Search

This paper examines the potential of solar and hydrogen (H 2) energy-based hybrid energy systems for residential applications. The growing need for energy and the demand for sustainable energy sources have led to the development of integrated energy systems that combine renewable energy resources to meet energy needs. This paper overviews recent studies on hybrid energy systems for on-grid and off-grid residential utilizations. It discusses the system configuration and components of hybrid energy systems, including solar panels, electrolyzers, fuel cells (FC), and batteries. It also covers the technical optimization of integrated energy systems, including sizing, control strategies, and economic analysis. The key findings of this review paper indicate that hybrid energy systems can offer dependable and sustainable energy for residential applications. Through numerical analyses, the optimal dimensioning of the system elements and control strategies can significantly enhance the system's performance and lower the cost of energy. This study also highlights the challenges and opportunities for integrating hybrid energy systems within residential applications. Overall, it provides in-depth perspectives on the possibilities inherent in solar and hydrogen energy-based hybrid energy systems for residential applications. The findings can guide future research and the advancement of hybrid energy systems for sustainable energy solutions. • Comprehensive review on solar and hydrogen-based residential applications. • Holistic approach to system configuration, optimization, and economics. • Detailed analysis of interconnected components enhancing system efficiency. • Unique focus on real-world residential applications and scenarios. • Broad applicability across diverse geographical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen (GH 2) is produced using renewable energy resources (RERs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. However, relying solely on a single source, H 2 production systems may encounter challenges due to the intermittent nature, time-of-day variability, and seasonal changes associated with these energies. This paper addresses the assessment of mega-scale solar-wind complementarity and the economic viability of large-scale H 2 production and storage in Algeria, considering various climatic conditions. A techno-economic feasibility analysis is conducted by examining various factors, including resource complementarity, electricity and hydrogen productivity, solar and wind contributions, capacity factors (CFs), total net present cost (TNPC), the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) production, and storage (LCOS). The findings reveal that among the studied locations (Tamanrasset, M'sila, Hassi R'mel, and Adrar), Tindouf ranked first in H 2 production, with the highest amount at 11,267 kg and the lowest LCOH at 2.999 $/kg. Wind energy accounted for 69% (3,846,922 kWh) of the total (5,572,571 kWh), while solar energy contributed 31% (1,738,171 kWh). Economically, the LCOH-TNPC for the various locations ranged from 2.99 $/kg-77,042,696 $ to 3.70 $/kg-99,000,488 $. The total electricity-hydrogen generated is estimated at 25,840.251 MWh-529,395 kg. Wind power makes the major contribution, accounting for 63%–70%, compared to the PV system's share, ranging from 31% to 37%. Compared to relying on a single source, leveraging solar-wind complementarity presents opportunities for more consistent energy utilization and reliable hydrogen production. The obtained results are essential for decision-makers and policymakers in Algeria, indicating that the country can successfully achieve energy diversification and transition for future sustainability, and become a major player in the international hydrogen market. [Display omitted] • Mega-scale solar-wind assessment for energy-H 2 production and storage in Algeria. • Feasibility analysis with techno-economic criteria (H 2 productivity, CF, TNPC, LCOH). • LCOH ranges from 2.99 to 3.707 $/kg and TNPC from 77,042,696 to 99,000,488 $. • Tindouf site achieves highest H 2 production and lowest LCOH: 114,267 kg, 2.999 $/kg. • Wind CF is nearly double that of PV, ranging from 34.3 to 44.1%, contributing 63–70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting surplus electricity into hydrogen is considered a promising way for accommodating large-scale wind or solar power. However, it is expensive to establish a new-built hydrogen network or storage facilities at the current stage. Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG), a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen, can be an alternative approach to consuming surplus renewable energy in the short-medium term. This paper investigates the feasibility of establishing an electricity-gas-hydrogen coupled energy system by modeling the HCNG network, power grid, and hydrogen electrolyzer in Ireland with consideration of pipeline characteristics. The economic analysis based on the planning results of the coupled system is presented in detail. When the hydrogen injection ratio reaches 20% at the HCNG stations, the system operating cost and carbon emission can be reduced by 24.2% and 6.4%, and 100% wind can be consumed. • A detailed modeling method for HCNG pipeline pressure drop and line pack is proposed. • An EGH-IES planning model encompassing entire HCNG supply chain is established. • A case study is conducted based on the real energy system in Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green H 2 (GH) has emerged as a highly promising medium for the transportation of eco-friendly energy. The utilization of H 2 as the primary operational medium in H 2 -based energy storage systems and fuel cells has facilitated the integration of these systems with various other renewable energy sources, rendering such integration highly viable. This review presents an overview of the current advancements in the field of GH production techniques using water electrolyzers powered by renewable energy sources. The present paper starts with a concise overview of several production techniques and a detailed analysis of various types of water electrolyzer. It also offers a thorough examination of H 2 production methods utilizing solar, wind, and hybrid systems. An economic evaluation of GH production was analyzed by comparing the costs associated with different renewable sources. This study focuses on investigating the challenges and advantages of GH and the implementation of large-scale commercial operations. The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) technologies boast higher current densities (1-2Acm−2) than alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE); the PEMWE technologies also produce a higher purity of H 2 up to 99.9999 %. The wind energy-associated PEM LCOH ranges from 5.3 to 9.29 $/kg. AWE had levelized cost of H 2 (LCOH) of 7.49–7.59 $/kg. Other studies show that SOE-based LCOH ranges from 6 to 9.34 $/kg and should drop to 1.9 $/kg by 2050. The cost of GH was found to be significantly influenced by the rated wind speed compared to other wind turbine parameters, and it ranged from $1.7/kg to $40.00/kg. [Display omitted] • GH could help reduce global warming and transition to a more sustainable energy system. • Discussion on grand challenges, prospects, and key recommendations to the commercialization of water electrolysis systems. • The lack of global hydrogen standards hinders the growth of the global hydrogen market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of coal and oil for heating, electricity generation and cooling of buildings contributes to various environmental problems, both locally and globally. One of the feasible solutions to the climatic issues currently in this region is using sustainable energy sources. Hydrogen is an alternative option to fossil resources generated from sustainable energy sources. It is a form of energy that is both ecologically safe and sustainable. Hydrogen may now be produced in several different ways, including by reforming hydrocarbons, the Electrolysis of water, and Steam reforming of fossil fuels. However, because there is a finite supply of fossil fuels and a change in climate conditions due to the emission of CO 2 & other contaminants, there has been a focus on producing hydrogen using renewable resources. This study reviews an H 2 production system that combines geothermal & solar energy, the two primary renewable energy sources and a hybrid solar-geothermal system. This study looked into different aspects, like the working fluid for water electrolysis, the geothermal fluid temperature, and the type of power cycle. Comparative analysis was also performed on numerous GPPs, including flash, ORC cycles, binary, flash-binary, and solar collectors; this covers investigations on the rates and costs of producing hydrogen. • This paper looks at three different approaches of producing hydrogen using renewable energy sources. • An innovative renewable energy system that depends on solar and geothermal power. • An integrated system consists of geothermal and solar energy, an electrolyzer, and a fuel cell unit. • Hydrogen production as a function of design factors including working fluid, electrolysis temperature, and cycle type. • Producing hydrogen from geothermal and solar energy is a cost-effective and potentially profitable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic thermal system (SPTS) can fully tap solar energy resources to realize thermal and electric supply for users simultaneously, but the volatility and uncertainty of renewable energy and load cause the imbalance of energy supply. This paper proposes a multi-time scale optimal scheduling method for SPTS based on event-triggered model predictive control (ET-MPC) considering battery performance deterioration. Firstly, SPTS is divided into day-ahead and day-in optimization layers from different time scales. Day-ahead scheduling takes the minimization economic cost as the optimization function to obtain pre-scheduling plan, and day-in scheduling adapts rolling optimization scheme based on model predictive control (MPC) to reduce power fluctuations and achieve optimal scheduling adjustment. Moreover, the battery performance decay parameter is introduced into the MPC model and embedded into the optimization problem to prolong the cyclic life deterioration, and an event-triggered mechanism is introduced into MPC to improve the computational efficiency and reduce the communication frequency. Finally, the results show that the proposed double-layer scheduling method improves 4.15 %, 66 % and 13.39 % respectively regarding cost, power fluctuation and battery maintenance, and improve the calculation efficiency of 48.89 % compared with standard MPC method, which indicates that the proposed method has good economy, stability and execution efficiency. • This paper proposed energy scheduling for solar photovoltaic thermal system (SPTS). • Double-layer optimal scheduling is proposed to realize the economy and stability. • Battery service time is prolonged through defining performance index. • An event-triggered mechanism is introduced to MPC to reduce the communication burden. • The proposed method improves performance from different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings have significantly contributed to high energy demand (30.3%) and GHG emissions (26.1%) worldwide. Consequently, many developed countries have set carbon-neutral targets for 2050, mandating that all new constructions thereafter be designed as net-zero emission buildings (NZEBs). To achieve this goal, one of the most practical sources of renewable energy, solar power, is employed in this study to estimate the economic feasibility of implementing NZEBs in the non-residential sector of the United States. While past studies have typically estimated the economic payback period of solar power technology by assuming fixed values for "PV energy conversion rates (%)" and "investment costs ($USD)", this paper carefully investigated the economic feasibility of "solar-based NZEBs" by precisely tracking these dynamic future changes in PV panels. These techno-economic variables were carefully predicted using a statistical technique known as the five-parameter logistic (5 PL) function. The results show that Site 4 is the only solar region suitable for implementing "PV-integrated NZEBs", reaching a payback period of 8.44 years in 2040 (Scenario 1). Furthermore, with small technological improvements in PV energy efficiency (%), buildings located in Site 3 and Site 4 can meet the net-zero emission target with payback periods of less than 10 years in 2034 (Scenario 2). Finally, starting in 2044, the "PV-integrated system" will have a payback period of approximately 7 years in most study locations, even without federal support for the solar investment tax credit (SITC). Accordingly, federal support for solar power generation will be more effective if the SITC rate is gradually reduced by 2.5% annually starting in 2033. In conclusion, this paper suggests the economic feasibility of implementing solar-based NZEBs in the United States non-residential sector by considering the synergetic effect of technological improvement and cost reduction in PV-integrated systems. • This study predicted the cost and efficiency of PV panels to estimate the economic feasibility of solar-based NZEBs. • The cost reduction and technical advancement in PV panels can remarkably improve the economics of solar power. • The 5 PL function is systematically modeled to predict the total investment cost and efficiency of PV panels. • In most study locations, solar-based NZEBs are projected to achieve a 7-year payback period beginning in 2044. • The federal support for the SITC rate (%) is recommended to be gradually lowered starting in 2033. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the design and use of a control system for a renewable energy production plant based on hydrogen. The proposed control system aims at ensuring the stability and smooth functionality of the plant, which consists of a (i) photovoltaic system connected to an electrolyzer through a battery, (ii) a DC/DC step down transformer, and (iii) an electrolyzer heat exchange system. In this study, solar irradiance is the main system input, and hydrogen production the main output. Since the system utilizes solar energy as input, it depends on the random input of solar irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind flow. Furthermore, the electrolyzer's functionality is subject to several operational variables including cell voltage, current, temperature, and pressure. The electrolyzer heat exchange system operates at specified water temperatures and flow rates. The DC/DC output voltage, and therefore the voltage supplied to the electrolyzer, is regulated by changing its duty cycle. To regulate hydrogen production in the renewable energy production plant, an efficient control system is required. Accordingly, in this work, a control system is designed accounting for three different electrolyzer technologies, alkaline, PEM (proton exchange membrane), and E-TAC (electrochemical - thermally activated chemical water splitting). Subsequently, the effectiveness of the control system is analyzed using Matlab and Simulink models. The main results indicate that the battery is a crucial element in the whole system as it supplies the necessary energy to the electrolyzer. By regulating the appropriate components, the proposed control system proved capable of minimizing power fluctuations and increasing system efficiency up to 20% depending on ambient conditions. Additionally, the results indicate E-TAC and PEM efficiencies 13% and 7% higher than alkaline, respectively. [Display omitted] • Design of a control system for three different electrolyzer technologies. • Use of control systems for electrolyzer voltage and heat exchange. • Photovoltaic system connected to an electrolytic one through a battery. • Proposed control system increases system efficiency up to 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the escalating global demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has catalyzed the exploration and development of innovative technologies, among which floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems emerge as a particularly promising solution. These systems exploit solar energy by deploying PV panels on water surfaces. These systems, offer several advantages, including their independence from land use constraints, enhanced energy efficiency due to the cooling effect of water, and the potential for synergy with various energy sources. Expanding on prior literature reviews, this paper provides a focused review of the latest developments in FPV systems, cutting-edge technologies, challenges faced the FPV in marine settings, extending to an economic analysis for comprehensive feasibility assessment, and market potential from diverse angles. The primary objective is to promote additional research and applications of FPV to guarantee the safety and stability of FPV systems under challenging marine environmental conditions, aiming to enhance overall efficiency, reliability, and the widespread adoption of FPV projects, while concurrently reducing investment costs. Highlighting its importance for energy-deficient African countries, the paper underscores the significance of integrating FPV systems into the continent's energy strategies for widespread adoption, to bolster energy security and environmental sustainability across the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern power systems integrated with renewable energies (REs) contain many uncertainties. The proposed method introduces a novel approach to address the challenges associated with wind power generation uncertainty in probabilistic load flow (PLF) studies. Unlike conventional methods that use wind speed as an input, the paper advocates for utilizing wind generator output power (WGOP) as an input to the point estimate method (PEM) in solving PLF. The uniqueness lies in recognizing the distinct behavior of wind power uncertainty, where not all random samples of wind speed contribute to actual wind power production. The paper suggests a Nataf-KernelDensity-Spline-based PEM, combining the Nataf transformation, Kernel density estimation (KDE), and cubic spline interpolation. This innovative integration effectively manages wind power correlation within the analytical framework. By incorporating spline interpolation and kernel density estimation into the traditional PEM, the proposed method significantly enhances accuracy. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the method is applied to IEEE-9 and IEEE-57 bus test systems, considering uncertainties related to load, wind power generation (WPG), solar power generation (SPG), and conventional generator (CoG) outages. Comparative analysis with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) results demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms the conventional PEM in terms of accuracy. Overall, the paper contributes a pioneering solution that not only highlights the importance of using WGOP as an input in PLF but also introduces a sophisticated method that surpasses traditional approaches, improving accuracy in power system studies involving renewable energy integration. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated by comparing its results with those obtained through Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), where the proposed method yields more accurate results than the conventional PEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, wind and solar energy sources have opened their place in the power system due to their environmental appeal. With the presence of these renewable energy sources (RESs), forecasting net load (NL) and its ramp are of huge importance owing their fundamental role in evaluating and improving the flexibility of the power grid. However, it is challenging to analysis flexibility and NL ramps using NL forecasts due to the uncertainty of RESs. Furthermore, the surge in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) as notable electricity consumers, and how their charging strategy can affect the NL curve are matters of concern. Most NL forecasting and flexibility analyses overlook the concurrent integration of wind and solar sources. Moreover, the impact of controlled EVs charging on grid flexibility remains largely unexplored. Existing studies also fail to assess the proper combination of wind and solar energy sources for future flexibility needs. This paper presents a framework for forecasting NL and detecting ramps with the simultaneous presence of EVs and RESs to investigate the impact of controlled charging of EVs on flexibility. Investigating charging of EVs as a solution is delved deeply in this paper to reduce NL ramps and improve flexibility. The numerical results show that controlled EVs charging may lead to 3% ramp reduction and 52% increment in the system flexibility. This paper also proposes to forecast and find the proper combination of RESs for the next years, leading to a 75% increment in the system flexibility compared to the business as usual RESs penetration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the demand for water and energy resources as well as the clean energy policies and the need for pollution emission reduction has developed the research on the renewable energy resources. This paper reviews the recent advances in multi-generation units for heat, electricity, and desalinated water production. It tries to investigate the new papers in this arena which were not mentioned in the previous reviews. The main parts of this work introduce the co-generation systems for the production of "water and electricity", "heat and water", and "electricity, water, and heat". The results show that among the solar energy receiving devices, Photovoltaic/Thermal panels (PV/Ts) and parabolic trough solar collectors are the most used in co-generation systems. On the other hand, a combination of solar collectors and power cycles makes them a suitable choice for the establishment of a large-scale co-generation plant. Therefore, solar collector-based electricity and water co-generation systems have at least 10 times more output capacity than PV- or PV/T-based systems. On the other hand, most heat and water co-generation systems can achieve an output temperature of 60 °C or more and produce around 10000 kg/year of freshwater based on system size. Examining the co-generation systems of water, electricity and heat also shows that these systems have a high production capacity compared to other co-generation systems. Systems based on heliostat solar tower can produce maximum powers of more than 18 MW and fresh water of 90 kg/s. • Recent advances in solar multi-generation units are reviewed. • PV/Ts and parabolic trough solar collectors are most used collectors in cogeneration systems. • RO and MED have more applications in solar-based co-generation units. • Using waste heat can increase technical and economic performance of system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The thermal, rheological, and optical properties of ferrofluids and how they change with magnetic fields were discussed. • The utilization of ferrofluids in solar energy systems was detailed in a state-of-the-art analysis. • The recommendations aimed to optimize the use of ferrofluids and magnetic fields in energy systems to enhance performance. Solar energy technologies play a crucial role in the transition to sustainable energy sources; however, there is an ongoing challenge in optimizing their efficiency and performance. This review paper thoroughly exposes the potential for enhancing solar systems by incorporating ferrofluids and utilizing magnetic fields. It provides a comprehensive examination of the rheological, thermal, and optical properties of ferrofluids, as well as their behavior when exposed to magnetic fields. The paper emphasizes the ability of ferrofluids to improve heat transfer efficiency, adapt to changing conditions, and enable precise control in the conversion of solar energy. Furthermore, the review addresses the obstacles and limitations associated with integrating ferrofluids into solar technologies, proposing potential solutions and outlining future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-phase string inverter has been widely applied to grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) rooftop applications for its renewable energy. However, the inherent attribute of intermittency in solar energy may induce instability and unqualified power. To meet the grid-interconnection standards, high demands of efficiency and harmonic distortion need to be imposed on DC/AC inverters. Conventional soft-switching inverters used to sacrificing auxiliary resonant circuits to exchange for soft switching. This requires additional costs as well as sufficient dead time to discharge junction capacitances of all switches, which exacerbates total harmonics distortion (THD) induced by dead-time effect. To improve, this paper proposes a partial soft-switching silicon carbide (SiC) -based active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) inverter, which possesses high efficiency, eligible dead time, and no auxiliaries. 650-V SiC MOSFET is adopted for its smaller output capacitance compared with Si device. Hybrid PWM modulation is utilized to achieve partial soft switching. Whereas, the soft switching realization range and power losses highly depend on the dead time. To achieve less power loss and improved dead time effect, this paper proposes a loss model-based dead time algorithm through a Power Loss VS. Dead Time mathematical loss model. Moreover, the mechanism of the dead time affected by soft switching is explored. The transition modes, dead time configurable boundaries, and design procedure are also analyzed in detail. A 1-kW prototype is demonstrated with the input of 800 V and the rated output of 220 V/ 4.5 A. Its efficiency could reach 99.6% with THD=0.95% at full power level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the integration of renewable energy sources and hydrogen technologies has emerged as a promising avenue. This paper introduces the Integrated Renewable Energy-Driven Hydrogen System as a holistic approach to achieve energy independence and self-sufficiency. Seamlessly integrating renewable energy sources, hydrogen production, storage, and utilization, this system enables diverse applications across various sectors. By harnessing solar and/or wind energy, the Integrated Renewable Energy-Driven Hydrogen System optimizes energy generation, distribution, and storage. Employing a systematic methodology, the paper thoroughly examines the advantages of this integrated system over other alternatives, emphasizing its zero greenhouse gas emissions, versatility, energy resilience, and potential for large-scale hydrogen production. Thus, the proposed system sets our study apart, offering a distinct and efficient alternative compared to conventional approaches. Recent advancements and challenges in hydrogen energy are also discussed, highlighting increasing public awareness and technological progress. Findings reveal a payback period ranging from 2.8 to 6.7 years, depending on the renewable energy configuration, emphasizing the economic attractiveness and potential return on investment. This research significantly contributes to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy integration and underscores the viability of the Integrated Renewable Energy-Driven Hydrogen System as a transformative solution for achieving energy independence. The employed model is innovative and transferable to other contexts. [Display omitted] • Integrating renewable energy and hydrogen for energy independence. • Advantages of Integrated Renewable Energy-Driven Hydrogen System: Zero emissions, resilient energy. • Economic viability: Payback period of 2.8–6.7 years. • Technological progress in hydrogen energy. • A novel and transferable system dynamics model for sustainable solutions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists initiated a pursuit of more resilient and long-lasting energy sources due to the continuous deterioration of the environment and the substantial rise in the expense of conventional energy sources. Solar energy is one of the most cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and easily accessible sustainable energy sources. Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar modules are gaining popularity due to their ability to utilise more solar radiation to generate electric power and heat gain simultaneously. This study reviews recent advancements in PV/T modules, focusing on the dual conversion of solar radiation into electrical and thermal energy. The review highlights significant improvements, such as the use of nanoparticles, bi-fluid circulation, and innovative cooling techniques. The study examined the main categories of PV/T systems, including air-cooled, water-cooled, bi-fluid-cooled, nano-fluid-cooled, and ternary nanofluid-based units. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of various components within PV/T modules, covering aspects such as concepts, materials, and review techniques. However, challenges remain, including the trade-off between thermal and electrical efficiency and integration into existing infrastructure. Despite these limitations, PV/T systems show great potential for contributing to sustainable energy solutions and achieving global sustainable development goals. Future research directions include integrating an artificially intelligent approach for system optimization and expanding hybrid PV/T technologies. [Display omitted] • A graphical summary of the PV/T types is demonstrated. • Sustainability achievements by the PV/T modules are discussed. • Water, air, nanofluid, and bi-fluid-based coolants are summarised. • Ternary nanofluid-based PV/T is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of renewable energy resources is in the core of energy transition. However, its implementation can be highly impacted by country policies. A limited number of researches investigated solar photovoltaic investments, comparing net-metering rules for distinctive energy consumption levels and different discounted rates, from the investors' point of view. This paper analyzes the impact of Brazilian net-metering rules on solar photovoltaic investments, considering residential scale. The methodology contemplates the development of a Discounted Cash Flow model to calculate Discounted Payback (DP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of projects. The case studies consider the impact of Brazilian regulation from net-metering rules (previous, considered, and current), energy consumption levels (Low, Middle, and High), and discount rates (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %). The results show that from the previous to current rule the return for investor, on average, decreased 5.77 %. However, this reduction would be of 12.81 % if considered rule was adopted. For the 36 studies carried out, even in the worst case the investments remain viable. Therefore, the existing policy is suitable for the current stage of sector development; minimizing the impacts for energy tariff, distribution companies, consumers, and prosumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessing solar power technical potential in China with high-resolution data. • Quantifying the gap between actual generation and technical potential at plant level. • Actual solar power generation is only 30% of the technical potential. • Technology, construction, and management factors cause the underperformance. Improving the power output of solar photovoltaic (PV) farms is critical to maximize the potential of PV power and reduce extensive land use in the context of large-scale deployment of renewable energy. In this paper we developed an integrated solar power potential assessment framework to quantify the gap between technical potential and actual generation of solar PV farms on national, provincial, and plant scales, and identify the key factors that cause the underperformance of PV farms. Specifically, to assess technical potential, hourly meteorological reanalysis data is adopted and the power generation-related parameters are calculated (i.e. optimal panel tilt, array spacing, packing factor etc.) with consideration of their spatial variability. For actual power generation, a detailed plant-level dataset is first established by this study which integrates technical, operational, and geospatial information from 145 solar farms across seven provinces in China. Our results show that the actual PV power generation per square meter is only 1/3 of the estimated technical potential. Technological factor is the primary factor, accounting for 48.43% of the underperformance, followed by engineering and management factors, accounting for 38.55% and 13.02%, respectively. The novelty of our study is revealing the underperformance level of solar farms in reality, identifying the causing factors, and highlighting the importance of integrating land-use efficiency indicators into solar power planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Conducting optimization in the MED desalination plants. • Transforming the process into a solar-powered one. • Making determination of cost-effectiveness by utilizing sensitivity analysis. • Parametric optimization of the multiple effect distillation process utilizing fossil fuels. • Identifying the most suitable solar collector and HTF from economic standpoint. The utilization of multi-effect distillation (MED) in thermal desalination processes is more widespread owing to lower energy consumption. The focus of this paper is to optimize the performance of MED through process optimization. It aims to identify the optimal operating conditions that result in maximum water and power production. Additionally, it investigates the potential of using solar renewable energy as a substitute for the current fossil energy source. Subsequently, a switch to solar energy was made with a focus on an economically viable approach. The research explored the best-suited collector and fluid for heat transfer among the 8 types of molten salt for use in the collector. Subsequently, an economic and sensitivity analysis was conducted using this procedure. The outcomes indicated that by enhancing the stated procedure, it was found that 27.93 Megawatt (MW) of heat would be required when 6938 ton/h of natural gas are burned. Additionally, the 4-effect MED process produced 6.123 MW of electricity and 116.5 cubic meters per hour (m3/h) of freshwater. The gain output ratio (GOR) of the process saw an uptick from 2.75 to 3.328, whereas MED efficiency showed progress from 13.76 to 49.218 %. The parabolic trough collector (PTC) collector outperforms the linear Fresnel collector (LFC) and solar dish (SD) collector in terms of efficiency among other results. To store heat for the rest of the day and night and supply thermal energy for the entire process, 155,542 square meters (m2) of this collector are necessary. Additionally, in regards to the thermal fluid of the PTC collector, coastal chemical registered heat transfer salt (HITEC salt), a commercial mixture of solar salt, has exhibited superior performance over other molten salts (for a total expenditure of 50 million dollars over two decades). In addition, the economic analysis has indicated a return rate of 32.46 % for the investment and a capital recovery period of 3.08 years for the process. The implementation of the mentioned process in renewable mode results in the avoidance of 18.5 tons per hour (ton/h) of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing an accurate and reliable solar photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting system is crucial for smart grid management and dispatch. However, due to the intermittent, non-stationary and random nature of solar energy, current methods cannot effectively capture the dynamic change patterns of PV data, resulting in a forecasting accuracy that cannot satisfy the requirement for stable operation of smart grids. To address this issue, in this paper, a new solar PV power forecasting system is proposed based on a new adaptive mode decomposition method that combines machine learning models. First an adaptive mode decomposition method is proposed for adaptively eliminating high-frequency information of PV data, mitigating the impact of high noise on the forecasting performance. Then the powerful mapping ability of machine learning model is utilized to construct a solar PV power generation combination forecasting system. The system adopts a multi-objective optimization strategy to determine the optimal weights of the combination model, which reduces the volatility of the forecasting results and enhances the stability of the forecasting system. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves the best overall performance with online manner on 10 state-of-the-art baselines. Furthermore, the evaluation analysis by Diebold–Mariano test, improvement ratio and sensitivity analysis further show that the stability and accuracy of the proposed system outperforms the comparative baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar aided coal-fired power generation (SAPG) technology has been proven to be an effective way of renewable energy utilization. However, the efficiency of coal-fired units declines at partial loads, and solar inputs may further force the system to deviate from its design condition. In particular, part-load operation solutions for coal-fired units (PLOS) are conventionally applied to the SAPG system, a practice whose appropriateness has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. This paper, therefore, selects a 330 MW SAPG plant as a case study to conduct an exhaustive exergy analysis under off-design conditions. The findings indicate that the governing stage of the steam turbine and the slip-pressure operation are the main contributors to the efficiency degradation at partial loads. In addition, solar input resulted in significant changes in key operating parameters, such as exhaust flow rate and the pressure of each turbine stage. Merely adopting the PLOS for SAPG systems results in a marked increase in standard coal consumption by 0.99, 2.82, and 3.63 g/kWh at 50 %, 40 %, and 30 % load, respectively. However, the introduction of solar energy presents the potential to operate the unit more efficiently, particularly when valve point conditions are optimally adjusted. For instance, upon input of 28 MW solar thermal power, the #3 valve point condition shifted from a load of 321 MW–330 MW, achieving a reduction in standard coal consumption by 0.96 g/kWh, compared to the design condition of the original coal-fired unit. This study underscores the irrationality of directly applying PLOS from coal-fired units to SAPG system without tailored adjustments for solar integration. • Identifies the causes of efficiency decline in coal-fired units at partial loads. • Analyzes the impacts of solar inputs on exergy loss across processes in SAPG systems. • Highlights irrationality in using coal unit part-load solutions to SAPG systems. • Demonstrates potential efficiency improvements through strategic valve point changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-microgrid energy real-time optimal control scheduling strategy is proposed. • Energy storage devices can actively participate in optimal energy scheduling. • Improved resilience and flexibility of energy dispatch for multiple microgrid. • Significantly reduce the number of microgrid connections to the distribution grid. • Maximising the full uptake of renewable energy in multi-microgrid systems. With the increasing prominence of the energy crisis and global climate issues, it has become an important cornerstone of the energy revolution to improve the utilization rate of renewable energy and gradually reduce the use of fossil energy. Nonetheless, the erratic fluctuations and instability of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy have presented certain obstacles to the effective utilization of renewable energy. In order to maximize the utilization of renewable energy, enhance its utilization efficiency, and reduce the carbon emission of power supply, this paper first proposes a real-time collaborative optimal energy scheduling and dispatching control model for multi-microgrids. Subsequently, it proposes a real-time optimal control and dispatching strategy for multi-microgrid energy based on storage collaborative. This model considers the energy storage device as an energy management controller, enabling it to participate in the energy collaborative dispatch of multi-microgrid. This enables the energy storage device in the microgrid not only to actively participate in the optimal scheduling of energy, but also to make the energy in the storage device be reasonably distributed in the multi-microgrid system, to maximize the full absorption of renewable energy in the multi-microgrid, thereby reducing the dependence of the microgrid on the distribution network, and significantly improving the elasticity and reliability of the multi-microgrid system. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed optimal control scheduling strategy are verified by simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's power sector has undergone significant changes in recent years, driven by various policy initiatives aimed at promoting competition, improving efficiency, and increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the country's energy mix. This manuscript provides an overview of the current state of the Indian power sector and their recent developments. The manuscript discusses the structure of India's power sector, including the role of various players such as generation companies, transmission companies, and distribution companies. The manuscript then analyzes policy initiatives aimed at reforming the sector, these include the Electricity Act of 2003, which introduced competition in the generation and retail segments, the Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana program, which aimed at improving the financial health of distribution companies, and, the Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme which has been approved by the Government of India to assist DISCOMs in improving their operational efficiencies and financial sustainability. The manuscript also discusses recent developments in the renewable energy sector in India, including the growth of solar and wind power, the implementation of renewable purchase obligations, and the introduction of competitive bidding for renewable energy projects. Finally, the manuscript examines the impact of recent developments on the performance of India's power sector and the power exchange. It finds that while significant progress has been made in promoting competition and increasing the share of renewable energy, challenges such as the high cost of electricity and the financial health of distribution companies persist. The paper concludes by discussing potential areas for further reform and improvement in the sector. • Overview of the current Indian electricity sector and recent developments. • Government initiatives to improve the Electricity Sector. • Discussion on the usage of renewable energy sources in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) incorporating renewable energy has become an important issue in the power system optimization. Existing intelligent optimization algorithms often suffer from poor solution accuracy or slow convergence when dealing with MAED problems. In this paper, a novel derivative search-based political optimization (DSPO) algorithm is proposed to handle the MAED problem incorporating renewable energy including wind and solar energy. In the renewable energy modeling, the Weibull and log-normal probability density functions are used to calculate available wind and solar power respectively. In order to improve the search performance, DSPO adopts two strategies: leader guide strategy and derivative search mechanism. The former adds the leader's global optimal information which can direct candidate solutions to more promising regions and speed up convergence. The latter derives neighborhood solutions around some high-quality solutions to improve the exploitation ability. The DSPO algorithm is applied to solve four MAED problems which take into account valve point effect, prohibited operating zone, power loss and so on. The simulation results show that the DSPO algorithm achieves the overall best results in terms of convergence speed, solution accuracy and stability when compared with several well-established algorithms. • Multi-area economic dispatch with wind and solar energy (MAEDWS) is studied. • Novel derivative search political optimization (DSPO) algorithm is developed. • A leader guide strategy and a derivative-search mechanism are embedded into DSPO. • DSPO achieves the best results regarding convergence, accuracy and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's energy crisis and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions require the development of energy-efficient alternatives, from sunlight to electricity. Solar energy is abundant and free of charge. Solar photovoltaic technology is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for sustainable development. But it takes up a lot of space that could be utilized for other human endeavors. Solar PV trees are a new method of capturing sunlight. It lessens the PV system's footprint on land. This paper describes the planning and building a solar tree that will power lighting at the Grand Egyptian Museum in Egypt and mobile and laptop devices in public urban areas. The Smart Solar Tree is an eco-friendly, creative piece of urban furniture that can function as a six-person public bench, a supply terminal block with six 230 V power outlets for laptops and electric bicycles, a built-in USB charging hub for smartphones and tablets, and a fashionable tree-shaped public lighting fixture. Eighteen solar photovoltaic panels, which function as programmable-color glowing leaves at night, provide the Smart Solar Tree with its whole electricity. Because establishing solar trees required less than 30 square feet of land, and installing ground-mounted solar panels required 5000 square feet, the results were compared to solar panel installations. The energy, financial, and environmental performance of solar PV systems was also examined in this article. The 5 kWp solar tree costs USD 1700 in total, compared to $2500 for flat-mounted PV. The solar tree's payback period is projected to be 10 years. Solar trees cost 0.07 USD per watt, compared to 0.11 USD for standard photovoltaic systems. This research aims to save 11,240 tons of CO2 emissions throughout the system's lifetime through energy use. The study also discusses the difficulties associated with this technology and makes recommendations for future lines of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper discusses challenges in integrating solar power in Norway, limited to 36% of feasible capacity. • Seasonal variations in solar energy production emphasize the need for year-round energy management. • A critical threshold of 36% feasible solar power integration highlights the importance of balancing production and consumption. • Effective energy management is crucial for aligning solar production with consumption patterns. This research study delves into the solar energy potential and capacity in Norway, aiming to assess the viability of solar power integration in the country's urban landscape. Through a comprehensive analysis, historical data, and PVsyst simulations, the study reveals that solar photovoltaic (PV) systems offer significant promise in contributing to Norway's renewable energy goals. The study uncovers a seasonal variation in solar energy production, with peak generation during the summer months due to extended daylight hours and more intense sunlight. However, winter months experience lower solar energy production due to limited daylight hours and weaker solar radiation. To fully exploit solar energy potential, effective energy management strategies such as energy storage, smart grid technologies, and demand response mechanisms are crucial. Moreover, the research highlights the relationship between energy consumption and solar energy production, emphasizing the importance of efficient energy management and capacity planning. Bridging the gap between supply and demand requires optimized solar energy utilization aligned with consumption patterns. A key finding of this study is the identification of a pivotal threshold: up to 36% of the feasible solar power, equivalent to 31 GWp, can be integrated into the grid to match daily production and consumption. However, exceeding this threshold leads to challenges in peak production times, necessitating exports or additional strategies to accommodate the excess energy. In conclusion, this study underscores the promising prospects of solar energy integration in Norway. By leveraging solar power's potential, implementing effective energy management measures, and addressing challenges, Norway can work towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and making significant strides in combating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar thermal energy is one of the important sources of renewable energy. The solar thermal energy gives clean energy which can be utilized for industrial applications. Industrial heaters which require heat energy for many industrial uses can be attained using these solar thermal absorbers. The solar thermal absorber is designed using a layer design that consists of material compositions of Titanium (Ti) and Stannic selenide (SnSe 2) for ground and substrate sections respectively. A graphene layer which has the good properties to be used in solar absorbers is added between the Aluminum and SnSe 2 material. A thin graphene section is inserted above the SnSe 2 substrate and below the Ti resonator. To catch the good absorption in the current design, the best four wavelengths (micrometer) have been attached such as 0.22, 0.8, 2.46, and 2.85. This design's contribution can be studied in 4-atm regimes (from UV, V to NIR, and MIR). According to the wavelength and bandwidth ranges, the current absorption explores more than 97% (97.4%) in between 2.4 and 3 μm (600 nm) bandwidth and exceeds 95% (95.2%) from 0.2 to 1 μm (800 nm) respectively. To the overall range of design, it extracts 90.3% for the 2800 nm band between 0.2 and 3 wavelength regime. The flow of the presentation of the proposed paper is (i) Introduction (ii) Design and Parameters, and (iii) Results and Discussions. The explored absorber can be effective in water heating and swimming pool heating for homes. Moreover, it can also be applied in large industries as a solar thermal absorber for heating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multi-operator differential evolution algorithm (MODE) is proposed to solve the Optimal Power Flow problem, called MODE-OPF. The MODE-OPF utilizes the strengths of more than one differential evolution operator in a single algorithmic framework. Additionally, an adaptive method is proposed to update the number of solutions evolved by each DE operator based on both the diversity of the population and the quality of solutions. This adaptive method has the ability to maintain diversity at the early stages of the optimization process and boost convergence at the later ones. The performance of the proposed MODE-OPF is tested by solving OPF problems for both small and large IEEE bus systems (i.e., IEEE-30 and IEEE-118) while considering intermittent solar and wind power generation. To prove the suitability of this proposed algorithm, its performance has been compared against several state-of-the-art optimization algorithms, where MODE-OPF outperforms other algorithms in all experimental results thereby improving a network's performance with lower cost. MODE-OPF decreases the total generation cost up to 24.08%, the real power loss up to 6.80% and the total generation cost with emission up to 8.56%. • Development of an adaptive method (AM) for optimizing diversity and solution quality. • Innovative constraint handling approach, progressively adding constraints for improved performance. • Incorporation of intermittent renewable energy models for realistic problem solving. • Extensive validation on IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus networks, outperforming state-of-the-art algorithms in cost, loss, and environmental impact reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power systems with a high level of renewable energy penetration face challenges due to the inherent properties of some renewable energy sources, such as their variability and uncertainty. These systems require reliable technologies capable of handling large ramps and flexibility needs. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) has been identified as one solution, which has been researched and implemented in several countries. This paper presents a novel analysis and evaluation of the impacts of choosing an inadequate representation of CSP technology in power system planning tools. The current state of CSP in power system expansion planning in the literature is examined, providing a classification for the modeling of investment and operation of CSP plants. Based on a proposed analysis framework, different models and configurations for CSP plants are evaluated and applied to a 5-bus test system. One of the key findings is that the selected model highly impacts the computational effort (150% more processing time), the quality of the planning decision (14% more overall costs), and the total emissions (up to 52% more emissions). A storage-based model proves to be the most suitable option, considering the operation and investment costs, as well as computational burden. The selected model achieves a 1% error compared to the results obtained with a reference model, while also requiring 40% less computation effort. The proposed framework can be applied to other power system structures by choosing the best suited CSP modeling. • Analysis and evaluation of CSP modeling alternatives in power system planning. • State-of-the-art of CSP models for power system planning are reviewed and classified. • Selection of CSP project candidates impacts overall costs and optimal generation mix. • The modeling of CSP affects investment decisions, system costs, and emissions. • A storage-based model offers a good trade-off between accuracy and complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power industry in China is the foremost emitter of carbon, necessitating a clean transition in its power generation segment for successful decarbonization. Identifying and quantitative analysis the critical factors that shape the transition and their operational mechanisms will help achieve a secure low-carbon transformation of the energy system. Nonetheless, the body of extensive research in this particular field remains notably limited. To bridge this gap, this paper initiates by developing a comprehensive mechanism framework (REEP) for the transition towards cleaner power generation including Resource endowment (abbreviated as R), Electricity market (abbreviated as E), Economic development (abbreviated as E) and Policy implementation (abbreviated as P) four fields. This framework is based on monthly power generation data derived from four categories of power generation sources at the provincial level in China, spanning the years 2014–2019. It dynamically and quantitative elucidates the multifaceted impacts of various influencing factors on the evolution of the power generation structure. Based on the REEP framework, we observe the power generation structure evolution trends. The study's findings underscore the significance of resource endowment as a paramount internal factor influencing the clean evolution of the power generation structure, while economic development emerges as a pivotal external driving force propelling its transformation. Despite wind and solar power generation accounting for a relatively small proportion at the end of the 14th Five Year Plan period, it is imperative for China to continue promoting the extensive development of renewable energy. While we should coordinate national power transmission and distribution on the foundation of incentivizing technological innovation in emission reduction and the development of energy storage technology. This approach is essential to comprehensively advance the low-carbon and stable development of the energy system, ultimately facilitating the realization of the dual-carbon goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intermittent nature of renewable energy resources is a major obstacle in utilizing such resources for power generation despite their abundance. In this paper, a dynamic analysis of an integrated system based on photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines coupled with pumped hydro energy storage is presented. When the power generation exceeds the power demand, surplus electricity is used to pump the water to the upper reservoir. The natural inflow of the river obviates the necessity for oversized reservoirs and saves costs. A recently introduced multi-objective equilibrium optimizer algorithm is developed to find the optimal size of the integrated hybrid energy system. The objectives are to minimize the levelized cost of electricity and maximize the reliability of the proposed system. The results show that the correlation between solar and wind power generation in the selected location is mildly strong with a value of 0.3. The total energy generation from hydro, solar, and wind resources are 77,508.7 kWh, 103,323 kWh, and 47,375.4 kWh, respectively. Comparing the results with other algorithms indicates that the equilibrium optimizer has a better performance in finding the optimal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the high penetration of renewable generation systems in the power grid, the accurate simulation of the uncertainty in renewable energy generation is vital to the safe operation of the power system This paper proposes a novel controllable method for renewable scenario generation based on the improved VAEGAN model. The standard VAEGAN model is first improved using spectral normalization technique and the generator of GAN is trained using VAE. Then, the external and internal interpretable features in the latent space are learned as the controllable vector utilizing the principle of mutual information maximization. Finally, the renewable energy scenarios with overall features are generated using the external universal meteorological features, and renewable energy scenarios with specific features are generated by tuning along the internal interpretable feature of the controllable vector in the latent space. The proposed approach is used to produce real-time series data for renewable energy including wind and solar power. Experiments demonstrate that our method has a better performance in terms of controllable generation and enables the generation of preference patterns covering various statistical features. • A novel VAEGAN model with controllable interpretable features is proposed. • External universal meteorological features are used to generate scenarios with unknown patterns. • Internal interpretable latent features are designed to generate scenarios with specific features. • The results show a better performance of the proposed method on controllable scenario generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper proposes a novel multi-model approach, integrating the CARIMA-SARIMA-GPM framework, to assess the combined impacts of climate change and land use change on the potential of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems. By considering both climatic variables and land use patterns, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these factors influence CPV performance in the context of a changing environment. The proposed methodology offers valuable insights into the future viability and sustainability of CPV technology, enabling informed decision-making for policymakers, energy planners, and investors in the Middle East and Africa. As a result, the ability of the hybrid evolutionary CARIMA-SARIMA-GPM to predict the potential of CPV energy output for assessing the impacts of climate change on it was investigated in Alice Springs, the Middle East, and Africa. The outcome showed that the hybrid model significantly outperformed the other machine learning approaches. The fitted model was used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on CPV generation in Alice Springs, Australia, as well as the Middle East's and Africa's comparable climatic conditions. According to the study, climate change had the greatest impact on solar CPV energy production in Alice Springs, where it decreased the most by 8.577% under moderate forcing scenarios (SSP245) during the boreal summer season; moderately in the Middle East, where it decreased the mode by 2.316% under mitigation scenarios (SSP126) during the boreal summer season; and extremely minimally in Africa, where it decreased the mode by 1.263% under the far future sequencing period (2051–2099). Climate change also increased solar CPV energy production significantly in the Middle East in the far future sequencing period (2051–2099), as well as in Alice Springs, Australia, and Africa in the near future sequencing period (2015–2050). The strongest forcing scenario (SSP585) increased by 7.644% during the boreal autumn season in Africa; moderately increased by 6.502% during the boreal spring season in the Middle East; and had the least beneficial effects in Alice Springs, Australia, with increases of 5.538% during the boreal winter season. On an annual basis, all three regions showed a similar trend. Climate change (CLC) and urban expansion (URE) were also investigated in the Middle East and Africa for their effects on changes in solar CPV energy output. URE had a greater impact in Africa than the Middle East under the effective scenario, with a URE value of 45.45% for Africa and 20.15% for the Middle East, whereas CLC had a greater impact in the Middle East than Africa, with a CLC value of 29.01% compared to 5.47% for Africa. CLC and CPV residual factors, on the other hand, have a greater impact in the Middle East than in Africa, with effects of 29.01% and 50.83%, respectively, compared to 5.47% and 49.09%. The potential difference that drives the remediation of specific pollutants lies in the application of advanced technologies and sustainable practices. By exploring innovative solutions, such as using renewable energy sources like concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems, we can effectively mitigate the impacts of climate change and land use changes on pollutant concentrations. These technologies have the potential to significantly reduce pollution levels and create a cleaner and healthier environment for future generations. Assessing the CPV potential in different regions like Alice Springs, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa allows us to identify areas with high solar energy resources that can be harnessed for efficient pollutant remediation. Implementing prompt climate mitigation and adaptation measures is crucial for achieving a net-zero energy transition in the Middle East and Africa by 2050. In this context, prioritizing solar energy as the primary source of renewable energy is imperative for successful low-carbon economic planning in these regions. • CARIMA-SARIMA-GPM outperforms other applicable models • By 2100, the CPV potential in Alice Springs could increase by 0.082–5.338% at 1.5 °C • By 2100, the Middle East's CPV potential could increase by 0.021–0.221% at 1.5 °C. • By 2100, Africa's CPV potential could increase by 0.133–7.644% at 1.5 °C. • Climate change has harmed Alice Springs and the Middle East more than Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the escalating electricity demand from industrialization and modernization, it is imperative to explore clean and sustainable energy sources. Solar energy has become a feasible solution for this surging demand. Solar panels, vital components of solar power systems, are crucial in converting sunlight into electricity. However, selecting the most suitable solar panel is a complex task involving subjective and measurable parameters involving uncertainties. To address the uncertainties and ambiguities in real-life problems, the theory of Pythagorean fuzzy sets with distance measures has emerged as a flexible and superior tool. Nevertheless, many existing distance functions often fail to meet necessary metric conditions, leading to inaccurate and unreasonable outcomes. These limitations are pointed out by many literature. In addition, we observe a serious drawback of parameter dependency of some existing measures. This paper proposes a novel metric for Pythagorean fuzzy sets using the matrix norm to overcome these drawbacks. Additionally, we discuss various mathematical properties and provide geometrical representations for the proposed distance measure. To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed measure, we conduct a comparative study against existing distance measures. Furthermore, we develop a Pythagorean fuzzy-method based on the removal effects of criteria-stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis-vlse kriterijumska optimizacija kompromisno resenje (PF-MEREC-SWARA-VIKOR) method for selecting solar panel systems. Our approach incorporates the MEREC method for objective criteria, utilizes the SWARA method to calculate subjective weights, and employs the VIKOR method in the Pythagorean fuzzy context to determine the preference order of alternatives. We conduct sensitivity analysis and comparative studies with existing developed methods to validate our method. Highlight the effectiveness and advantages of our novel approach in selecting solar panels. Finally, exploring the future research directions and challenges associated with the proposed methodology. • Escalating electricity demand necessitates exploring clean and sustainable energy sources. • Solar energy is a feasible solution to meet the surging demand. • A novel metric for Pythagorean fuzzy sets using the matrix norm is proposed to overcome limitations and enhance accuracy. • A Hybrid PF-MEREC-SWARA-VIKOR method optimizes selection for solar panels. • Comparative studies validate superiority of proposed approach in solar panel selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing proportion of variable renewable energy characterized by fluctuation and the promotion of the "Clean Heating" policy, the problem of seasonal energy imbalance of the system has become increasingly challenging. There is a lack of effective means to mitigate this challenge under the background of gradual compression of the construction space for traditional thermal units. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a promising technology to replace thermal units by integrating emergency boilers to cope with extreme weather, and can meet long-time energy balance as a seasonal peak regulation source. In this paper, we propose a long-term high-resolution expansion planning model of energy systems integrating CSP to address seasonal energy imbalances. The model takes into account both investment and operation considerations in full hourly resolution for the whole year based on a fast cluster optimization method. With the projection to 2050, we take the energy system in Xinjiang province which is a typical area of the "Clean Heating" project with rich irradiance as a case study. It shows that the optimal deployment of CSP and electric boiler (EB) can result in a 8.73 % reduction in costs, a 19.72 % decrease in the peak-valley difference of net load, and a substantial 58.24 % reduction in renewable curtailment at 65 % renewable penetration compared to the base scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global water scarcity crisis has led to increased demand for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination technology. In response to the rising global temperatures, there is a growing focus on renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy to power small-scale RO plants. This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of stand-alone photovoltaic reverse osmosis (PV-RO) systems in Pakistan. It focuses on the design and optimization of PV-RO systems for Karachi and Lahore, evaluating the systems with and without energy recovery devices. A parametric study was conducted to optimize system performance, considering various configurations. The analysis includes a comparison of costs when operating with PV, diesel, and grid power. It was found that for Karachi, a four-stage PV-RO system without an energy recovery device provides water at $1.359 per cubic meter, while in Lahore, a three-stage system with an energy recovery device achieves $1.336 per cubic meter. These systems offer significant annual savings compared to diesel-powered systems, with Karachi and Lahore saving up to $10,138 and $17,664 respectively over ten years. The findings of this study show that PV-RO systems, especially those with multiple stages and energy recovery devices, offer a cost-effective and sustainable solution for water desalination in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower, an excellent power source for peak shaving, can respond quickly to load changes, which helps to overcome the anti-peak characteristics of wind and solar power. However, complementary operation with wind and solar power changes the operating boundaries of hydropower stations, making the original operating rules no longer applicable. Considering daily peak-shaving demands, this paper proposes a methodology to develop operating rules for a hydro–wind–solar hybrid system (HWSHS). First, a multi-objective and multi-timescale operation model is developed to ensure energy generation and peak-shaving performance simultaneously. Second, the feasible and reasonable region of available energy-based operating rules is analyzed, and three rule forms are employed to explore the optimal operating rules. Last, NSGA-II is utilized to optimize the rule parameters. A decoupling method is proposed to handle the shape constraints of operating rules, and the multi-timescale simulation method for a HWSHS is developed as the fitness function. In the simulation method, a load reconstruction-based load shedding (LRLS) method is introduced to determine the hourly output of each hydropower station. A forebay elevation check method is performed to obtain the hourly forebay elevation and correct the hourly output. The Beipan HWSHS in Guizhou Province, China, is selected as a case study, and the optimal operating rules are determined. The results also show that (1) the standard operating rules with hedging and packing increase peak-shaving performance by an average of 4.31% and 2.03% compared to the standard operating rules and linear operating rules, respectively; (2) the peak-shaving performance can be significantly increased (6.70%) with a slight decrease (0.37%) in the energy generation through changing the seasonal distribution of water and energy of the cascade hydropower stations; (3) the LRLS method, which makes the interday energy distribution more uniform, increases the peak-shaving performance by an average of 9.17% compared to the traditional load shedding method; (4) the energy generation and peak-shaving performance of the HWSHS are affected by the transmission capacity, and it is necessary to increase the transmission capacity by 25% to 35% of the installed capacity of wind and solar power stations. • A methodology is proposed to develop operating rules considering peak-shaving demands. • A multi-objective and multi-timescale operation model is developed. • The feasible and reasonable region of available energy-based operating rules is analyzed. • A multi-timescale simulation method is designed to simulate the operation of a HWSHS. • The methodology significantly improves the peak-shaving performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is the key driver of life. It is required for the growth, exaltation, modernization, and financial development of any country. The world is turning away from fossil fuels in favor of renewable energy sources in order to meet the rising demand for energy and protect the environment from pollution. Solar energy is becoming a significant source of energy among these new energy sources. The primary solar energy-using appliances are solar air heaters. However, the creation of a laminar sub-layer on the absorbing plate is the cause of its poor thermal efficiency, which is a cause for concern. This paper describes various techniques through which the efficiency of solar air heaters (SAH) is enhanced by disturbing the laminar sub-layer. This study is concentrated on four techniques artificial roughness, jet impingement, piezo-electric fan, and phase change material (PCM), which are explained in four sections. The first section gives a detailed description of artificial rib roughness, turbulators, and protrusions. The second section reviews the use of jet impingement in SAH. The third section introduces a new technique; a piezo-electric fan and describes its mechanism, working parameters, and possibilities for its use in SAH through the previous studies. The fourth section reviews the use of PCM material in SAH by the previous studies. The maximum thermal hydraulic performance factor (THPP) for non-circular ribs, ribs with a rectangular cross section, ribs with an equilateral cross section, and jet impinged SAH, respectively, has been observed to be 1.44–1.29, 2.19, 2.11, and 3.66. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing generation of renewable energy and its concurrent technological innovation are driving the transformations of the energy sector, but little effort has been made at the regional level to specify the heterogeneous impacts of different types of renewable energy development on multi-dimensional energy security. Therefore, this paper establishes a four-dimensional energy security assessment system based on the current energy market situation and economic context of China. Renewable energy generation and technological innovation were simultaneously used as the core proxies for renewable energy development. Then, the panel quantile regression method was used to analyze the heterogeneity of the impact of solar, hydro, and wind energy on energy security, covering 30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2019. The empirical results show that renewable energy power generation generally promotes energy security, but it cannot be effectively applicable to all levels of energy security. Renewable energy technology innovation has surprisingly hindered energy security. These results can serve as a policy and practical guide, suggesting that provincial governments in China should implement energy security and renewable energy policies in line with local characteristics. • The redefined provincial energy security presents obvious spatial heterogeneity. • Panel quantile regression was applied to balanced provincial panel data. • Hydropower contributes only to medium and low levels of energy security. • Wind and solar power contribute differently to all levels of energy security. • Renewable energy technological innovation impedes energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Renewables are variable and require operation flexibility. • Colombia expects more than 10 GW of solar and wind power capacity by 2030. • We quantify the flexibility requirements for the net load and ramps. • Conventional reserves must be doubled at noon. • Conventional generators must provide 7%–10% of additional ramps. Multiple factors drive the energy transition toward power systems based on renewable energies. The use of renewable energies brings new challenges for operators since they are difficult to predict. Power system flexibility is the ability to handle differences between supply and load and can be quantified to measure the effects of renewable energies on power systems. Colombia expects to triple the current solar and wind power capacity by 2030; therefore, it is essential to evaluate the flexibility of the Colombian power. This paper presents a pioneering analysis in the local context, filling a local research gap, by quantifying the flexibility requirements of the Colombian power system based on changes in the net load and its ramps and considering wind and solar generation scenarios and load projections. This analysis has not been conducted locally and can be used by policymakers to determine the country's energy transition path. The results show that renewable power impacts conventional generators. Hydro generation handles high ramp deviations well under normal conditions but faces challenges during low hydrology periods. The Colombian power system is projected to be flexible in 2030 but less so in 2050 due to overproduction and higher net load ramps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the worldwide carbon neutralization targets, concentrating solar power (CSP) is arousing great attention. With the thermal energy storage (TES), CSP is friendly to the power system operation by supplying controllable renewable energy. The capacities of its solar field and TES are essential parameters for maximizing the profit of a CSP plant. This paper formulates an explicit expression of the CSP plant's profit instead of using a simulation-based method. Then, an unconstrained optimization model is proposed to calculate its optimal configuration directly. This model provides insights into the optimal configuration of CSP with different penetrations of wind power in the case study. The results show that to obtain a better profit for the CSP plant, large solar multiple (more than 3.0) and TES (more than 13 h) are preferred to collaborate with high penetration of wind and photovoltaic plants. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified compared to the enumeration searching method. The economy and feasibility of installing an electric heater (EH) in CSP are also demonstrated. Generally, the optimal investment in EH is linearly correlated to the penetration of variable energy resources. [Display omitted] • A flexible operation model of CSP with EH is proposed. • An explicit model of CSP's profit based on the solar radiation curve and prices is constructed. • The configuration of the CSP plant is optimized through the first-order optimality conditions on the profit function. • The optimal configuration of CSP with high renewable energy is provided in the case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ANFIS-HA2O technique for harmonics mitigation & power quality enhancement. • Utilizing intelligent control & power converters to optimize interfacing inverters. • Achieves impressive PV module efficiency of 93 %, enhancing solar-fed DG system performance. • Comparison with other designs highlights superiority in harmonics mitigation. • Contributes to grid stability & effective integration of renewable energy sources. Recently, with a rapid progression of power generation, renewable energy sources based on distributed generation have attained a great deal of attention. Solar energy (i.e. photo voltaic) has confronted a considerable focus among all renewable energy sources since they are environmentally friendly in nature. With the innovation in intelligent control techniques as well as power converters, the distributed systems are controlled effectively thereby enhancing the usage of interfacing inverters. By employing intelligent control approaches, the interfacing inverters provide numerous ancillary functions which include mitigation of harmonics, power factor as well as voltage compensation. This paper proposes a novel Adaptive neuro fuzzy interference system based hybrid Aquila arithmetic optimization (ANFIS-HA2O) technique to enhance the power quality and to mitigate the harmonics in distributed generation (DG) system. This proposed approach extracts enhanced utilization of interfacing inverters containing solar-fed DG systems. Apart from this, the various non-linear loads are reduced by creating the harmonics, which enhance the performance of the proposed technique. Finally, the PV module efficiency and total harmonic distortion of the proposed ANFIS-HA2O design are compared with other designs and from the results; the PV module efficiency achieved is 93 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]