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[Display omitted] • The immune response and inflammation in pulmonary hypertension (PH) have been systematically summarized based on recent studies. • The relationship between CC chemokines and the pathogenesis of pH is summarized in clinical and animal models. • We found that although the immune response serves as an important potential factor in the pathogenesis of PH, less attention has been paid to CC chemokines and their receptors. • We believe that a greater understanding of the relationship between PH and CC chemokines and their receptors is a pressing issue. • We believe that we need to further clarify the pathogenesis of pH and provide basis for the clinical treatment of PH. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents a progressive condition characterized by the remodeling of pulmonary arteries, ultimately culminating in right heart failure and increased mortality rates. Substantial evidence has elucidated the pivotal role of perivascular inflammatory factors and immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of PH. Chemokines, a class of small secreted proteins, exert precise control over immune cell recruitment and functionality, particularly with respect to their migration to sites of inflammation. Consequently, chemokines emerge as critical drivers facilitating immune cell infiltration into the pulmonary tissue during inflammatory responses. This review comprehensively examines the significant contributions of CC chemokines in the maintenance of immune cell homeostasis and their pivotal role in regulating inflammatory responses. The central focus of this discussion is directed towards elucidating the precise immunoregulatory actions of CC chemokines concerning various immune cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, particularly in the context of pH processes. Furthermore, this paper delves into an exploration of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms that underpin the development of PH. Specifically, it investigates processes such as cellular pyroptosis, examines the intricate crosstalk between bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) mutations and the immune response, and sheds light on key signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response. These aspects are deemed critical in enhancing our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of PH. Moreover, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of findings from experimental investigations targeting immune cells and CC chemokines. Aim of review : In summary, the inquiry into the inflammatory responses mediated by CC chemokines and their corresponding receptors, and their potential in modulating immune reactions, holds promise as a prospective avenue for addressing PH. The potential inhibition of CC chemokines and their receptors stands as a viable strategy to attenuate the inflammatory cascade and ameliorate the pathological manifestations of PH. Nonetheless, it is essential to acknowledge the current state of clinical trials and the ensuing progress, which regrettably appears to be less than encouraging. Substantial hurdles exist in the successful translation of research findings into clinical applications. The intention is that such emphasis could potentially foster the advancement of potent therapeutic agents presently in the process of clinical evaluation. This, in turn, may further bolster the potential for effective management of PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucosal immunization is a powerful weapon against viral infection. In this paper, large pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LMSN) with different particle sizes were synthesized for loading influenza split vaccine (SV) to explore the effect of nanoparticle sizes on mucosal immunization and adjuvant efficacy. Interestingly, it was found that among the three particle sizes of nanoparticles, only LMSN-M with around 250 nm could significantly enhance the mucosal immune effect of SV, possessing adjuvant effect. The results indicated that particle size affected the adjuvant effect of LMSN. There was no apparent difference in vaccine loading capacity of LMSN with different particle sizes, but the release of SV depended on the pore length of LMSN. The adjuvant effect of LMSN-M was attributed to its higher cellular uptake performance, intestine absorption and transport efficiency, and the ability to stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells. Simultaneously, compared with LMSN-S and LMSN-L, the more retention of LMSN-M in mesenteric lymph nodes increased the chance of interaction between vaccine and immune system, resulting in the enhanced immunity. This is the first time to study the impact of particle size of LMSN adjuvant on improving mucosal immunity of oral influenza vaccine, and the present work provides a scientific reference for adjuvant design of oral vaccine. • LMSN with different small particle sizes for oral delivery of split vaccine. • The effect of nanoparticle size on mucosal immunization and adjuvant efficacy. • Reasons for different immunization effects caused by nanoparticle size was studied. • Providing a scientific reference for adjuvant design of oral vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The electrochemical conversion of quinoxaline and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline reached 90% and 100%, respectively. • The established hydrogen storage system exhibited excellent reversibility under mild conditions. • Dendritic P-WO 3 /NF was employed as an efficient dual-functional electrode. • The hydrogenation reaction was completed without an external hydrogen supply. Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) has been recognized as a highly promising candidate for hydrogen storage materials in addressing hydrogen utilization issues. However, the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of LOHC typically require noble metal catalysts and harsh reaction conditions. In this paper, we proposed an efficient reversible electrochemical hydrogen storage system based on a nitrogen heterocyclic organic hydrogen carrier, quinoxaline, in which water was used as the solvent and hydrogen source for quinoxaline hydrogenation, and a self-supporting dendritic P-WO 3 /NF electrode was employed as the electrocatalyst. The catalytic properties of P-WO 3 /NF for electrochemical hydrogenation of quinoxaline and dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline were studied in 1 M KOH solution under mild conditions. The results showed that the hydrogenation conversion of quinoxaline was 90%, the selectivity was 99%, and the dehydrogenation conversion of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline was 100%, the selectivity was 100%. This indicates that the system has high conversion efficiency, outstanding selectivity, and good reversibility. Meanwhile, the P-WO 3 /NF electrode adapted to the system exhibited good catalytic stability. In addition, no pre-prepared external hydrogen was required in the electrochemical hydrogenation reaction involving water, which gave the system an excellent safety profile. The reversible electrochemical hydrogen storage system established by this work broadens the vision of LOHC in hydrogen storage applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]