Search

Two cases of compound, depressed skull fractures with resultant brain lacerations incurred during the sport of water skiing are presented. A recommendation is made for the utilization of a light plastic helmet of international orange color by water skiers.

Four groups of 14- to 16-year-old boys in a North Vancouver junior high school were closely matched on the basis of their scores on three indices. In one out of their four weekly physical education periods they took different training programs: 1). interval circuit training, emphasizing endurance and strength training, 2) conventional circuit training with endurance running, 3) conventional circuit training with games activity, 4) playing games only. The effect of introducing these different programs in a typical weekly school program was studied. Gains were made by all groups in all the indices 2 months later. The largest gains were by the interval circuit training group, particularly in the strength index.

THE breeding places of Antarctic penguins are along the coast. These truly aquatic birds are known to travel great distances at sea, but there are very few records of wanderings inland. Wilson (1907: 57) mentions that Adelie Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, have been seen on. the Ross Ice Shelf, about 110 kilometers inland from the sea. Recently, a fairly well-preserved carcass of an Adelie Penguin was found lying on bare ground 24 kilometers from the sea near mummified Crabeater Seals, Lobodon carcinophages, in the MAIcMIurdo Sound area (Pewe, Rivard, and Llano, 1959). The present paper reports on two penguin tracks that were found, within a day of each other, by two U.S. traverse teams during the International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. One track was about 300 kilometers (186 miles) and the other about 400 kilometers (250 miles) from the nearest known sea. The first was seen on 31 December 1957 by N. B. Augenbaugh, who was a member of the Ellsworth Station traverse party traveling on the Filchner Ice Shelf. At approximately 67?00'W, 78o50'S, and at an elevation of about 61 meters (200 feet), the party came across an indistinct track in the snow. Photographs convinced us that it was made by a walking penguin (Figure 1). Although positive identification was not possible, the track was most likely made by an Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri. The track was running east-west; however, the direction of the bird could not be ascertained. This bird wvas over 400 kilometers from the known edge of the Filchner Ice Shelf and about 500 kilometers from the nearest (and recently discovered) Emperor rookery in Gould Bay farther southeast (Figure 3). The second observation was made on 1 January 1958 during the Byrd Station traverse. When traveling on the Ellsworth Highland, between Kohler Range and the Sentinel Mountains, at 77'30'S, 98?54'W, and at an elevation of 1,440 meters (4,720 feet), the party crossed a recently made penguin track in the snow (Figure 3). The bird was heading South 200 East true in a remarkably straight line. The track was followed for about 2 kilometers, and over this distance it showed less than a 20 deviation in direction. The bird had walked for only two meters; for the rest of the way, it had tobogganed on its belly. The size of the footprints was 8 x 5 cm. and the standing stride 30 cm. The width of the groove caused by the breast of the tobogganing bird was 6 to 9 cm. When tobogganing, a penguin propells itself with its feet. The distance

Definition Skin diving, as the term is now used, refers to the underwater sport of free diving, in which the participant wears a face mask and rubber flippers. Free diving implies that the diver is unencumbered by air or life lines extending to the surface. The sport has several ramifications, among which are spearfishing, photography, and exploration. In general skin divers are amateurs; however, there are a few professionals who teach the sport and market the various items of equipment. Skin divers are divided into two groups: (1) those who carry a self-contained air or oxygen supply, and (2) those who depend on breath holding. The former are able to carry out deeper and more extensive dives, the duration of which is limited by the capacity of the gas supply. The latter, of necessity, must be content with shallow dives of short duration. History Prior to World War II skin

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between circuit training and the improvement of endurance, speed, weight, and strength of swimmers during a six-week training period. Two groups of 12 college men were equated on the basis of distance swum in a 15-minute endurance test using the front crawl only. Both groups were also tested for swimming speed over 33 1/3 yd., height, weight, and ability to perform dips, chins, vertical jump, and push-ups. The experimental group combined circuit training and swimming in the program, but the control group had swimming only. It was found in the re-test at the end of six weeks, that the experimental group had made significant gains in swimming endurance and speed, weight, and ability to perform chins and push-ups. The control group made significant gains in swimming endurance and weight. It was also noted that the control group had a marked tendency to lose strength as measured by ability to perform chins, vertical jump, and push-up...

The recent spread of the free-diving technique has made direct contact with the sublittoral environment relatively simple. The advantages of this to the ecologist need not be stressed.The rather more cumbersome and expensive standard diving method had had already been used by Gislén (1930), Kitching, Macan & Gilson (1934), Kitching (1937, 1941), Zalokar (1942), Bursa, Wojtusiak & Wojtusiak (1948) and Waern (1952). Drach (1948 a,b,1949, 1951) was the first to exploit free diving for ecological purposes and was followed by Forster (1954, 1955, 1958), Pérès & Piccard (1949), Ernst (1955), Laborel & Vacelet (1958), Knight-Jones & Clifford Jones (1956) and Aleem (1956).

Two groups of 17 subjects enrolled in required physical education were equated on the basis of the modified Harvard Step Test. The experimental group participated in circuit training twice a week for four weeks. The control group took part in the regular service program consisting of badminton and volleyball. At the conclusion of the experimented period, all subjects were retested on the modified Harvard Step Test. The experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement whereas the control group did not show a statistically significant improvement over the 4-week period. The final test between groups showed no significant differences.

As an attempt in determining the relative effectiveness of three time allotments to circuit training and active games in a typical physical education class period, treatment groups were assigned either a 5- and 25-minute, a 10- and 20-minute, or a 15- and 15-minute distribution of time. Pre- and post-measures were taken on six circuit exercises: leg-exchanges, squat-thrusts, sit-ups, bench-steps, push-ups, and pull-ups. Significant improvement was observed for all three groups on all exercise. The 15-minute allotment to circuit training resulted in significantly better performances on sit-ups and leg-exchanges than the 5-minute allotment, but in lower performance on bench-steps when compared to the 10-minute allotment.

Although William Hobson Mills was born in London, on 6 July 1873, he was fundamentally a Lincolnshire man. His father, William Henry Mills, was an architect, whose biography is given inLincolnshire Leaders(p. 109), by C. A. Manning Press (Jarrolds 1894), and his mother, of maiden name Emily Wiles Quincey Hobson, was the daughter of William Hobson, the owner of one of the chief business houses in Spalding in Lincolnshire. Moreover, Mills’s parents moved to Spalding in the autumn of 1873, so that he became a Lincolnshire man in every respect other than that of his birthplace. Mills was educated first at Spalding Grammar School and then at Uppingham School. It was at Uppingham in the winter of 1890 that he had an accident whilst tobogganing in the snow, severing an Achilles tendon. Mills remarks in some brief biographical notes that this injury ‘limited his outdoor activities’: this was certainly true during his youth, but those who first met him in his middle age and found how vigorously he cycled and walked in his visits to the fens in search of plants and birds, would scarcely have realized that he suffered any handicap. He entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in October 1892 and read natural sciences. The injury to his foot, however, caused him to remain at home for the academic year 1893-1894. He returned to Cambridge in October 1894, and obtained a First Class in the Natural Sciences Tripos, Part I, in 1896, and in Part II (Chemistry) in 1897.

One possible explanation of nonossifying fibroma2 of bone is that it represents a growth disturbance rather than a true neoplasm (1–3). The case reported here is believed to support this view. J. W., female, age 7 years, was first seen on Feb. 1, 1954. On Jan. 29, she had fallen while roller skating. Subsequent to this, she complained of pain in the left leg and was unable to walk. Examination revealed ecchymosis, tenderness, and swelling over the distal end of the left tibia. Radiographs revealed an infraction of the lateral tibial cortex through an oval, loculated area of radiotranslucency (Fig. 1). Skeletal survey revealed no other lesions. The child was treated with a long leg cast until March 1, 1954. On that date, an excisional biopsy and homogeneous bone graft were done. At the time of operation, it was found that the distal third of the tibial cortex was thinned and that the area of radiotranslucency contained a grumous, yellowish material. This was reported by the pathologist as nonossifying fibr...

n/a

Eleven volunteers were compared to nine students in a scheduled physical education class. The two groups were considered to be equivalent in anthropometrical and functional tests. The experimental group (N = 11) participated in a circuit training (10 exercises) program in addition to the regular physical education program for a period of six weeks, with three training sessions per week. Favorable effects on both functional and morphological parameters were obtained. Maximum oxygen intake and oxygen pulse were increased. Pulse rate adaptation was more efficient and heart volume was enlarged. Muscular development could be observed; especially the chest, thigh, and arm girths were increased. The effect upon ventilation was minor.

Skin diving with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) has hazards that distinguish it both from free diving during short periods of voluntary apnea and from traditional diving with helmet, pump, and connecting tubes. It is also necessary to distinguish between the type of scuba in which the expired carbon dioxide is absorbed chemically, the needed oxygen is added, and the nitrogen is rebreathed from the type in which the expired air is simply discharged into the water as bubbles. Although the latter form is less dangerous, it has its hazards, including air embolism, decompression illness, nitrogen narcosis, oxygen intoxication, rupture of eardrums, and squeeze. Squeeze, the pressing of body tissues into air-filled spaces in the diving costume, is particularly damaging to the eyes. The bulging of the eyes into goggles is hard to avoid, but if a mask is worn instead of goggles the danger can be decreased by discharging air from the nose into the mask whenever pressures increase.

It is generally accepted that the depth to which a breath hold diver can descend is determined by the ratio of the RV to the TLC. If the diver descends farther, it is predicted that he would develop a “thoracic squeeze” as the intrathoracic pressure became less than the ambient pressure. The fact that divers have gone to depths at which the lung volume must have been less than 20% of the surface volume suggests that some mechanism other than a decrease of the thoracic cage to RV must occur. The subject in the present study started each dive after expiring maximally. He was able to go as deep as 4.75 m without the development of a significant difference between the esophageal pressure and the ambient pressure at depth, both measured and recorded directly. These experiments indicated that the gas volume must have been compressed from the subjectś RV of 2.0 litres to 1.4 litre. It is suggested that this change of 600 cc could be due to a shift of blood from the peripheral to the central circulation. This additional mechanism of gas compression would help explain manś demonstrated ability to dive to 65 m.

1. 1. Cardiovascular adjustments to voluntary exercise and diving have been studied in two species of penguins ( Pygoscelis papua and P. adeliae ) using techniques for telemetry of blood flow, blood pressure and heart rate. 2. 2. Free exercise resulted in a rise in heart rate (from 122 to 278 beats/min), mean blood pressure (from 92 to 163 mm Hg) and femoral blood flow (from 24 to 59 ml/min). This response was little modified when birds were exercised on a treadmill. 3. 3. Arterial oxygen tension during exercise rose from 70 to 80 mm Hg while venous oxygen tension fell from 38 to 28 mm Hg, resulting in increased oxygen utilization. Severe exercise reduced arterial pH from 7·55 to 7·25. 4. 4. In free swimming, heart rate was 227 beats/min, femoral flow, 40 ml/min and carotid flow, 55 ml/min. During voluntary dives heart rate fell to approximately one-third as did femoral flow to one-fourth and carotid flow by 30 per cent. Forced dives differed by causing considerable struggling accompanied by transient changes in heart rate and blood flows. 5. 5. Only minor changes in blood oxygen tensions and pH were observed after free diving. Forced dives of 90–120 sec caused reductions of arterial oxygen tension from 82·4 to 33·5 mm Hg, venous oxygen tension from 43·5 to 27·5 mm Hg while pH fell from 7·48 to 7·37. Recovery showed a continued but transient decline in pH and venous oxygen tension. At 30 sec pH was 7·27 and venous p O 2 , 25 mm Hg, while arterial oxygen tension had risen near control, 71·5 mm Hg.

Were we being followed? A quick glance over my shoulder assured me that we were. We were greatly outnumbered, and knew from past experience that our followers were hungry. The thought of food was obviously foremost in their tiny brains. They seemed to know that we would provide them with their dinner. We made no effort to elude them as we leisurely swam toward the sandy bottom, for these timid creatures in our wake were old friends of ours. I watched as my companion glided downward to an algae-covered rock. Carefully he dislodged it. A small crayfish darted out, only to be pounced upon by a horde of flashing silver forms. Our friends, the rock bass, had lost all fear now. Impatiently they waited as Chuck rolled over the large rocks on the bottom of the river in that languid, effortless fashion of men who invade the world of water. The ravenous throng seemed disappointed as the interloper snatched first one and then another of the larger crayfish and placed them in the flimsy sack which flowed from his belt. Looking up, Chuck smiled as he watched the goggled-eyed fish hovering around him with their disappointed, mildly reproving expressions over having lost another large crayfish. Suddenly he laughed! Even when only ten feet below the surface laughing is a near calamity. Up he went! He was still gurgling and spitting water when I surfaced. Lifting our face masks we swam lazily to a sun-baked sand bar for a rest, and the unfinished portion of his laugh. The collection of biological materials for the class room usually entails a considerable amount of work, but we hesitated to consider our afternoon's activity as "work." Spending an afternoon in the fishes' "back yard" is an education in itself, but this underwater venture was also profitable in terms of the materials that we had collected. Our two hours of sport had yielded enough clams, crayfish, turtles, leeches, snails and other materials for an entire school year of laboratory study and dissection. But by far the most pleasant aspect of our adventure was the element of exploration. To the observer with a face mask every familiar lake, pond, and river becomes a new and unexplored world. Much has been written recently about shallow water diving (sometimes called "skin diving" or "free diving"). Many coastal colleges and universities have integrated this sport into their biology program as a supplement to conventional laboratory work. Relatively little attention, however, appears to have been directed toward freshwater free diving. The vast majority of our schools (both high schools and colleges) are inland. Most of these schools have adequate bodies of water near at hand, ready to open entirely new vistas for the curious and progressive biology teacher and his students. Yet, virtually none of our inland high schools have made any serious effort to include this type of field experience into their biology work. Contrary to one's initial supposition, practically no equipment is necessary for such a field trip. Only the face mask is actually mandatory. These masks enclose the eyes and nose, and should be used instead of goggles. Goggles offer much less protection to the diver and are much less durable. Swim fins are a great aid in underwater work; they increase the swimmer's speed, and permit him to swim easily without having to use his hands. This "eemancipation" of the hands tremendously increases the amount of work which can be accomplished in any given dive. The swim fins, however, are not necessary for field trips such as are considered here. A mesh or net sack (such as potato or onion sacks), with a band of elastic woven through its open end and attached to the belt of the swimmer, serves most admirably as a collecting bag. The inability to swim will curtail the activities of many students, but such field trips greatly increase their desire and their opportunities to learn how to swim. Non-swimmers can participate in the activities too. With a properly fitted face mask, the non-swimming student may wade into the water only waist deep and, by placing his face in the water, observe this new medium and collect many

Search of the literature fails to reveal the use of sulfanilamide 1 heretofore in the treatment of gas gangrene. It appears to be a valuable adjunct in this respect and offers great promise with regard to saving of limb and life. Case 1.— W. C., a Negro youth aged 15, admitted to Franklin Square Hospital Jan. 12, 1937, after being struck by an automobile while roller skating, suffered mild shock and concussion, a transverse fracture of the right femur in the mid third, and a compound fracture of the left femur in the lower third which extended longitudinally through the metaphysis and involved the outer half of the epiphyseal cartilage plate; the proximal fragment protruded through the lateral surface of the thigh above the knee. The wound area was treated, the compound fracture was reduced, dressings of dry gauze were applied, and both fractures were splinted; 1,500 units of tetanus

A drop-net, 70 x 70 ft, made of No. 60 nylon with 3'/2-inch mesh, was developed to capture deer in areas of high deer density. An explosive trigger device was employed, fired by pushbutton or by radio control. In a 9-month period, about 340 animals were captured, mostly white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and axis deer (Axis axis). The average catch was 10 and the maximum was 23. The drop-net trap is highly portable, can be erected quickly, and permits individual animals to be selected for capture. In trapping white-tailed deer and axis deer in central Texas in box traps, several problems were presented. Traps were bulky to move about and were readily sprung by other animals. Because of buck dominance at a bait station, a preponderance of bucks was often captured, resulting in the capture of too few does during the limited trapping period. The box traps were not big enough to accommodate axis deer which normally feed in a group. If several deer entered at one time the door would not close properly. Axis deer also were subject to excessive injury in a box trap. As a method to overcome some of these problems, the drop-net deer trap was developed as a means of mass capture in areas of high deer density.2 The drop-net is a modification of one developed by Glazener et al. (1964) for use on turkeys. Acknowledgment is due M. J. Anderegg for assistance in testing the net and developing deer-handling procedures. CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRAP Preliminary trials were made with a net of No. 60 spun polypropylene with 4-inch square mesh, but this net proved too light and was replaced with one made of No. 60 nylon, rated at 550 pounds breaking strength, with 3?-inch mesh. The net is 70 ft square The net was treated with Netset (Adams Net and Twine, East St. Louis, Illinois) to retard knot slippage and abrasion, and to give a dull finish. A 4-inch steel ring was tied at the center. Four lengths of pipe, 2 inches x 10 ft, were used as corner posts. All posts were equipped with a boat winch bolted in the center of the pipe and a 4-inch pulley bolted to the top as described by Glazener et al. (1964). A 12-ft length of 11/4-inch lightweight steel tubing supported the center of the net. Two %i6-inch chains, 16 ft long and fitted with hooks, were used at each corner as anchors. Stakes made from %4-inch reinforcing steel, 2? ft long, were driven to sufficient depth for deadmen. Corner triggers and center trigger, similar to the one described by Sugden (1956), are shown in Fig. 1. A 16-inch length of Y4-inch braided polyethylene (commonly used as tow rope for water skiing) was used as a trigger. With a special splicing fid, loops were spliced in each end of the trigger rope and a blasting cap inserted. The firing device contained a sensitive (Sigma 4 F; 10,000 ohms) relay to close the blasting-caps circuit. The wiring diagram is shown in Fig. 2. A simple push1 Contribution from the Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program, Project W-76-R, U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department cooperating. 2 Hawkins et al. (1968) have recently employed the cannon net for trapping deer, to avoid difficulties associated with box traps.

The Weather Bureau, in response to the wide-spread demand on the part of winter-sports enthusiasts throughout the Northeastern States for reliable and unbiased information concerning skiing, tobogganing, skating, and other sports conditions, inaugurated a reporting service on December 2, 1938, to meet this public need. The service, which will be expanded at an early date to include the winter-sports fields of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is at present confined to five districts covering New England and New York State, as indicated in Figure 1.

IN a letter to NATURE in February, 1876, I suggested that the sailing-flight of birds and the flight of flying-fishes could be explained as tobogganing under almost perfect conditions, and in 1889 the late Duke of Argyll accepted this, in a letter to the Spectator, as a correct and sufficient explanation. My old friend the late Prof. H. N. Moseley, a member of the Challenger staff, held the view that a quivering, imperceptible to the eye, of the wings and fins was the true explanation. I do not know which explanation has been generally accepted, but I Would suggest that a kinematographic picture of the flying-fish ought to settle the question finally, if it is not already settled.