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Extract Northand has a wide variety of soil types, many of which are strongly leached wet clays with thin topsoils and low subsoil fertility. The copper status of many of these soils is low (Cunningham et at.,1956; Taylor et al., 1956; Wells, 1957). Copper deficiency (hypocuprosis), has been reported at various times in both cattle and sheep in this part of New Zealand, but the incidence was considered to be low and confined to a few localized areas.

The effcct of acupuncture therapy applied on some disorder and pain cases were evaluated useing digital photoplesthymograpy.Time constant of preamprifier for photoplesthymograpy was set 0.1 second to obtain stable records without mechanical or electrical interference during recording.Right after introducing acupuncture needle from axilla to KENTEI for the shoulder joint pain case, the remarkable increase of amplitude of plesthymograpy recording was observed, and shoulder joint pain was disappeared. This results are very simillar to brachial plexus block.Multiple light needle stimulations to the case of the burning-like-pain along pancreas meridian on lower extrimities also increased amplitude of photoplesthymogram and the pain was disappeared.Effects of various kinds of stimulations, i. e., digital compression, insersion of needle, up-doun-mortion stimulation by needle, extraction of needle, and multiple needle stimulation were compaired and discussed.

160 seamen, including 73 deckmen, 62 engineers and 25 others were investigated clinically.Advanced chronic inflammation of pharyngeal mucous membrane was visualized in 88.8% of all engineers, 67.2% of all deckmen and 72.0% of other members.Laryngeal mucosa was found to be rather pathological, erythematous, edematous and polypoid in 63% of engineers, 40% of deckmen and 32% of other crews.More or less same data were obtained concerning the tracheal mucous membrane.On the other hand, there was no distinct difference among thee groups, concerning the nasal mucous membrane.There seem to be short acting reversible irritation to the upper respiratory mucous membrane of deckmen and rather long acting irreversible irritation to that of engineers.The ventilation of the engine room should be mostly improved to get rid of the engineers' complains.Another interesting thing was found, that the deckmen are apt to catch cold during their vacation and off the ship, and engineers are so during their on duty in engine room.

Two cases of acute glomerulonephritis following varicella infection are reported. Clinical investigation did not reveal evidence of preceding streptococcal infection in either case. Although association of varicella infection and acute glomerulonephritis in these cases does not unequivocally signify causation, a possible specific relationship may he indicated between the viral infection and the development of the renal lesions.

Summary Because of the occurrence of premature jaundice on the first day of life in a twin, haemolytic disease of the newborn was diagnosed clinically. Subsequent serological investigation showed, however, that the mother was suffering from paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria; the bithermal haemolysin characteristic of this disease had passed through the placenta into one of the twins and had thus simulated haemolytic disease. Clinical investigation entirely confirmed the diagnosis of paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria in the mother, and syphilitic infection was established as its cause. Resume Dans ce cas presente par les auteurs, a la suite d'un ictere precoce des le premier jour chez un jumeau nouveau-ne, les cliniciens penserent tout d'abord au morbus haemolyticus neonatorum. Les examens immuno-hematologiques permirent de mettre en evidence chez la mere de cet enfant une hemoglobinurie paroxystique a frigore qui, par transfert chez un des jumeaux des hemolysines bithermiques qui caracterisent cette forme d'anemie hemolytique acquise, donna l'image clinique de la maladie hemolytique du nouveau-ne. Les auteurs ont pu egalement confirmer l'etiologie syphilitique de cette hemoglobinurie paroxystique a frigore. Les examens cliniques de la mere confirmerent dans leur totalite les diagnostics serologiques et immuno-hematologiques. Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Falle wurde wegen vorzeitiger Gelbsucht eines Zwillings-Neugeborenen am ersten Lebenstage klinisch zunachst ein Morbus haemolyticus neonatorum vermutet. Durch serologisch-immunhamatologische Untersuchungen wurde jedoch eine paroxysmale Kaltehamoglobinurie der Mutter diagnostiziert, die durch Ubertragung des bei dieser Form einer erworbenen hamolytischen Anamie auftretenden bithermischen Hamolysins auf einen der beiden Zwillinge einen Morbus haemolyticus klinisch vortauschte. Die vermutete syphilitische Grundlage der paroxysmalen Kaltehamoglobinurie wurde anschliesend festgestellt. Klinische Untersuchungen der Mutter bestatigten in vollem Umfange die serologische Diagnose.

The preparation of some β-alkylaminobutyric-acid-amides from the corresponding crotonic acid amides and dimethyl or diethylamine under pressure at 100–150° is described. Two diethylamino acetic acid amides were prepared by reacting N-benzyl-chloracetamide or N-(pethoxybenzyl)-chloracetamide with diethylamine. All these β-dialkyl-aminobutyric and dialkylaminoacetic acid amides show local anaesthetic activity. Two of them (β-diethylaminobutyric acid anilide and β-diethylamino-butyric acid-p-phenetidide) show promise as long acting anaesthetics of low toxicity for nerve block anaesthesia, and are under clinical investigation.

The applicability of new phenothiazine compound, methdilazine, to the clinical practice of anesthesiology was examined in 527 adult patients. Methdilazine in a dose of 25 mg. by intramuscular injection, when combined with 50 mg. of meperidine, was found to be a useful drug for the preanesthetic preparation of the surgical patient. The patients who had received methdilazine were more drowsy after operation than those in the placebo group but could be readily aroused. The preanesthetic administration of the drug did not appear to offer any protection against postoperative emesis. The use of methdilazine in the prevention of postoperative emesis was studied follOWing the intramuscular injection of 12.5 mg. at the termination of anesthesia. There was a significant decrease in emetic symptoms in the 3 hour postoperative period. Postanesthetic drowsiness and hypotension were minimal. Methdilazine was administered to patients during the first 24 hour postoperative period. These patients were given 50 mg. of meperidine whenever they requested an analgesic drug to relieve their pain. It was found that the patients who had received methdilazine had a significantly greater requirement for meperidine than those in the placebo group. It was concluded that methdilazine exhibited analgesic antagonism.

One hundred and eighty private psychiatric patients received reserpine or chlorpromazine as well as standard psychiatric therapies. Of this number, 94 were hospitalized patients and 86 were office (ambulatory) patients. Results were disappointing from the standpoint of either drug producing a recovery, but encouraging in that they were superior to barbiturates in producing symptomatic improvement in anxiety, tension, manic and schizophrenic excitement, and mild insomnia. Depression per se was not alleviated by either drug. Usually, where one drug was found ineffective, so was the other. There were a few serious side-effects in our series: jaundice in 5 patients given chlorpromazine; 2 cases of cardiac collapse, and several cases of ankle and facial edema in those given reserpine. In general, neither reserpine nor chlorpromazine appeared to potentiate or interfere with standard psychiatric therapies. Six cases are singled out for special comment. In 2 cases of morphine addiction chlorpromazine administrati...

(1966). Ventilatory Studies on the Eustachian Tube A Clinical Investigation of Cases with Perforated Ear Drums. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 62, No. sup219, pp. 1-79.

The penetration of [14C]-labelled oxyphenbutazone (OPB = active substance of Tanderil® eye ointment) from a 10-percent eye ointment into the various tissues was investigated in the rabbit e

The advantage of a multi-center clinical investigation lies in the possibility of obtaining conclusive results on the basis of relatively few numbers of patients from each of the participating institutions. It has the disadvantage of a lack of uniformity of methods among centers, which must be overcome by careful advance planning, including the institution of a central coordinating unit, the biometrical unit. Its functions include (1) participation in the planning of all phases of the investigation, (2) editing and processing of the data, and (3) analysis of the data and evaluation of results.Three devices for promoting uniformity of methods are: (1) the protocal, (2) specially designed record forms, and (3) visits to participating centers by a team of observers, including the statistician. The protocol is the document which contains all important specification for the conduct of the investigation, including statement of purpose of the study, definition of the study population, and explicit instructions on methods of patient assessment.In a clinical trial, the biometrical unit prepares the random allocation of treatments to patients. Stratification may be used to make comparisons between strata, and/or increase the sensitivity of the experiment. Stratification by exclusion may increase sensitivity at the cost of restricting the generality of results.A well-planned multi-center study, in which the members really cooperate, may achieve objectives exceeding the scope of single-center studies and provide a setting for the fruitful exchange of knowledge and ideas.

When, in 1924, I undertook my journey to study in North America, I came in contact with this problem first when I attended lectures concerning these questions at meetings of American Society for Clinical Investigation (Starr and Means) and of the Association of American Physicians (Mason of Montreal) (both at Atlantic City), also later at the meeting of the Association for the Study of Internal Secretions, at Chicago (Boothby). Later on I likewise had the opportunity to discuss the question thoroughly with certain of the clinicians who were most occupied with it. It seems clear to me that the range of the question regarding the problem (as stated)—iodine and Basedow—has been shifted, as the result of the works of certain American writers. But it must certainly be acknowledged that at least as far as the the-oretical side of the matter is concerned we have by no means come to any final knowledge in this question, rather thecontrary: new riddles have appeared that challenge us to solve them, new demands thu...

T HE ADHESIVE CHARACTERISTICS of dental restorative and cementing materials have been the subject of several investigations’ Work by Berkson* with zinc phosphate cement indicated that adhesion between this type of material and tooth structure, in the true chemical sense of the term, does not exist. Any retentive characteristics could be attributed to the bonding of irregular surfaces rather than a molecular attraction between unlike molecules.‘-” In recent years, the advent of resinous materials for restorations and for the cementation of inlays, crowns, etc., has stimulated further research in this area. Many claims have been made for the adhesive characteristics of some of these products. Certainly adhesion to tooth structure would be a most desirable feature. It would tend to minimize the practical effect of contraction during polymerization and would reduce any tendency for marginal leakage from temperature change or stress on the restoration. There is no established test for adhesion, and various experimental techniques have been used. Fiasconaro’ studied adaptation by measuring the resistance to air pressure. Christie” ha s measured adhesion of filling resins to a number of substances, while Stuben’ and Bartram’ described methods for measuring adhesion between a filling material and tooth structure. A report by Swartz and Phillips” has described a method for measuring adhesive characteristics of cementing materials and some data presented indicated greater adhesive properties for resin cements than zinc phosphate cements on a prepared dry dentin surface. However, &he deleterious effects of exposing resin cements or zinc phosphate to moisture were shown. Rose’ and Wileman,” using somewhat different test methods, corroborated .these observations. Tt is apparent from the published research that many of the resin materials which have been tested do possess greater adhesive characteristics than zinc phos

Summary Infectious erythema is an acute, moderately communicable disease occurring chiefly in children. The constitutional symptoms are slight and the eruption is the dominant feature. Based upon a clinical investigation of 43 cases, the characteristics and general course of the malady are described and selected case histories are presented. The results of certain experimental data are included together with epidemiologic and diagnostic considerations. From a public health standpoint it would seem advisable to create aplace for erythema infectiosum on the official list of reportable diseases.

The total lung volume consists of the vital capacity plus the residual air. Since the vital capacity may be measured directly, determination of the total lung volume depends on the measurement of the residual air. Alternatively, the functional residual air may be measured and the figure added to the complemental air (terminology of Christie 1932). As the volume of reserve air expelled from the lungs in untrained subjects is liable to fortuitous variations, calculations of the residual air based on gas dilution at the end of a forced expiration are open to considerable error; for the same reason, determinations of the functional residual air at the end of an ordinary expiration may be inaccurate. Van Slyke and Binger (1923) and Christie (1932) have shown that this source of error may be avoided by taking graphic spirometer records of respiration during the period of mixing. Since the dilution of the lung gases is achieved by ordinary quiet respiration, this method requires no special respiratory efforts and is thus eminently suitable for clinical investigation. Determination of lung volume by Christie’s method, the underlying principle of which is exceedingly simple, involves only the recording of an ordinary spirometer tracing and the analysis of the oxygen and nitrogen content of the spirometer gas at the end of a period of rebreathing. The essence of the method is as follows

An investigation was carried out to ascertain whether the salivary secretion of the parotid gland is lower in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in healthy individuals—control group (C), and whether parotid involvements and oral symptoms are more common in an RA-group than in a C-group. The investigation was performed on 92 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 92 control patients of corresponding sex and age. Salivary secretion was recorded during rest, stimulation with 1 and 6 per cent citric acid and stimulation with intravenously administered acetyl-beta-methylcholine iodide, Betacholyl® (MeCh) with a dose of 0.2 mg/min.The investigation produced the following results: (1) The rate of parotid secretion is significantly lower in the RA-group than in the C-group on stimulation with 1 and 6 per cent citric acid and almost significantly or significantly (log value) lower on stimulation with Betacholyl with the dose of 0.2 mg/min. (2) Individuals with subjective xerostomia are almost signific...

The usual leucotomy cut in this country, made through burr holes orientated by means of skull measurements, in the majority of cases enters the brain at about the middle of pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's Area 45), and if performed in a strictly coronal plane remains entirely within the prefrontal region. Intentionally or unintentionally cuts are not infrequently placed either anterior or posterior to this plane. That cuts made posterior to strictly prefrontal levels are often followed by an unfavourable post-operative course distinguished by particularly severe personality change, persisting incontinence, vasomotor, trophic and neurological disturbances has been demonstrated by Knight (1943), Meyer and Beck (1945), Ziegler and Osgood (1945), Reitman (1946) and others.

A patient with chyluria is described in whom the defect is ascribed to a shunt between the gastrointestinal lymphatics and those of the left renal pelvis. Increasing the intra-abdominal pressure by means of a corset abolished the patient's chyluria. The diagnosis, pathogenesis and successful treatment in this case are discussed. The patient was studied under rigidly controlled conditions for eight weeks, during which time a series of absorption experiments were conducted. About 20 per cent of the intestinal lymph was shunted into the urine. Only the long-chain fatty acids were absorbed via the lymphatic pathways. Lecithin was not absorbed as such, but only after conversion to triglycerides.

About 17 cases of deafness caused by Streptomycin therapy, pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry were done. The result swere as follows: (1) Between pure tone hearing loss and hearing loss for speech, correlation was recognized. (2) The correlation was also recognized, between pure tone hearing loss, and discrimination loss. (3) Between pure tone hearing loss and Social Adequacy Index, inverse correlation was recognized. (4) When hearing loss was more than 50db at 4000c/s, the patients complained of deafness.

It is a great honor for me to address the membership of this society and its guests in my role as President.

1. The new colorimetric method of determining copper content in biological matter reported by Drs. Kimura and Murakami was studied, and found extremely suitable for clinical investigation of copper.2. Copper content of whole blood, serum, urine, liver and basal ganglia in normal persons and various patients were investigated.

1.1. Alum-ragweed precipitate is an alum-modified ragweed extract. The method of its preparation is described. 2.2. Alum-ragweed precipitate is an effective antigen for sensitizing guinea pigs to ragweed, which confirms the work of previous authors. 3.3. Local and systemic reactions from intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of alum-ragweed precipitate in ragweed sensitive patients are similar to those produced by equal protein nitrogen concentrations of aqueous ragweed extracts. 4.4. A slight delay in the absorption of the active pollen fractions of alum-ragweed precipitate as compared to aqueous ragweed extracts, was noted following subcutaneous injections in a series of normal adults. 5.5. The preseasonal treatment of a series of 24 ragweed sensitive patients with alum-ragweed precipitate is reported. 6.6. The active ragweed components of alum-ragweed precipitate are apparently identical to those of aqueous ragweed extract. 7.7. Further investigations are indicated, particularly: (a) variations in the chemical preparation of alum-ragweed precipitate, using greater concentrations of alum than 1 per cent; (b) variations in the methods of therapeutic administration.

There is no shortage of meetings, large or small, in biology and medicine. Yet for research groups within clinical departments or for the clinical investigator a unique hiatus exists. An investigator in one specialty cannot meet simultaneously with investigators in other specialties. Before anyone objects to this statement, let me elaborate. The basic subjects in the life sciences-for example, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, experimental pathology, and nutrition -are represented at a very large annual meeting held under an affiliation entitled Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. This meeting, made up of six independent societies, is criticized routinely for its hugeness-some 21,000 biologists attended the 1968 meeting in Atlantic City this spring. But the numerous advantages of such a meeting far outweigh the one disadvantage of size. People with mutual interests can get together once a year. Symposia are held, research papers presented, technical exhibits shown; and there is a placement center. For those at the other end of the spectrum in the life sciences, namely, practioners of medicine, an analogous meeting is held each year by the AMA. Again the disadvantage of the large attendance at the meeting, about 15,000 is offset by the numerous advantages made possible when clinicians from several branches of medicine are able to meet on a common ground. Most groups-basic scientists, clinical investigators and clinicians-have small specialized meetings or discussion groups throughout the year.

A pilot study performed on a group of patients with coronary heart disease has disclosed the simplicity of computer application of charting, recording, daily reporting and statistical analysis of clinical data. It has indicated that both physicians and paramedical personnel may make better use of their time by utilizing a computer to perform their daily bookkeeping routines. This report illustrates the requirements and application of a simple computer system to a specific problem of clinical investigation and gives guidelines for the expansion of its use in other areas of medical interest.

In attempting to rectify the common mistake of considering the heterogeneous group of diseases with the common symptom of ocular hypertension as a single disease entity with various stages, I have suggested an etiologic classification of glaucoma 1 based on clinical investigation. One of the diseases included in that classification is listed as hemorrhagic glaucoma, a term which has been applied to the form of glaucoma occurring in eyes with occlusion of the central retinal vein or its tributaries, in which repeated hemorrhages into the anterior chamber are frequently seen. The term should also include glaucoma associated with diabetic rubeosis iridis and perhaps glaucoma following massive retinal hemorrhages and hemorrhages into the vitreous. This paper is submitted to point out the common etiologic factors of this group of conditions and the justification for the term hemorrhagic glaucoma, as well as to indicate its differential diagnosis from other forms of glaucoma

Using 124 medical inpatients, this clinical investigation evaluated relationships between the subjects' manifest anxiety scores and nine characteristics of their present illness and past medical history. No significant relationships were found between severity of medical illness and anxiety levels, although patients with more serious illnesses tended to have less manifest anxiety. However, the type of illness was significantly related to both anxiety and to severity; patients with psychiatric illnesses tended to have the highest anxiety scores and the less severe medical illness, while those with cardiovascular diseases had lower anxiety scores and more serious illnesses. Distinctiveness of diagnosis was related to severity of illness, but not to anxiety. The mode oneset of the present illness (sudden or gradual), its duration, and four characteristics of the past medical history (number of illnesses in childhood and adult life, surgery, and trauma) were unrelated to anxiety scores. It appears that manifest anxiety is a specific psychobiologic reaction which is constitutionally determined. The implications of these findings for diagnosing medical patients' emotional distress are discussed.