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The main aim of this study is to identify the shape variation of lungs which are affected by COVID-19 with the help of Hough Transform and Radon transform features. The dataset is taken from the kaggle open source. A total of 200 image samples are obtained using G-Power, by fixing the parameters such as effect size (d) is given 0.57, standard error rate is given as 0.05 and power is given as 0.80 respectively. These segmented images are used in this analysis for differentiation of normal and COVID subjects using the Radon transform for the shape features extraction. By using SPSS software the significance of the best algorithm is obtained. Shape features which are extracted by Hough transform and Radon transform algorithms are classified by using KNN and SVM classifiers. From the obtained results, the feature values of Radon moments are observed to be statistically significant for M15,7 (p=0.03) compared to Hough transformed moments M10,8 (p=0.06). The mean and standard values of M15,7 for inter (normal and COVID) subjects are (0.51±0.24, 0.10±0.05) for Radon normalised features. The mean and standard deviation values of M10,8 for inter subjects are (0.21±0.04, 0.18±0.03) for Hough normalised features. From the above mentioned values, it is clear that the COVID subjects have loss in shape of lungs due to abnormality. The accuracy and F1 score values of Radon transform are 100 and 100 using KNN and SVM classifiers respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above analysis it is clearly observed that Radon transform provides better classification between normal and COVID subjects when compared to Hough transform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing the performance of triangular microstrip patch antennas on FR4 epoxy substrate with that of typical rectangular microstrip antennas while operating at 5.8 GHz is the goal of this research project. At a frequency of 5.8GHz, the HFSS tool was used to compare the gain and return loss of an innovative triangular microstrip patch antenna to that of a rectangular patch microstrip patch antenna on a FR4 epoxy substrate. This evaluation was carried out so that a conclusion could be drawn regarding which antenna configuration provided the better performance. Both antennas contributed a combined total of 32 samples that were gathered (i.eEach group has 16 samples). With the assistance of the G Power statistical programme, the size of the sample was determined with a degree of confidence equal to eighty percent. Both the gain (4.2525 dB) and the return loss (-14.5095 dB) of the innovative triangular microstrip patch antenna are superior than those of the standard rectangular microstrip patch antenna, which are, respectively, 3.8664 dB and-14.509 dB. (-15.7555 dB). The significance level reached by the use of SPSS is lower than 0.05. (0.035). Within the confines of this inquiry, the unique triangular microstrip patch antenna at 5.8GHz gives good gain (4.2525 dB) and return loss (1.1 dB) (-14.5095 dB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This effort is being done in order to build a square patch antenna operating at 5.8 GHz that has a higher gain than the traditional rectangular microstrip patch antennas that are manufactured on a substrate made of FR4 epoxy. A square patch antenna on a FR4 epoxy substrate was constructed for use at 5.8 GHz. This was done so that the antenna's gain may be increased in comparison to that of rectangular microstrip patch antennas. Both the Materials and the Methods: The consequences of Novel Ideas in terms of money On a FR4 epoxy substrate, the HFSS programme compared the performance of a square microstrip patch antenna to that of a rectangle patch antenna while both antennas were operating at 5.8GHz. The two antennas produced a total of 32 samples when combined (i.e Each group has 16 samples). The statistical tool known as G Power is used in order to make an estimate of the sample size using a confidence interval of 80 percent. When compared to its rectangular counterpart, the innovative square microstrip patch antenna has a gain of 5.2371 and a return loss of 15.3903 dB that is much lower (-15.7555 dB). The p-value of 0.035 that was calculated using SPSS is lower than the critical value required for statistical significance (0.05). According to the findings of this research, the square microstrip patch antenna has a greater gain (5.2371dB) and a smaller return loss than the rectangular patch antenna while operating at 5.8GHz (-15.3903dB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]