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Paying workers doesn't necessarily motivate them. In order to use money as a motivator, it is necessary that pay be contingent on effective performance. That is, the reward system must be structured so that receiving pay depends on good performance. Money will then motivate performance because performance is instrumental to receiving payments. There are two essential aspects to motivating intrinsically. The first involves designing tasks which are interesting and which necessitate creativity and resourcefulness. The second involves allowing workers to participate in decisions which concern them so they will feel like they have a say about what they do. The newer participative management theories, then, stress the importance of giving employees a voice in decisions which affect them, and giving them greater latitude in the way they do their jobs. A system for motivating employees such as participative management which, through participation and job enlargement, attempts to arouse intrinsic motivation, appears to motivate effective performance at the same time that it satisfies intrinsic needs. To use money and other extrinsic rewards as effective motivators they must be made contingent on performance. However, doing this decreases intrinsic motivation.

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A classification of concepts of technology as operations technology, materials technology, and knowledge technology, is proposed. The construction of scales measuring operations technology at an organizational level of conceptualization, makes it possible to test the broad hypothesis that organizational technology is strongly related to organizational structure, by linear and nonlinear correlational analysis. On a stratified sample of diverse organizations in the English midlands, and on a subset of manufacturing organizations, this sweeping "technological imperative" hypothesis was generally not supported in successive tests. Operations technology was, however, associated with some variables, which are similar in that all were job-counts denoting the proportions employed in specified categories. This result, together with a detailed comparison with Woodward's findings in south-east Essex, leads to a reinterpretation of the role of technology. Operations technology is shown to affect only those structural variables immediately impinged on by the workflow. Thus the smaller the organization the more completely its structure is pervaded by the immediate effects of this technology; the larger the organization the more these effects are confined to variables such as the proportions employed in activities that are specifically linked with workflow, and technology is not related to the wider administrative and hierarchical structure. This interpretation, it is suggested, offers a synthesis for the long-standing divergence in organization theory between statements by classical management writers of management principles irrespective of technology, and the stress by behavioral scientists on the relevance of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of articles about marketing management. They include "The Rubber Products Industry," "Developmental Marketing," and "Scope, Pervasiveness, and Tension Management in Complex Organizations."

The article focuses on the problem of child abuse in the United States. There is an immediate need to understand the problem of child abuse and neglect. The U.S. Office of Education is planning to provide various grants to help and promote some models for educator training in the area of identification using local community resources. These models will make classrooms more useful for neglected and emotionally traumatized children. Family stress is found to be the basic reason behind the cases of child abuse and neglect.

A number of types of husband-wife interpersonal compatibility derived from Schutz's Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation inventory, or FIRO-B (14), were related to several measures of pair success in managing or dealing with occupational and life stresses. Types of compatibility included (a) interchange compatibility, (b) originator compatibility, and (c) reciprocal compatibility. The dependent variables were oriented towards mutual helping, open two-way communication, and effective joint problem solving. The data were obtained separately from husbands and their wives. In SS pairs, the husband was a member of an engineering association; in 74 pairs, an industrial accountant; and in 61 pairs, a chartered accountant. Few occupational differences were found. The results indicated that husband-wife compatibility as measured by the FIRO-B was not strongly related to measures of stress management. The statistically significant correlations ranged between .15 and .25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forms of social change are myriad: a revolutionary movement overthrows a ruling elite, an empire falls to barbarians, the rise of a business class transforms a traditional society, a criminal organization gains control over the life of a community, patterns of romantic love replace arranged marriage, intergroup hostility rises and falls. In such ways do the basic patterns of social life change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-choice discrimination task and various levels of electric shock have been used to investigate possible determiners of anticipatory stress, and individual differences in performance decrements resulting from such stress. In general, disruption increases as the threatening event comes closer, as the perceived probability of its occurrence becomes greater, and as the perceived degree of unpleasantness is increased. Whether or not the anticipated unpleasant event really occurred in previous exposures influences behavior in subsequent exposures. There are several indications that anticipatory physical threat stress has a curvilinear relationship to performance, with low amounts of threat enhancing performance. There were wide individual differences in susceptibility to performance disruption by threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article cites a study on individual management towards disagreements, credibility and experienced stress. Study has investigated that when the individual was confronted with disagreement from other individuals has shown internal consistency of his self-evaluation, his evaluation of the others and the evaluation he guessed they had made of him. It was observed that during mild agreement with other individuals he has shown a relative decrease of stress and greater consistency of self-other evaluation. While he experienced more stress and less consistent on his self-other attitudes during large disagreement.

The article presents a study about the relationship between anxiety and oral word association performance in the U.S. The subjects were students in the introductory psychology course who volunteered as part of the course requirements. They instructed to respond to each stimulus word with the first word which came to mind. While the second administration evaluates the total number of words. The study was evaluated with reaction time data, reproduction faults, communality of response words and the analysis of the 99 words. The results reported that under certain conditions high subjects emit more interfering response tendencies than low anxious subjects.

The article discusses an analysis as an attempt to contribute to the existence of theoretical perspective regarding the social psychological nature of enduring stress situations. Based on the analysis, a theoretical framework was formulated that can be summarized by several propositions from the state intervention of stress between antecedent constraint and consequent efforts to the nature of the adaptiveness responses. These assumptions refer to the classes of stressors as social in nature which do not have physical harm to the individual.

The article examines the use of a self-rating scale in a fearful situation and infers that a tendency to admit fear in the rating scale is an aspect of susceptibility to stress. The subjects, airborne trainees, were asked to mark on a self scale the amount of fear they felt during the mock-tower jumping. They study appeared to show the reliability and validity of a self rating on fear. The finding that admission of fear was related to the previous confidence about stressful situations led to the questions specific to stress might be prolific in investigating the correlates of susceptibility to stress.

Presents a study which focused on the evaluation of physician management of diabetic patients prior to abdominal surgery. Management of diabetes prior to operation; Treatment of stress in diabetic patients; Therapy of diabetic acidosis.

Presents a case studies on the physical symptoms of stress. Identification of symptoms in patients; Medical history of patients; Factors that influenced localization of symptoms.

The article presents a study which is aimed to examine the effects of anxiety on cohesiveness and rejection. The author evaluates the factors that causes changes in cohesiveness and the effects of anxiety on group functioning. The researcher studied the effect which an individual who has been anxious while working in a group may cause to the latter. The prediction of greater cohesiveness with increased anxiety stems from the work done on the relationship between anxiety and affiliation. Results indicated that anxiety reduction occurs as a result of being with others, cohesiveness remains unaffected with anxiety, and rejection increases with greater anxiety.

Patient anxiety during three phases of a dental appointment indicated that subjectively experienced anxiety increased as treatment approached and dramatically decreased after treatment. The amount of anxiety change was different for men and women. Implications for anxiety reduction in the dentist's office are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationship of psychological stress principles to dentistry, with the primary focus of the article being on stress. It distinguishes psychological stress from physiologic stress, and mentions that while there is no necessary damage to tissues, the body can undergo some of the same physiological changes when under psychological stress as it does with physical stress. It comments on research into effective methods of reducing psychological stress.

The article discusses the advantages of taking a college course at a delayed time in the U.S. Those who pursue a belated college career are found to be better when it comes to conservation of financial resources and tend to appreciate their opportunities more fully. In addition, they can also stand the physical stress of diligent study and can easily grasp the studies they undertake.

The article compares a group of patients in whom the onset of psychiatric illness was associated with acute environmental stress with another group of patients of similar age and sex in whom no such precipitating stresses were found. The authors have stated that if one accepts a null hypothesis, namely that acute stress factors are insignificant events in the train of causality of psychiatric breakdown, then the two groups should show insignificant differences in criteria not directly related to the acute stress factors used in the process of selection.

The article focuses on the introduction of metronome-conditioned relaxation (MCR), the new way to facilitate deep muscular relaxation and is regarded as efficient, reliable and convenient. MCR consists of two-part training sessions. First, the patient is instructed to tense and then relax eight major muscle groups in a fixed order. Then, the patients are given with more general suggestions of physical and psychological relaxation. This new behavioral procedure can be used in systematic desensitization to train the patients to achieve a deeply relaxed and anxiety-inhibiting state. It is also useful in managing and treating disorders which are characterized by excessive muscular tension and anticipatory anxiety.

The article presents a paper on infantile eczema. Researchers regards this condition as occurring in children who have inherited a hypersensitivity both of skin and emotions and they react briskly to many stimuli. Once the condition has been established many stimuli such as teething, infection, frustration etc., will keep the condition going. In the management of the case great stress is rightly laid on explaining the nature of the condition to the parents and not only do the infants require sedation--bromide for preference--but it is a good practice to give sedatives to the parents.

The article shares the importance of having vacation as one refreshes from all worries and stressful works from previous school year. An adequate time for leisure helps one to gear up one's body and gaining another energy for the next opening of school. The summer experience brings to collect more ideas and tools in learning.