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Summary The Ethnic Factor in the Development of Rural Settlements in Israel Surveys of development were carried out in 1958 and 1963 in 223 co-operative, small-holder villages which had been newly settled in Israel. The farmers in each village belonged to one of three groups - North African, Asiatic and Western - each one with sufficient distinct characteristics to warrant terming them ‘ethnic’ groups. In order to separate the effect of the ethnic factor, four external parameters which might have influenced the development of the villages were examined first. Only one, the allocation of natural means of production, was found to be unequally distributed among the three ethnic groups. The development of each ethnic group was then determined according to a model based on ten criteria, bearing on the social and economic situation of the villages. The study showed that the ethnic factor was important in determining the rate of development. The group with the highest level of technical background, the Western, exhibited the highest level of development in both survey years, but by the end of the five-year period, its level was slightly declining, while the levels of the other two groups were tending to catch up. Each ethnic group exhibited a specific rate of development, with the lower the starting point, the greater the development rate. The study bears on the adaptation of ‘folk’ people, who in most cases were not originally farmers, to modern agriculture with a complicated technology and organization, and on the importance of settling homogeneous ethnic groups, particularly in the case of non-modern people.

We propose to examine herein the position of the French and the English in the hierarchy of the economic structure. Not occupation as such, but positions of control are the centre of interest. Something of what we have in mind is indicated in the following quotation: “[Since] economic activity is quite as much organized through systems of administrative or canalizing controls as it is by the market, it is impossible to outline the structure of American economy without covering the structure of such controls. … In the conduct of economic activity the controls exercised by individuals or groups arise from three main sources: possession of one or more of the factors of production, possession of liquid assets, and position in relation to a functioning organization.”It is common knowledge among the residents of Quebec that the English exercise a greater share of financial control than their proportion of the population would warrant. The English and French are quite conscious of this difference and each have their accepted clichés for describing or explaining it. As yet no detailed analysis has been made of the measure of this financial control or of the ways in which it has been exercised. Nor has any previous study shown just how important the ethnic factor is in the structure of financial control. In this study our analysis is confined to Montreal.

The belief is pervasive among ghetto residents that lower courts in our urban communities dispense "assembly-line" justice; that from arrest to sentencing, the poor and uneducated are denied equal justice with the atffluent, that procedures such as bail and fines have been perverted to perpetuate class inequities. We have found that the apparatus of justice in some areas has itself become a focus for distrust and hostility. Too often the courts have operated to aggravate rather than relieve the tensions that ignite and fire disorders.1

Forty-three cases of malignant lymphoma in Saudi Arabs were reviewed. Seventy-nine percent showed evidence of intra-abdominal disease when first seen, and 42 percent presented with primary abdominal disease. Jejunal, ileal, and mesenteric lymph node involvement were the most frequent manifestations of primary abdominal disease. The high frequency of primary abdominal lymphoma in Saudi Arabs is comparable with that found in Israel among Arabs and Sephardic Jews, and suggests a common environmental or ethnic factor which modified the expression of malignant lymphoma in Semitic populations.

The systematic utilization of material resources by an organism to augment its natural attributes for maintaining survival and achieving comfort is that distinctively human characteristic called technology. Thus, the crudely chipped stone tools that provide the earliest evidence of technology are also the first clues that indicate an anthropoid had become a hominid. But, though this trait of mankind is both unique and universal, it is not uniform. Since the Lower Paleolithic there have been differences in the inventory of equipment used within the various societies throughout the world. The initiation of such differences was undoubtedly the result of many factors, such as distinctions in the environment and availability of materials, as well as the idiosyncracies of the innovative individuals among the