Search

This investigation into the environmental aspects of establishing an urban air transportation system for the tri-state area of Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York for daily commuting demonstrates that air pollution and its associated physiological effects, which are created by automobile engine emissions, can be drastically reduced. Similar results pertain when STOL air transportation is substituted for automobiles to provide service for the same area to the three major airports around New York City. Further, the study shows that air pollution at a STOLport in Manhattan supporting such a system would be less than the normal background concentration, even during peak travel periods.

The training of Air Force firefighting personnel involves the extinguishing of large fires that simulate aircraft crash situations. Such fires generate clouds of thick black smoke that are objectionable from an air pollution viewpoint and, therefore, cannot be continued on the present basis. This report outlines the quantitative evaluation of the water spray injection smoke abatement system for the training fires. Basic design criteria have been established for the smoke abatement systems and emission factors in terms of pounds of particulates per 1000 pounds of fuel were determined for JP-4 fires.

This report is the fourth in a series of reports dealing with the development of adequate methods for predicting ground motion resulting from known foundation motion and the establishment of reliable and economical methods for the solution of isolation and motion control problems posed by present and future Army requirements. The first report dealt with the selection of an adequate test site for experimentation, the second report dealt with calculating and measuring ground motions, and the third with analysis methods for surface sources of vibration. This report presents tabulated ground motion data taken during pilot experiments at the Eglin Field test site, and represents a very brief, qualitative, theoretical description of the general trends of the data accumulated. An attempt was made to interpret and describe the ground motion produced by a sinusoidal surface source at a ground site where the elastic properties were assumed to vary in a simple way with depth. The variation of the shear modulus with depth was determined in the field using a sinusoidal mechanical vibrator as a source. The compression modulus was determined as a function of depth by measuring the travel time of a P-wave between two geophones buried in the soil. The particle velocity in the ground surrounding the vibrator was measured and tabulated. Some of the data taken showed a considerable scatter, which may be due to subsurface inhomogeneities. The attenuation coefficients describing the decrease of vibration amplitude with radial distance were found to be frequency dependent. (Author), See also Report 3, AD-749 507.

In this patent application objects which are designed to be submersed or submerged are rendered antifouling by using an organotin polymer wherein the tin is chemically combined in or bonded to the polymer. The polymer inhibits fouling of the exposed surface of the object while minimizing the effect on the surrounding environment due to reduced leaching of the organometallic compound from the polymer.

This is an interim report of the first of four planned field trials to be conducted as part of the study of the detectability and dispersion of sewage from Navy ships operating within the coastal zone. The first trial was conducted in the waters off Norfolk, Virginia, between 16 and 27 October 1972. Rhodamine WT was added to 5,000 gallons of untreated sewage to serve as a marker dye and for future dispersion modeling. This mixture was discharged from a stationary point source at approximately 10.5 miles off shore. Under these conditions, coliform bacteria in excess of background levels were detected by laboratory analysis of samples collected from the translocated and dispersed dye plume at greater than 7 hours after discharge. Other waste-water constituents in the sewage mixture could not be similarly detected, although this may in part be due to the low initial concentration of the waste. Future trials are designed and scheduled to measure the detectability and dispersion of sewage from a moving point source (with and without the assistance of a marker dye) and of an amphibious operation. This information will be used in an attempt to assess the impact of sewage discharges from Fleet ships operating within the navigable waters of the coastal zone. (Author), Original contains color plates: All DDC reproductions will be in black and white.

The study compares mobile source emissions from aircraft, automobiles, buses, trucks, railroads, and electric trains within the continental United States during the period 1940-1980. This includes air pollution created by operations of air carriers and military and general aviation aircraft. The pollutants considered for all these modes of transportation are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides and, in addition, for electric trains, pollutant values for sulfur oxides and particulates. It is demonstrated that for the period 1940-1980 public carriers including air transportation show significantly less air pollution than autos both in grams per passenger mile and total tons. (Author Modified Abstract)

Aromatic solvents possess the strongest solvency of the hydrogen types, but various air pollution control districts have established maximum limits on the amount that may be present in organic coatings. In the proposed procedure, high efficiency liquid chromatography is used to determine total aromatics in enamels and lacquer thiners; their separation is obtained is obtained across a small bore column containing silica beads of controlled porosity without modifier. The method is rapid, accurate and applicable to a broad range of solvent blends. (Author)

This study was to define concepts for the Navy Environmental Protection Data Base (NEPDB) System. The conceptual designs are derived from user requirements and Naval instructions and are described in terms of functional relationships and signal flows. The results are justified by appropriate trade-offs and cost estimates. This document constitutes Part I of a two-part final report of the study. Part I contains the technical studies and conclusions of Phase I of the NEPDB system development. Part II defines the plan for accomplishment of the preliminary system design during Phase II.

A program to investigate the behavior of oil spills in the Arctic was conducted off the northern coast of Alaska. Numerous small oil spills were made to obtain data on the following subjects: the spreading behavior of crude oil on ice and water surfaces; the interaction characteristics of crude oil with ice; the aging characteristics of crude oil which has been spilled on ice, on water, and under ice; and the effectiveness of burning and adsorption as methods of removal. Both Prudhoe Bay ('Sag' River) crude oil and diesel fuel were used in the test program. Results quantify spreading and interaction characteristics in addition to presenting qualitative information on each area of interest. Promise is shown for both burning and absorption as methods of oil removal in the summer. Data is presented on both the physical and chemical characteristics of aged crude oil.

The objective of the work is twofold: The testing in a practical context of techniques for optimizing a complex system with respect to multiple criteria; and Evaluation of a strategy for reducing air pollution through controls on freeway traffic. The control strategy encourages multiple riders by penalizing one-person vehicles during certain peak traffic hours. The length of the penalty period is a function of the pollutant level the previous day; it is this function which is to be specified. The cost functions are the average level of pollutants over a one-week period, and the total number of penalty hours during the week (the inconvenience and enforcement cost). (Author)