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1. 1. The osmotic and ionic composition of the contents of the cloaca and large intestine of roosters was measured during dehydration and during salt and water loading. The urine moved from the urodeum retrogradely into the coprodeum and large intestine during all three types of osmotic stress, and the coprodeum and large intestine were therefore exposed to urine-feces contents with osmotic activities from 60 to 600 mOs and from 200 to 400 mOs respectively. 2. 2. The retrograde movement did not result in any difference in maximal and minimal osmotic and ionic composition between normally voided urine that had been stored in the intestine and cloaca and urine collected directly from the ureters during the three types of osmotic stress. 3. 3. During dehydration a limited resorption of NaCl and water was suggested by comparison of the cloacal output of NaCl and water with that of roosters in which the urine was collected from ureteral funnels.

Food utilisation has been estimated in the adult female desert locust by measurements of the weight of food ingested, the weight of faeces produced and the increase in body-weight. More food is eaten during somatic growth than during the first gonotrophic cycle; moreover, bran is eaten in preference to lettuce during this period of intense feeding. The amount of available carbohydrate in lettuce is 35% of the dry weight and that of bran is 56.2% of the dry weight. The approximate digestibility (A.D.) of the food is higher during somatic growth than during ovarian growth which may reflect the greater percentage of easily digestible carbohydrate in bran than lettuce. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body-substance (E.C.I.) and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body-substance (E.C.D.) are both greater during ovarian growth than during somatic growth. The protein requirements of both growth phases are approximately the same, but the animals utilise more carbohydrate during somatic growth than during ovarian growth. It is suggested that the carbohydrate digested during somatic growth is channelled both into formation of the chitin deposited in the cuticle and into energy production for the growth processes themselves. Thus the choice of bran may well lie in the provision of easily available carbohydrate without the problem of water loading which would be the case if large quantities of lettuce were consumed. Zusammenfassung NAHRUNGSVERWERTUNG ERWACHSENER WEIBLICHER WUSTENHEUSCHRECKEN, SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA Die Nahrungsverwertung erwachsener weiblicher Wustenheuschrecken wurde durch Feststellung des Gewichtes der verzehrten Nahrung, des Gewichtes der Exkremente und der Zunahme an Korpergewicht bestimmt. Wahrend des somatischen Wachstums wird mehr Nahrung verzehrt als wahrend des ersten gonotrophischen Zyklus, auserdem wird wahrend dieser Zeitspanne intensiver Nahrungsaufnahme Kleie dem Salat vorgezogen. Im Salat stehen 35,0% des Trockengewichtes als Kohlenhydrat zur Verfugung, in der Kleie 56,2%. Die naherungsweise Verdauungsfahigkeit (approximate digestibility = A.D.) der Nahrungsmittel ist wahrend des somatischen Wachstums besser als wahrend der Eibildung, was auf den hoheren Prozentsatz der leicht verdaulichen Kohlenhydrate in der Kleie im Vergleich zum Salat zuruckzufuhren sein mag. Die Wirksamkeit, mit welcher verzehrte Nahrung in Korpermasse umgewandelt wird (efficiency of conversion of ingested food = E.C.I.), und die Wirksamkeit, mit welcher verdaute Nahrung in Korpermasse umgewandelt wird (efficiency of conversion of digested food = E.C.D.) ist in beiden Fallen wahrend des Eiwachstums groser als wahrend des somatischen Wachstums. Der Proteinbedarf ist in beiden Wachstumsphasen ungefahr der gleiche, die Tiere verwerten jedoch wahrend des somatischen Wachstums mehr Kohlenhydrate als wahrend der Eibildung. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, das die verdauten Kohlenhydrate wahrend des somatischen Wachstums sowohl fur die Bildung des in der Epidermis abgesetzten Chitins verwertet werden als auch fur die Erzeugung von Energie fur die Wachstumsvorgange selbst. Der Grund fur die Wahl der Kleie ist deshalb wohl auch die Versorgung mit leicht verfugbarem Kohlenhydrat ohne das Problem zusatzlicher Wasserbelastung, die durch das Verzehren groser Mengen von Salat entstehen wurde.

Nach 24- bis 48-stundiger Behandlung mit KCl wurde eine Hypergranulierung der granulierten Zellen des juxtaglomerularen Apparates beobachtet; den gleichen Effekt lost die 48stundige Behandlung mit NaCl oder mit Rohrzucker aus. Die durch hypertonische Losungen ausgeloste Hypergranulierung weist nach einer siebentagigen Restitutionsphase eine Tendenz zur Ruckkehr zur Ausgangslage auf. Eine akute Flussigkeitsbelastung hatte keinen Einflus auf die Granulierung, eine zweiwochige Dehydrierung bewirkte hingegen eine starke Hypergranulation. Als auslosende Ursache wird eine Hypovolamie angenommen, die zum Ausgleich der osmotischen Belastung bzw. wahrend der Dehydrierung entsteht.

40 gesunde Kinder wurden am Tage einer kombinierten Traubenzucker-Wasser-Belastung unterzogen. Nach 2 Tagen wurden an denselben Kindern die gleichen Untersuchungen wahrend der Nacht durchgefuhrt. Die Belastung des Wasserhaushaltes wurde in Form eines Wasserstoses, die Blutzuckerbelastung wurde in Form der Traubenzuckerdoppelbelastung nachStaub-Traugott ausgefuhrt. Eine Tag-Nacht-Rhythmik wurde sowohl im Verhalten der Blutzuckerkurve als auch in der Harnausscheidung beobachtet, die sich nicht wesentlich von der bei einer reinen Traubenzucker- oder Wasserbelastung gefundenen unterscheidet. Eine sehr enge Beziehung der Regulationsmechanismen von Wasserhaushalt bzw. Kohlenhydrathaushalt scheint demnach nicht zu bestehen.

The observation that the intermittent delivery of dry food pellets is accompanied by consumption of large quantities of water in the rat was first described by Falk in 1961 (4) and this phenomenon was subsequently termed psychogenic or schedule-induced polydipsia. Falk (4) reported that rats maintained at 80 per cent of their free feeding weight, would consume approximately one half of their total weight in water within a few hours when food pellets were presented intermittently. Variations of thirst explanations for this phenomena proved untenable since pre-session water loading did not eliminate polydipsic drinking (8) and dry food was neither necessary or sufficient for the induction of polydipsia. Intermittent delivery of small portions of a standard liquid monkey diet were equally effective in producing excessive drinking (7). Superstitious chaining, i.e. the adventitious reinforcement of drinking within the inter-pellet interval also fails to account for polydipsia (5,33). A number of factors have been identified that contribute to the magnitude of the effect such as an inter-pellet interval of more than 45 sec (6), small food portions (7) and weight reduction (8). However, Falk (9) has emphasized that reinforcement schedules do not elicit polydipsic drinking, but rather the behavior develops gradually and can be attenuated by weight increase even when response rates and food intake stay the same. The power of the procedure is illustrated by the fact that comparable levels of fluid ingestion are not achieved by other experimental manipulations such as water deprivation, heat stress or osmotic loading in rat (8). Falk describes schedule-induced polydipsia as a form of adjunctive behavior and concludes that no adequate physiological or behavioral explanation for the phenomena has yet been advanced (8,9).

Summary Earth strain has been measured at Queensbury tunnel in Yorkshire, England, for twenty-eight months with a simple invar wire strainmeter. The power and phase spectra of this record shows that the strain at this site is dominated by water loading of the tides in the shallow seas round the British Isles. These results are explained if the strainmeter is measuring regional strain fields rather than the local effects.

Osmotic and diffusional water permeability was studied in rat distal tubules in antidiuresis and water diuresis with a microperfusion technique. In antidiuresis the osmotic water permeability was 6.1 ± 1.2. 10--8 em3 cm-2 sec-1 (cm H2O)-l and the diffusional water permeability 327 ± 132 10--5 cm/sec. In water diuresis obtained by hypophysectomy and water loading the osmotic water permeability was 1.6±1.6 10--8 cm3 cm-2 sec-1 (cmH2O)-1 and the diffusional water permeability was 157±32 10--5 cm/sec, both values being significantly lower than in antidiuresis. The osmotic water permeability is much larger than the diffusional water permeability; this can only be partly accounted for by the existence of an unstirred layer and is supporting evidence for the concept of aqueous pores, through which the water moves down osmotic gradients mainly as bulk flow and not as a purely diffusional flow. The comparatively larger increase in osmotic water permeability than in diffusional water permeability in antidiuresis suggests that ADH can change the pore area-pore diameter relation so that the bulk flow increase is larger than the diffusional water flow increase.

Detailed seismicity (M ≧ 2.5) of northern and central California for 1965-1969 is analyzed. The largest earthquakes were nine with magnitudes 5.0 < M < 6.0. Since the interval, 1962-1965, seismic activity has increased north of Corralitos on the San Andreas fault. Seven shocks were located in the western reaches of Monterey Bay. The histogram of focal depths (d) for the coast ranges shows all d < 16 km and 50 per cent with 0 < d < 5 km.North of Cape Mendocino, the new Fickle Hill telemetry station shows that within 30 < Δ < 85 km of FHC, (a) only 15 per cent of recorded earthquakes (M ≧ 2.5) has M > 3.0 and (b) an average of 14 earthquakes (M ≧ 2.5) occurs each month. Some foci are as deep as 25 km in this region.For northern California, the linear recurrence law gives b = 0.78 ± 0.04, slightly less than southern California. For the coast ranges, b = 1.00 ± 0.04. The water loading of Oroville reservoir in 1967-1968 has not been associated with increased seismicity in the area. On the present homogeneous data, a statistical t-test shows that the short-term occurrence rate of northern California earthquakes was not altered by large underground nuclear tests in Nevada.

This paper describes layouts of two systems and the methods used for measuring the deformation of Glen Canyon Dam, a large, concrete, arch structure. The deformation is caused by water loading and changing temperature. Measurements are made by triangulation and plumblimes. Precise triangulation is made from piers downstream from the dam to targets at several elevations on the downstream face of the dam and abutments. Also, monuments in three wells extending into the foundation near the dam's toe are triangulated. The positions of the monuments are projected vertically by an optical plummet and coordinated with the triangulation of the targets on the dam's face. Plumblines are installed in five formed vertical wells that extend in the dam between the top elevation and the foundation. Reading stations are located at several elevations on each plumbline. Development of items of apparatus used in each system is described. The methods of measurements, plan of periodic observations, derivation of results, and purpose of the measurements are briefly examined.

Following orogastric intubation, varying volumes of tap water from 50 ml to 200 ml were administered to normal rabbits and the offspring of glaucomatous rabbits. Tonography was performed 15, 30, and 60 minutes following water loading. Significant elevation of the intraocular pressure and decrease in the outflow facility occurred 15 minutes after water loading, and were still present after 30 minutes. These changes in pressure and outflow facility were considerably decreased after one hour. The offspring of two glaucomatous parents showed a greater pressure elevation and fall in the outflow facility than did the normal rabbits or offspring of one glaucomatous rabbit. This was correlated with a lower initial facility of outflow in these animals.

SUMMARY The effect of salt-loading, thirst and water-loading on the axonal transport and turnover of neurohypophysial proteins in rats was investigated by measuring the radioactivity of the neural lobe proteins at various time intervals after injection of [35S]cysteine into the region of the supraoptic nucleus. Osmotic stimuli did not markedly affect the rate of transport of either the rapid or the slow phase of axonal transport of proteins. In dehydrated rats the increase of neurohypophysial radioactivity during short time intervals after isotope injection exceeded that in controls, demonstrating an increased axonal transport due to osmotic stimuli. The turnover of rapidly as well as slowly transported neurohypophysial proteins was increased after dehydration but was decreased in water-loaded rats. After water deprivation or salt-loading with 2% NaCl solution for 7 days the neural lobe neurophysin was reduced in amount by 80–90%, whereas during salt-loading with 1% NaCl solution a 20% reduction was observed on the 14th as well as the 30th day. As judged from the amount of radioactivity in posterior pituitary neurophysin in dehydrated rats it is suggested that newly synthesized rapidly transported neurophysin is rapidly released after its arrival in the neural lobe.

1. The influence of water-loading and low-temperature stress on the physiology of the antennal gland was studied in specimens of the freshwater crayfish, Orconectes virilis . 2. The results of experiments on water-loading suggested that the crayfishes were able to excrete water injected into them, but they did so at the expense of an abnormal loss of salts (sodium). Heavy water-loads caused large and prolonged increases in inulin clearances and urine flow. 3. Low temperature had its primary effect in reducing urine flow and inulin clearance. Low temperature apparently had little effect on the rate of sodium excretion or intensity of water excretion. 4. The urine flow (at 16°C.) of specimens of O . virilis was determined to be 3% of the body weight per 24 hr. This value agreed with the urine flow calculated from average inulin clearances and inulin U/B ratios obtained independently upon specimens of the same species. 5. The results presented in the present paper throw further light upon the function of the crayfish antennal gland. They agree fairly closely with results obtained in other animals where filtration is known to play a role in primary urine formation. However, because of limitations imposed, principally by the lack of morphological evidence for a filtration site in the crayfish kidney, it cannot be stated unequivocally that the crayfish antennal gland is a filtration kidney. The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Dr Leonard B. Kirschner, of Washington State University, for permitting free use of his facilities during the period of this study. Thanks are also given to Dr A. P. M. Lockwood, of Cambridge University, and Dr P. A. Dehnel, of the University of British Columbia, for reading portions of the manuscript.

The resonant frequency for the lowest mode of a circular plate is calculated for the conditions of concentrated mass loading at the center, water loading on one side, simply supported and clamped at the edge. These results are compared with those of Lamb and others.

Rats and mice were experimented upon to inquire into changes occurring in the mitotic activity of the kidney in various functional conditions of the organ. An inverse relationship was found to exist between the functional activity of the organ and mitosis. High level of mitotic activity was noted during hours of minimal diuresis, and a low one at the time of maximal diuresis. A brief increase of the renal function achieved by way of water loading resulted in a reduction of mitotic activity in this organ.

Duktus Koledokus obstruksiyonlarının, diürez üzerine olan etkisi 5 köpek üzerinde incelenmiştir. Vücut ağırlığının % 5'i kadar su orogastrik bir tüp vasıtasiyle hayvanlara verilmiştir. Bulunan sonuçlar literatür bulguları ile karşılaştırılmış ve uygunluk içerisinde olduğu görülmüştür. Diürezde husule gelen azalmanın karaciğerde meydana çıkan histopatolojik değişiklikler ilgili obileceği kansı uyanmıştır. The effect of biliary obstruction on diu r csis is evaluated in 5 dogs. A water load equivalent to % 5 of body weight was given via an orogastric tube. This study demonstrates that common bile duct ligation diminishes exe-. retina of water load. The results are in accordance with the findings. in the literature . lt' suggested that the degree of histopathological changes in the liver may have an ill effect on the functions of kidneys.

Summary The bioassay method is the only technique presently available for quantifying antidiuretic substances in biologic fluids. A necessary feature of such an assay is the maintenance of the test animal under a constant water load throughout the procedure. The essential mechanical and electronic details for the construction of such an apparatus are presented. A partial parts list is appended for guidance in its construction (Appendix I).

A quantitative study of the diluting power of the kidneys, based on 31 water-loading experiments in 10 normal men, is reported. A minimum urine total solute concentration (MUC) of 59 mOs/l. was obs...

For five years, a fifty-one year old man has had recurrent episodes of confusion, hiccoughs, convulsions and profound hyponatremia. He has been well between attacks. During an observed episode, a balance study demonstrated the abnormal response to water loading typical of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Following administration of ACTH and 9α-fluorohydrocortisone a normal response to water occurred, suggesting that these drugs may be useful for therapy of this condition. In contrast to previously reported examples of the syndrome, the patient is without evidence of other disease. Inappropriate secretion of ADH thus may be primary, idiopathic, intermittent and compatible with good health in other respects.

METHODS recently reported for the bioassay of desoxycortisosterone (DOC) (Dorfman, 1947; Dorfman, 1949; Deming and Luetscher, 1950; Spencer, 1950; Simpson and Tait, 1950, 1952: Luetscher and Demng, 1951; Marcus, Romanoff and Pincus, 1952) have utilized the action of DOC in adrenalectomized animals in decreasing urinary excretion of sodium, in increasing the urinary excretion of potassium or in effecting a combination of these actions. Little quantitative information has been published regarding the optimal sodium loading of the animals used for bioassay. Workers employing isotopic techniques have favored a low sodium load (Dorfman, 1947; Simpson and Tait, 1952) while those using the alteration in the urinary excretion of sodium as determined chemically or by flame photometer have favored a high salt load (Luetscher and Deming, 1951; Spencer, 1950; Marcus, Romanoff and Pincus, 1952). Although much is known concerning, the effect of water loading in adrenalectomized animals (Gaunt, 1944, 1950; Hays and Math...

While it is stated that the diuretic response to water loading in patients with hepatic cirrhosis is often impaired, 1 there are several reports suggesting that striking limitation in water excretion is not a common finding. 2-5 Much of this literature is reviewed elsewhere. 6 In the course of searching for patients suffering from cirrhosis who had limited ability to excrete administered water, we were impressed with their relative rarity despite the fact patients with cirrhosis are not uncommon in this area. This report records the study of 48 patients with cirrhosis and includes an attempt to correlate the capacity to excrete administered water with the clinical condition of the patient and some parameters of renal function. The data suggest that, with the exception of a number of seriously ill patients, most patients with cirrhosis have significant diuretic responses to administered water. Methods Patients with hepatic cirrhosis were studied subsequent

The mechanism of the antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide was studied in 13 patients with vasopressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus (DI) and in 9 normal water loaded subjects. An antidiuresis occurred in 10 of 13 patients and in all the normal subjects. A significant positive correlation was found between the ability of the patients to reduce the free water clearance (CH20) in response to water deprivation and the ability to reduce the CH20 in response to subsequent chlorpropamide treatment. Both ethanol and water loading were able to overcome the chlorpropamide-induced antidiuresis. Water deprivation while the patients were receiving chlorpropamide resulted in a further increase in urine concentration. The data indicate that, for chlorpropamide to be able to produce an antidiuresis, some low level of endogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH) must be present. The observations can best be explained by the hypothesis that chlorpropamide is capable of potentiating the action of low, submaximal levels of...

Bei mit Prednisolon (1 mg/100 g) 5 Tage lange behandelten Ratten wurde eine Nebennierenrindenatrophie verursacht, die durch eine perorale Wasserbelastung verringert werden konnte.

The diuretic response to acute water loading was studied in six patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and hyponatremia. In one of these a pulmonary alveolar-cell carcinoma was also present....

A thin cylindrical shell forced at a point comprises a useful model for studying the motion of a submarine hull set into vibration by mounted mechanical equipment. The formal solution for point excitation is readily derived in a modal expansion, and the Fourier inversion is performed. The known solutions of flat plate motion must apply when the forcing frequency exceeds the radial resonance, therefore the low‐frequency case is generally of more interest. The behavior of the various angular modes of motion, the effects of water loading, and the radiation of sound by the vibrating shell, are considered. [Supported by Office of Naval Research, Contract No. Nonr‐2322 (00).]

In an attempt to standardize conditions for quantitating proteinuria, we examined the effect of water loading and intravenous administration of furosemide on protein excretion in man. Urine volume, protein excretion, and creatinine clearance increased in both studies, and there was significant correlation between percentage changes in protein excretion and creatinine clearance. We recommend that protein excretion rate should be determined during short periods under standard conditions of posture, hydration, and ideally, without interference by drugs.