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SummaryAnti pollution controls introduced in the USA have had a traumatic effect on both the paint user and manufacturer. Although official legislation has not yet been enacted in the UK, there is little doubt that at some time pollution controls will be forthcoming. Already we are seeing a greater interest within the industry in coatings offering reduced pollution potential. In 1974 and perhaps beyond, energy and raw material shortages will aggravate the situation and will dictate to some degree paint usage and direction of new developments. Water based paints and high solids coatings typified by powders. NADs and radiation curing systems are likely to be strong competitors under such conditions and the pros and cons of these are reviewed.

Eight years of testing and excellent field results confirm that paints made with Primal MV‐1 acrylic emulsion offer metal surfaces outstanding protection against corrosion.

Participation in water-based recreation activities does not arise in random fashion nor simply as a result of having a water resource immediately available. Neither do individuals and groups engage in the same activities or a specific activity in the same way. The purpose of the present paper is to describe an alternative framework whereby differences among recreation users can be identified. Prior to this time, research directed toward understanding participation patterns at a recreational site have emphasized the activities while ignoring the human behavior factors which determine how participation arises. People consider recreation sites to be leisure settings in which the definition of such places has a broader socio-cultural meaning than that the site was designed. These definitions are reflected within the context of the social group and can be observed in the subsequent orientation to leisure and play. When activities are considered in the context of a human group, differences in participation patterns can be discovered.

A review of water‐based thermosetting resins for industrial finishes includes the fundamental parameters of acrylic polymers and a comparison of emulsion, colloid and solution properties.

SUMMARY— A laboratory technique for the preparation of small batches of sausage emulsion was developed for a comparative study of the effectiveness of fresh and frozen beef in achieving emulsion stability. The technique consisted of three basic steps: (1) low speed chopping and blending of ingredients at −2° to +2°C; (2) low speed blending with the gradual addition of soybean oil at 2°−8°C; and (3) high speed chopping to a temperature of 15°-16°C. The preparation and evaluation of emulsions with widely varying compositions revealed that the lean and fat percentages could be varied over wide ranges without significantly affecting emulsion stability, but the range for percentage of water was narrow and critical to stability. The relative stability for fresh and frozen lean was influenced by the amount of added water. For example, at 30% fat level, there was a sharp drop in stability as the added water was reduced below 16% for fresh beef; whereas, an equivalent drop in stability was found as the added water was reduced below 21 % for frozen beef. The theory is proposed that emulsion instability is highly dependent upon the level of added water based on results of this investigation.

Complete electric heating installations are becoming quite general throughout certain areas. A popular type is the resistance cable embedded in plaster to form a radiant panel heater. For long cable life and maximum safety, the cable temperature must not exceed a definite limit. Various investigators have derived equations describing the temperature throughout the panel. However such equations do not relate temperature to heat input or else they are based on conditions not met in electric cable heating. K. Kalous1 developed equations for embedded pipe using hot water based upon the simplified assumption that heat flows laterally through the panel. This assumption is valid for panel thicknesses near pipe diameter and for pipe spacing, which is large when compared to panel thickness. Neither condition is met in electric cable heating. T. Napier Adlam2 publishes curves for pipe buried in plaster. The pipe sizes and spacings however, are quite large as compared to electric cable sizes and cable spacing.

Tests were conducted during the summer of 1964 to compare the effectiveness of oil-based and water-based sprays containing 2% Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate) against flies on dairy cows. Major species infesting the animals were the face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer; the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.); and the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). Forty lactating and 10 dry Holstein cows on the Pennsylvania State University Farm were employed as treated animals and untreated controls. The sprays were applied by a newly developed “pushbutton“ spraying device, manually operated and especially designed to give thorough coverage of the faces of the cows. The major parts of the device included an inverted U-shaped pipe system plus an extension in front, 4 nozzles each connected to a solenoid valve, a pump and motor assembly, and an extension wire terminating in a push-button switch. Counts of flies were made daily. Effectiveness of treatments was evaluated on the basis of average reduction percentages in fly populations on treated animals calculated by comparing numbers of flies on treated and control groups. Eight applications were made during 6 weeks in July and August. Results of the tests show that both the oil-based and water-based sprays provided good control against face flies and stable flies for 28 hours and significant reductions of fly populations for 52 or 76 hours following spray application. Both sprays gave near-perfect control of horn flies for 124 hours or longer. The oil-based spray showed greater initial toxic effect than the water-based spray against the face fly but the latter demonstrated a more lasting residual effect. Significant reductions in fly populations were noted on the untreated control group that was milked in the same barn as the treated cows, but in a separate section. The groups were grazed in separate pastures.

The extraction of pyrethrins and synergists from water-base aerosol formulations is improved and simplified by the use of acetone in the extraction procedure. The procedure minimizes interferences from extraneous substances previously encountered in the subsequent analysis of the pyrethrins by gas chromatography.

A model is developed to explain the use of water-abased recreational facilities for 15 different recreational activities. The results are then employed to obtain a relative ranking of factors that contribute most to the use of facilities. From an empirical study on data obtained from the Fort Worth District, ILS. Army Corps of Engineers, the factors that contribute to use can be ranked as follows: (1) distance variables, which serve as a surrogate for travel time and cost; (2) population near the site, a measure of demand potential; (3) facilities provided at the site; (4) fees; (5) measures of quality of the site; and (6) seasonal variables.

A very efficient, high impedance microwave film dryer is described for drying water based emulsion coated films. A production speed of 1OOOfpm can be achieved in an 8ft dryer length for a 3 to 4 pound per 3000 square feet finished coat. Web temperature can he kept below 110°F, preventing distortion of PVDC coated PE films. Special air bearings are used. Operating costs are about 0.5% of the raw material cost of the coated film.

This paper develops a model designed to distribute spatially recreation use estimates forthcoming from ‘structural demand’ equations of a recreation market. To illustrate the model's operation, a description of its empirical implementation for a regional case study area is given. Data needs and sources are specified, empirical results are set forth, and policy implications are drawn. The ability to use the model to simulate policy actions is pointed out.

Two water-based pressurized formulations of a combination of the synthetic pyrethroids, tetramethrin (Neo-Pynamin®) and NIA-1730 (5-benzyl-3-furyl) methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropellyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate, approximately 30% cis , 70% trans isomers) were compared with an untreated check and a formulation of natural pyrethrins containing piperonyl butoxide against Musra domestica L. Four barns were treaded with these formulations on 4 different days. The pretreatment counts of flies were made in each barn, and then counts were made 15 and 30 minutes post treatment. All 3 chemical treatments were equally effective in reducing fly populations in the closed barns. There was a highly significant difference in the fly counts in the treated barns over those in the check barns, The synthetic pyrethroid formulations were not so irritating to nasal passages as was the natural pyrethrin formulation.

The distribution of uranium in the human body following intravenous injections of hexavalent and tetravelaent uranium has been studied in the case of eight terminal patients At the dosage levels used the data indicate that the kidneys and the skeleton are the principal sites of deposition wi

THE AMERICAN outdoor recreation report in 19621 considered that water was the focal point of outdoor recreation. In fact swimming, boating and fishing were each among the ten most popular outdoor activities in the United States. In Great Britain a study of inland waters and recreation in the west Midlands2 expressed the opinion: Our investigation shows conclusively that interest and participation in recreation on inland waters have increased very substantially in recent years. It is also strongly suggested that participation would be very much higher, particularly in some sports, if water were available, and that there is a strong social and educational trend towards these activities, which will soon widen the gap between demand and supply.

This chapter is concerned with the application of water-soluble polymers in the coating of appliances in response to environmental constraints. Coatings requirements for appliances range from the severe environments of the washer and diswasher to less severe conditions of the dryer and the refrigerator. As a result, the coating industry has developed finishes like the epoxies for primers and the thermosetting acrylics for topcoats (1). These coatings have proved their value in the appliance industry in providing durability, color stability, corrosion and detergent resistance as well as long-term decorative effects.

Within the past ten years, electrodeposition coating for general protective purposes has been extended into a wide range of industries because of its high efficiency and the potential advantage of using water based materials1.

NAVIGATION on the deep ocean, away from accurate shore-based radio aids, is an important problem for the oceanographer. The use of the US satellite navigation system allows accurate position fixes to be obtained at intervals depending on how many satellites are operational, but there remains a need for a system to interpolate between these, particularly when complex manoeuvres are being carried out. To fill this need this institute is developing an improved dead-reckoning system, in which the ship's track is calculated from its velocity through the water based on measurement of fore-and-aft speed, sideways speed, or “leeway”, and ship's heading. An electromagnetic log is available commercially which measures the fore-and-aft speed to an accuracy of about 0.1 knot, but to obtain leeway as well we have developed a new type of electromagnetic log. The prototype has been tried successfully at sea, and though full calibration has not yet been possible, there is every indication that an accuracy of 0.1 knot will be obtainable. The chief problem in calibration is that account has to be taken of the varying pattern of flow around the hull of the ship for different combinations of fore-and-aft speed and leeway.

A method is described for the determination of total silicon content of water based on evaporation, fusion and subsequent absorptiometric measurement of solutions of reduced β-molybdosilicic acid. The standard deviation for this procedure, by using samples of between 20 and 60 ml, was found to be 0·1 µg of silicon as silica.