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The use of directives in communicating the nature of the pandemic and reference to social experiences were promoted using images on social media platforms. The images or memes are used to create awareness and reinforce the criteria for safety during the pandemic. Previous studies on internet memes have concentrated on humor generation, speaker-hearer shared knowledge, neologism, and multimodality among others, with insufficient attention paid to the use of directives and references in such coronavirus-motivated memes. This paper, therefore, examines how directives and references are employed in conveying expected social responsibilities through coronavirus-motivated internet memes in Nigeria and other socio-cultural contexts. For data, one hundred coronavirus-motivated memes were purposively selected from Facebook, and eight representative memes were subjected to pragmatic analysis using aspects of Jacob Mey's (2001. Pragmatics: An introduction, 2nd edn. USA: Blackwell Publishing) pragmatic acts theory to unearth insights from them. The paper observes that the various spheres of life that are relatable to an online audience help to express what the pandemic is about and enhance the meaning of the pandemic with the context of the use of the memes, giving clearer perspectives on the pandemic. Directives and references are useful tools for conveying social responsibilities to online audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many studies have appeared on how it will affect climate change and policy, and vice versa. In this study, we systematically review the literature about this relationship. We obtained a sample of 204 articles published in the period from February 2020 to March 2022. Using topic modelling and qualitative analysis, we identify seven main topics on the nexus of COVID-19 and climate change: (1) impacts of COVID-19 on climate change and policy; (2) sustainable recovery after COVID-19; (3) public concern about climate change and COVID-19; (4) lessons from COVID-19 for climate change action; (5) effects of COVID-19 and climate change on the economy, food security and poverty; (6) collective responses to crises and (7) similarities and differences between COVID-19 and climate change. We discuss lessons derived from each of these topics and identify key policies and strategies for a sustainable recovery from COVID-19. Investments in low-carbon technologies and carbon taxation are the most commonly suggested policy solutions. If climate targets are to be met, climate action needs to be the focus of COVID-19 recovery. – We review 204 articles on the relationship between COVID-19 and climate change. – They are classified into seven main topics using computation linguistics. – Studies give most attention to the impacts of COVID-19 on emissions. – Low-carbon technologies and carbon taxation are the most commonly suggested policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]