusters on partially defoliated shoots. The set of berries on emasculated flowers of Black Corinth, Thompson Seedless, and Tokay was increased by BTP. Clusters of Black Corinth, Thompson Seedless, Tokay, and Almeria were dipped in BTP at 1,000 ppm at bloom stage. Far more ovaries or berries fell from the treated than from the control clusters at shatter, except for Tokay. There was a tremendous increase in the number of seedless berries on the treated clusters of Almeria.

1. The flower cluster pinching just before the blossoming tilde seemed to be effective for the setting of berries with shotting varieties such as Cannon Hail Muscat and Koshu-Sanjaku.2. This is mainly attributed to the increased supply of nutrients to the remaining parts affected by the removing of tips of clusters3. The main stems of treated bunches seemed to he very stocky and none of them were infected by the“maladie des pedicelles, ”on the contrary, with non-treated clusters we observed that they seemed to he soft and severely infected.4. The vigorous growth of shoulder parts induced by this practice was regarded as the“compensation growth”named by Y. Oinoue, which occurs within the organs of the same nature.

By means of a new plating technique, single isolated cells from tissue cultures of Vitis vinifera could be grown with a plating efficiency between 60 and 70 percent. Division of these cells occurred only in the presence of living tissue fragments and cell groups. It is shown quantitatively that the rate as well as the time of division of these cells is determined by the weight of the inoculum. Some aspects of these findings and additional observations are discussed.