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The present National Space Surveillance capability has been surveyed, and specific areas of interest have been identified in the high-altitude regime (above 7500 n. mi.), such as catalogue maintenance and orbit computation, active space defense, intruder detection, and parameter definition for use in advanced planning. A study of methods of improving the high-altitude capability of the U.S. Naval Space Surveillance System (WS-434) also has been made, which indicates that a cost-effective program extending capability to synchronous altitude is feasible for 10 square meter-sized objects. The impact of this capability on space defense and on the Timation program is discussed. A proposed development plan for WS-434 upgrading is included in a Technical Addendum that is attached to this report. The report includes a table and 39 figures and graphs.

The report documents the USA Land Warfare Laboratory's Foliage Penetration Radar program including the historical aspects, the technology developed and four resulting systems that saw combat in Southeast Asia. Application of the FOPEN technology to intrusion detection systems, airborne FOPEN radars, swimmer detection systems, and a radar capable of detecting low flying aircraft concealed by foliage are presented. A review of signal processing techniques and tradeoffs for ground surveillance radars and a summary of propagation research concludes the report.

The patent describes an intrusion detection apparatus employing two spaced-apart TV cameras having lines of observation which intersect to form a three dimensional monitored locale of interest and a TV monitor having a display tube and connected to respond to output signals from said TV cameras. The cameras and monitors being synchronized to identify the presence and location of an intruder object in said locale of interest. In another aspect the invention comparator-adder analyzing circuitry is provided between the cameras and monitor such that the monitor is actuated only when the video from both cameras is identical at a given instant. Assuming each camera is directed to observe a different background and that the focus is adjusted to substantially eliminate background signals, then only signals from the intruder object are observed and it is observed only in the monitored locale.

The patent describes an intrusion alarm system that employs a radio link and transpond system to provide remote site security. Each remote site has a transponder and a plurality of sensors. The system is capable of handling about 1000 remote site transponders wherein each transponder has a distinct code to which it responds. The code is encoded by the control system for transmission to all of the remote sites where it is decoded and compared with the code assigned the transponder at each site. The transponder at that site will interrogate the sensors and will transmit a signal back to the receiver of the control system if the site is secure. If a sensor activation has occurred or there has been an equipment failure the remote site transponder would not transmit and the control system would generate an alarm indicating intrusion at the site of that transponder.

A study was conducted to investigate the generation and propagation of microseismic signals from man-walking targets. To illustrate the relation between terrain parameters and Rayleigh wage generation and propagation, the problem was divided into four parts, which were then studied graphically. These parts were: (a) the target-ground interaction, (b) energy coupling to the substrate, (c) Rayleigh wave propagation from the source, and (d) transmission of Rayleigh waves over surface macrogeometry features. Parameters that are included in the terrain model are: (a) surface rigidity in terms of nonlinear surface spring constants and (b) subsurface rigidity in terms of seismic properties (wave velocities and bulk density) and layer thickness. The terrain combinations include a wide variation in site conditions and have realism in terms of environments found in nature. Sample problems are included to demonstrate the signal construction techniques and are analyzed to show the effect of the various terrain parameters on the generation and propagation of the Rayleigh waves.

A few days after General Lucius D. Clay took command of the Seventh Air Force on 1 September 1970, he asked the question: "What actions are being taken by Seventh Air Force Headquarters when an increased threat is estimated at 7AF bases?" In reply the 7AF Director of Security Police (IGS) outlined the actions to be taken in the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) to protect U.S. Air Force installations from enemy attacks, and delineated the responsibilities required to protect those installations. Among the many U.S. Air Force installations in the RVN were several listed as critical to the success of the mission of the United States Air Force in Southeast Asia. The installations specified (not necessarily in order of priority) were as follows: Tan Son Nhut Airfield and the Headquarters 7th Air Force complex; Bien Hoa Air Base; Cam Ranh Air Base; Nha Trang Air Base; Da Nang Airfield; Binh Thuy Air Base; Pleiku Airport; LORAN (Long Range Aerial Navigation) Facility at Tan My; Det 9, 619th TCS Control and Reporting Post (CRP) at Ban Me Thuot; Det 11, 619th TCS CRP on Hon Tre Island (near Nha Trang); Phan Rang Air Base; Phu Cat Air Base; and 620th TCS Control and Reporting Center (CRC) at Monkey Mountain (Da Nang). U.S. Air Force security forces, Free World Military Assistance Forces (FWMAF), and Republic of South Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF) shared the responsibility to protect these installations. This report discusses the following topics: intelligence, base defense, manning the defense, foliage, minefields, lights and illumination, fencing and wire, bunkers, revetments, dogs, personnel, Tactical Security Support Equipment (TSSE), Project Safe Look, standoff weapons attack, standoff attack at Nha Trang, standoff attack at Phu Cat, sapper attack, sapper reconnaissance, sapper standoff attack. A chronology of significant attacks from January 1969 to July 1971 is included., Project CHECO was established in 1962 to document and analyze air operations in Southeast Asia. Over the years the meaning of the acronym changed several times to reflect the escalation of operations: Current Historical Evaluation of Counterinsurgency Operations, Contemporary Historical Evaluation of Combat Operations and Contemporary Historical Examination of Current Operations. Project CHECO and other U.S. Air Force Historical study programs provided the Air Force with timely and lasting corporate insights into operational, conceptual and doctrinal lessons from the war in SEA.

The characteristics of the present conflict in Southeast Asia, wherein United States and allied forces are in constant and close proximity to enemy ground forces, are unique and unprecedented in recent U.S. military history. Military installations are in continuous likelihood of being attacked at a time and place of the enemy's choosing. The variety of strategies and tactics available to the enemy is limited only by the types and quantity of weapons at his disposal. He is inclined to select targets which provide the greatest payoff for the expenditures incurred. Much of the enemy activity, therefore, has been directed against air bases, since they present to him a concentration of lucrative targets. Initially, enemy action against air bases was usually in the form of attempted penetration of the base perimeter. Later, as perimeter defenses were improved, standoff attacks with mortar and rockets were favored by the enemy. As each change or improvement in base defense has taken place, the enemy has shifted the method and tactics of his attacks. Consequently, air base defense efforts in SEA have been an evolutionary development to provide the best level of security and defense against a spectrum of potential threats. Presenting a general analysis of overall USAF air base defense efforts, this CHECO report specifically addresses many facets which have limited or constrained the development of USAF air base defense. It analyzes selected major attacks to identify necessary changes occurring in base defense concepts and techniques, and outlines the development of the SAFE SIDE concept and the progress of Operation SAFE LOOK. Chapter VI prompts a comparison of USAF air base defense in the Republic of Vietnam with defenses in Thailand and the Republic of Korea., Project CHECO was established in 1962 to document and analyze air operations in Southeast Asia. Over the years the meaning of the acronym changed several times to reflect the escalation of operations: Current Historical Evaluation of Counterinsurgency Operations, Contemporary Historical Evaluation of Combat Operations and Contemporary Historical Examination of Current Operations. Project CHECO and other U. S. Air Force Historical study programs provided the Air Force with timely and lasting corporate insights into operational, conceptual and doctrinal lessons from the war in SEA.

A capacitor microphone was tested with tempera ture, humidity and pressure effects considered. Improvements stemmed from increased demand upon its characteristics and from inadequacies found during initial field use. An important area studied was a reasonably accurate method of checking the sensitivity calibration of the microphone. Ideally, it should require minimum equipment, be inexpensive, and be accurate within reason. Temperature, humidity, and pressure (altitude) effects on various methods were studied. The calibration described provides a good compromise among the above factors. Atmos pheric effects either do not become a considera tion or they can be correlated directly to a correction factor. Considerable test and com parison data was obtained on the Mark II Micro barograph. It was convenient to give this micro phone the same tests as the capacitor microphone and the results were informative. Several alter nate methods of signal handling were considered. The most promising three were an FM system, a Pulse Deviation Modulation (PDM) system and a BrT system. Sufficient sensitivity could be obtained from each if a suitable, inexpensive detector system could be developed.

This publication is concerned with the industrial defense of facilities within the communications industry, particularly those which are vital to industrial mobilization. It supersedes the material contained in 'Standards for Plant Protection,' Department of Defense, 1 June 1952, insofar as the communications industry is concerned. These Criteria have been developed jointly by representatives of the Department of Defense and representatives of the communications industry and are specially tailored to be used for that portion of the communications industry which comes under the provisions of the Armed Forces Industrial Defense Regulation, dated September 1960, or revisions thereof. The application of these Criteria by industry is desirable. These Criteria are intended as material for the guidance of both government representatives and company management in appraising the status of security of key communications facilities.

The purpose of this program was to obtain information on utilization of acoustical phenomena for target location, recognition and identification by suitable devices which in turn may be used as aids for more effective use of night viewing devices. Considerable attention was paid to finding techniques which made sounds more intelligible; the human auditory analytic apparatus was to be supplemented, not replaced. A combination of suitable ground-coupled infrasound pickups and an infrasonic-to-audio converter enabled a listener to detect the sound of footsteps at a range of 200 yards or more, about four times what he could do with his unaided ears. With a crude ground-coupled binaural listening system, an impact signal could be located to about plus or minus 15 degrees. Air coupled listening systems were tested that gave ranges of about 40 yards for footsteps and 190 yards for intelligibility of a man's voice, each about a twofold improvement over the unaided ear.

The paper documents two computer programs used to acquire analog signals using a small computer. The first program accepts operator inputs specifying the number of analog inputs and parameters for each channel governing the sampling and logging procedure. This information is passed to the second program via magnetic tape. The second program performs the data acquisition and logging. (Author), See also Volume 1, AD-885 796L.

Field data were collected in the final part of a two-part study to establish seismic response characteristics, their distribution, and the environmental factors that influence them. Data were collected in two United States Army Tropic Test Center seismic sensor test areas (Gamboa and Alpha) in the Panama Canal Zone during the 1971 wet season. Detailed seismic and environmental data are presented, and special seismic response tests (drop-hammer, man-walking, vegetation effects, reproducibility and ambient-noise) conducted in various environmental conditions at 24 sites in the Gamboa test area and 11 sites in the Alpha test area are described. Also included are results of a multicorrelation analysis used to relate the seismic response descriptors-peak particle velocity (PPV), peak summed particle velocity (PSPV), and sum-frequency (f)--to the environmental measures. (Modified author abstract), Prepared in cooperation with Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.

The report contains information, program listing and flowcharts on the programs known as ACTIVE, BRIDGE and XPLOT. These programs are designed to analyze the activation signals from unattended intrusion sensors and to detect consistent track patterns. (Author)