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Nickel(II) chelate of 2–picolylamine has been studied spectrophotometrically in aqueous solution at 25°C and at an ionic strength of 0.3 M. The formation of pink color chelate was pH dependent, and the optimum pH range was between 7.0 to 8.5. Its mole ratio of ligand to nickel(II) ion was found to be 3 to 1 stoichiometry and the formation constant, logK, was determined as 13.31 ± 0.10. By using the wavelength 535 run, determination of trace amount of nickel(II) ion with the sensitivity of 5.28 τ/Cm2 was possible. Enthalpy and entropy changes characterizing the formation of the chelate have been calculated as follows: ΔG°=–8.15Kcal mole-1, ΔH°=–9.65 Kcal mole-1, ΔS°=28.5eu mole-1.

Summary The immune responses produced by the primary course of DPT vaccination were analyzed on the basis of known variables of the population under study. Observations extended over one year after the last dose show that the pre-existence of latent diphtheria immunity interfered with the speed of tetanus antitoxin response, and the magnitude and maintenance of pertussis agglutinin response. The tetanus antitoxin response was most seriously affected one month after the second dose, when the solid protection ratio between the normal and the diphtheriaimmune group was 87.0%:34.4%. The pertussis agglutinin response was most seriously affected one year after the third dose, with a solid protection ratio of 50.0%:13.8% between the groups. The data show that throughout the primary vaccination course, children younger than 24 months gave better diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin responses than the older children under a fixed dosage. Older children gave stronger pertussis agglutinin response than the younger children after the first dose, but weaker response after the third dose. Sex played no role in the immune responses to primary DPT vaccination.

A new way of promoting a nonspontaneous process, namely, a built-in engine, is introduced showing that a process with a large temperature coefficient of free energy change [that is, d(ΔG)T,P/dT] can be utilized to promote a nonspontaneous process which has a small temperature coefficient of free energy change. When such a built-in engine is incorporated into an evaporating system, heat reuse in the system can be obtained under a constant total pressure condition. An auxiliary system consisting of two organic substances which are partially miscible in a certain temperature range and have a critical solution temperature can be used to serve as a built-in engine. One substance is added to the boiling mass of an evaporator to lower its boiling temperature, and the other is added to the condensing side to raise the temperature of the condensing mass. Heat of condensation can be effectively utilized in evaporating the boiling mass. Regeneration of the auxiliary system is achieved by taking advantage of the solubility gap.

A new freezing process for the desalination of seawater is being developed which utilizes a unique way of upgrading heat energy where there is no gas phase involved. This method takes advantage of the abnormal melting point curve of water. Water melts at a lower temperature under a higher applied pressure (that is, (dp/dT) melting 0). Due to this differnce a substance which melts at a temperature lower than the freezing point of an aqueous solution may melt at a temperature higher than the melting point of water at a sufficiently high pressure. Thus, a suitably selected working medium can be used to form a cyclic auxiliary system which can be incorporated with the main system to: remove the heat of crystallization of water in the partial freezing of an aqueous solution by melting the working medium at a low pressure, and to supply the heat for melting the ice by solidifying the working medium at a sufficiently high pressure.

Chloroplasts in living cells of detached and sectioned leaves of Pisum sativum had a thickness of 2.68 +/- 0.04 mu in the dark as determined from photographs made using a phase contrast microscope. Upon illumination with 4000 lux for 10 min, the chloroplasts flattened to 2.15 +/- 0.04 mu. There was a short lag period of about 11 sec at 1000 lux and 2 sec at 4000 lux before appreciable light-induced flattening occurred. Both ATP and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in detached pea leaves increased upon illumination and then fell during the initial 60 sec. The maximum ATP level was attained in 16 sec at 1000 lux and 10 sec at 4000 lux, while NADPH required about twice as long to reach a maximum. A sustained rate of carbon dioxide fixation occurred after a lag period coinciding in time with the drop in the NADPH level. ATP appeared to be involved not only with carbon dioxide fixation, but also with some reaction beginning sooner, perhaps the light-induced chloroplast flattening. Considering the initial photophosphorylation and the sustained CO(2) fixation rates, the ATP formation rate in vivo apparently increased after the leaves had been in the light for a few min.