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To investigate the biological effects of arctigenin on B16-F10 melanoma cells in vitro and to explore its mechanism. B16-F10 melanoma cells in vitro were treated with the blank control solution and arctigenin solution of different concentrations, respectively. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using the CCK-8 assay and cell loss assay, and the effect of arctigenin on melanoma cell proliferation was evaluated. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of BCL-2 protein and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cells of different groups and to explore the mechanism of action of arctigenin. The proliferation rate of B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with arctigenin solutions was significantly lower than that of the blank control group (P <.05), and the proliferation rate decreased with increasing concentration of arctigenin. The apoptosis rate of B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with arctigenin solutions was significantly higher than that of the blank control group (P <.05), and the apoptosis rate increased with increasing concentration of arctigenin. The expression levels of BCL-2 and VEGF in B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with arctigenin solutions were significantly lower than those in the blank control group (P <.05), and the expression levels decreased as the concentration of arctigenin increased. Arctigenin can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of melanoma cells, and the mechanism may be associated with decreasing the expression of BCL-2 and VEGF in melanoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterised by intracellular iron overload, increased lipid peroxidation and abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species.It has been implicated in the progression of several diseases including cancer, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases and liver disease. The etiology of endometriosis (EMS) is still unclear and is associated with multiple factors, often accompanied by various forms of cell death and a complex microenvironment. In recent decades, the role of non-traditional forms of cell death, represented by ferroptosis, in endometriosis has come to the attention of researchers. This article reviews the transitional role of iron homeostasis in the development of ferroptosis, the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, and focuses on summarising the links between iron death and various pathogenic mechanisms of EMS, including oxidative stress, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The possible applications of ferroptosis in the treatment of EMS, future research directions and current issues are discussed with the aim of providing new ideas for further understanding of EMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The work proposes an optimization algorithm combining grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to compute the hyperparameters of support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to improve the classification accuracy of SVM classifiers. • This paper proposes a boundary data extraction method combining classification and regression algorithms for the classification boundary of adaptive sampling methods. • Combining the above two methods this paper proposes an optimized adaptive sampling method and establishes a calculation process to achieve the improvement of the calculation accuracy of the adaptive sampling method. The risk-informed safety margin characterization (RISMC) method utilizes a probabilistic safety margin (PSM) comparison between a load and capacity distribution, rather than a deterministic comparison between two values. The RISMC method can be effective in exploiting the potential safety margins and improving the economics of nuclear power plants (NPPs). However, the high computational cost of the coupling calculation involved in RISMC significantly limits its application. This paper presents an optimized adaptive sampling (OAS) method to efficiently calculate the PSM of NPP accidents. The OAS method uses the support vector machine (SVM) method to predict the limit surface and grey wolf optimization combined with particle swarm optimization to tune the SVM hyperparameters. Additionally, OAS uses the Gaussian regression algorithm to modify the limit surface. The OAS method was firstly tested on three synthetic test functions and then generalized to station blackout (SBO) accidents of China Pressurized Reactor (CPR1000). The SBO results showed that the OAS method reduces the relative error between calculated and true values to about 1 % and improves the calculation efficiency by 5 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis, distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other types of cell death, is a novel iron-dependent regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides and redox imbalance with distinct morphological, biochemical, and genetic features. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis, the disruption of antioxidative stress pathways and lipid peroxidation are crucial in ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and heart failure. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that regulate ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases will enhance the prevention and treatment of these diseases. This review discusses the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its regulation in cardiovascular diseases, the application of ferroptosis modulators in cardiovascular diseases, and the role of traditional Chinese medicines in ferroptosis regulation to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and identify new prevention and treatment options. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic Suspended Passive Shutdown Subassembly (HS-PSS) is a passive nuclear safety technology employed in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR). During Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR) operation, this component is often subjected to stress cycles caused by flow-induced vibration (FIV), which may lead to material failure and potentially threaten the reactor's safety. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and evaluate the FIV behavior of the HS-PSS in fast reactors. Different from the conventional used before, HS-PSS is a new type of control rod assembly with no existing studies on FIV. In this study, we established a full-scale experiment for FIV of the HS-PSS in different flow conditions and with various movable component positions (600 mm, 800 mm, 1200 mm). Modal experiments were conducted to determine the natural frequencies. FIV test results show that the highest amplitude occurs when the movable component is 800 mm, with a noticeable acceleration response near the first natural frequency. To explain the experimental observations, numerical simulations have been conducted to analyze the HS-PSS flow field characteristics. The simulations have considered different positions of the movable component at a fixed flow rate of 16.281 m3/h and different flow rates with the movable component positioned at 800 mm. The results indicate significant changes in the flow distribution within the HS-PSS and the hydraulic forces applied to the inlet surface of the movable component when the movable component is set at 800 mm. The experimental and numerical analysis results of this study have provided valuable insights for analyzing and assessing the FIV behavior of the HS-PSS in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors. • A test bench was constructed to study the flow-induced vibration of a Hydraulic Suspended Passive Shutdown Subassembly. • Experiments have discovered the location of special movable parts that respond significantly to vibrations. • The flow field simulation results are consistent with the experimental phenomena, explaining the cause of the vibration response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 210–205 Ma Habake pluton was formed in a continental collision setting. • The final closure of the Paleo-Tethys in the West Kunlun orogenic belt occurred after 209 Ma. • The parent rocks of rare metal-mineralized pegmatites are all S-type granites and contain >150 ppm Li. Recent discoveries of rare metal pegmatite deposits in the West Kunlun region are believed to be related to Triassic granites. However, the tectonic background of the mineralization in this region is currently unclear. Additionally, the mineralization potential of the granite must be determined to assess whether further exploration is warranted. This paper reports whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, and zircon U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions for the Habake granitic pluton. The zircon U–Pb dating revealed that these rocks formed in the Late Triassic (210–205 Ma). The two-mica granites are strongly peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline series rocks, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.71294 ∼ 0.71428, εNd(t) values of −7.79 ∼ -8.15, and εHf(t) values of −1.77 ∼ −32.22; these values are similar to those of Triassic BaryanHar Group graywacke rocks. The other granites are weakly peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline series rocks, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70820 ∼ 0.70823 and 0.70942 ∼ 0.71041, εNd(t) of −3.81 ∼ -4.11 and −5.33 ∼ -5.40, and εHf(t) of −0.90 to +7.02 and −1.39 to −7.68, indicating that the granodiorite and biotite granite were respectively derived from partial melting of the juvenile crust and older lower crust in continental collision stage. Our new data show that the end of the continental collision between the South Kunlun Terrane (SKT) and Tianshuihai terrane (TST) likely occurred after 209 Ma. After analysis of the ore-forming parent rocks of the rare metal pegmatites, the graywacke-derived Habake two-mica granites, has lower Li contents that too low(<150 ppm), indicating that they did not form the rare metal pegmatites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locating high active metal species into idea support surface to form spatially integrated nanostructure is essential for the adsorption and excitation process of water molecules. In this work, we proposed a spatial confinement strategy through incorporating Au nanoparticles into metal-organic framework (MOF) to realize low humidity sensing detection. We found the porous nature of MOF-303 morphology can provide confined room to induce Au species accumulation around the high active hydrophilic pocket (composed by three μ 2 -OH groups and two N(H)). In-situ Raman results further indicate the spatially-close Au species and hydrophilic pocket sites could synergistically promote chemical adsorption of water molecules and proton transfer processes. The as-fabricated Au@MOF-303 humidity sensor exhibits ultra-high response at low humidity condition (4345 Hz to 3.39 % RH), low humidity hysteresis (0.18 % RH), excellent repeatability and selectivity. Furthermore, the Au@MOF-303 sensor enables real-time monitoring of breathing signals attached to the surgical mask and the proximity of the fingertips. [Display omitted] • Metal-organic framework confined Au catalysts were prepared. • The sensors exhibit high response at low humidity condition (4345 Hz to 3.39 % RH). • Au species and hydrophilic pocket synergistically improve the adsorption of water molecules. • The sensors can monitor human respiration and finger humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of dwindling freshwater resources, it is imperative to comprehensively evaluate crop productivity and soil resource sustainability when considering the use of saline water for irrigation (SWI). This study aimed to investigate the effects of SWI on soil salinity variation and sustainability of flat sowing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through a comprehensive 15-year field experiment conducted in the North China Plain, encompassing six levels of irrigation water salinity (EC iw of 1.3, 3.4, 7.1, 10.6, 14.1, and 17.7 dS m−1, respectively). The results of the 15-year SWI revealed an increase in soil salinity within the cotton root zone, with increases of 5%, 20%, 39%, 67%, 116%, and 156%, respectively, observed across the six treatments. In treatments with higher EC iw values (14.1 and 17.7 dS m−1), salt accumulation extended to a depth of 3.0 m. Long - term SWI has a risk of causing soil sodicity and alkalinity. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and pH in the treatments with EC iw ≥ 7.1 dS m−1 increased significantly (P < 0.05) after cotton harvest in the 15th year of continuous SWI. Cotton yield performance exhibited a distinct response to varying levels of EC iw. The treatment with an EC iw of 3.4 dS m−1 yielded the highest average cotton yield of 3419 kg ha−1, while cotton yields in treatments with an EC iw of 14.1 and 17.7 dS m−1 were more than 13% and 20%, respectively, lower than the maximum yield (P < 0.05). The sustainability index of cotton yield was at its lowest (0.68) in the treatments with an EC iw of 7.1 dS m−1, with values between 0.72 and 0.75 in the other treatments. Additionally, long-term SWI resulted in changes in cotton quality, including a decrease in micronaire value and an increase in elongation index. A quadratic correlation analysis identified a threshold EC iw of 6.8 dS m−1 for optimum cotton yield. In summary, it is recommended that the EC iw should not exceed 6.8 dS m−1 to ensure the sustainability and safety of long-term SWI for cotton production in this research region. [Display omitted] • The impact of EC iw on soil salt and cotton yield was evaluated in a 15-year experiment. • Salt accumulated in 0-1.0 m depth was positively related to EC iw. • Irrigation with high EC iw (14.1 and 17.7 dS m−1) resulted in salt accumulation to a depth of 3.0 m. • The sustainability index of yield varied from 0.68 to 0.75 under the six treatments. • A threshold EC iw of 6.8 dS m−1 was determined to be the safe limit for irrigation with saline water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Tourmaline in muscovite is of schorl type and tourmaline in barren and ore-bearing pegmatite are of oxy-schorl and fluor-elbaite. • Local fluid/melt composition may have influenced the tourmaline trace element compositions. • Fluid exsolution occurred in ore-bearing pegmatite with high Li contents. • B-isotope variation among tourmaline types linked to melt-fluid-tourmaline fractionation. The Bailongshan in the West Kunlun Orogen (northern Tibet) is a newly-discovered super-large rare-metal (Li-Rb(-Be-Ta-Nb)) pegmatite deposit. Tourmaline occurs widely in muscovite granites and pegmatites at Bailongshan, but comprehensive study is yet to be done on the geochemical evolution of tourmaline from the magmatic to the hydrothermal stages. Here, we present a systematic study of in-situ major, trace elemental and boron isotopic variations of tourmaline from Bailongshan deposit, and discuss the tourmaline genesis and how boron isotopes change during the magmatic to hydrothermal stage. Three types of tourmaline have been identified at Bailongshan deposit, including disseminated tourmaline in the muscovite granite, medium-coarse-grained euhedral tourmaline in the barren pegmatite, and multicolored medium-coarse-grained tourmaline in the ore-bearing pegmatite. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS geochemical analyses reveal that the tourmaline samples belong mainly to alkali group, with the tourmalines from the muscovite granite and the barren pegmatite falling into the schorl solid-solution series and the ore-bearing pegmatite falling into elbaite. There is a major chemical change from Fe-rich compositions with moderate Al in the Y-sites (muscovite granite and barren pegmatite) to Li-rich compositions with high YAl and relatively high F (ore-bearing pegmatite). Most trace element contents vary over several orders of magnitude with median concentrations of 0.1–10 μg/g. High concentrations are found for Ga, Zn, Be, Sc, Sn and Li (several tens to thousands of μg/g), whereas low concentrations (<0.1 μg/g) are found for V, Rb, U, Th, W, and Hf. The tourmalines from muscovite granite and barren pegmatite yielded δ11B = -8.9 to −7.5 ‰ and −8.7 to −6.0 ‰, respectively, whilst the tourmaline in the ore-bearing pegmatite show a wider δ11B range (-8.8 to −5.2 ‰). The B isotopic values indicate a source of the continental crust in a post-collisional setting. The estimated δ11B value of parental granitic magma is −10.0 ‰. The overlap in δ11B values between muscovite granite and barren pegmatite indicates a little isotopic fractionation between tourmaline and melt. Rayleigh fractionation results in the observed δ11B decrease from zone I (-6.9 ‰) to zone V (-8.0 ‰). After the barren-pegmatite-hosted tourmaline formation, the δ11B value of boron-rich magma would have been about −11.5 ‰. The intragrain δ11B variation of tourmaline in the ore-bearing pegmatite is 2.7 ‰, much larger than that from the other zones, indicating the rim of the tourmaline crystallized from fluid exsolved. We calculated the boron-isotope fractionation (between fluid and melt) to be 4.2–5.7 ‰ at 600–450 °C. Chemical variations in tourmaline are continuous in the muscovite granite and barren pegmatite, consistent with fractional crystallization, whereas the tourmaline from the ore-bearing pegmatite may have formed during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition. The boron isotopic variations could be attributed to fractionation between melt-tourmaline, melt-fluid and tourmaline-fluid and Rayleigh fractionation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current groundwater models face significant challenges in their implementation due to heavy computational burdens. To overcome this, our work proposes a cost-effective emulator that efficiently and accurately forecasts the impact of abstraction in an aquifer. Our approach uses a deep neural operator (DeepONet) framework to learn operators that map between infinite-dimensional function spaces via deep neural networks. The goal is to infer the distribution of hydraulic heads in a confined aquifer in the presence of a pumping well. We successfully tested the DeepONet framework on multiple problems, including forward time-dependent problems, an inverse analysis, and a nonlinear system. Additionally, we propose a novel extension of the DeepONet-based architecture to generate accurate predictions for varied hydraulic conductivity fields and pumping well locations that are unseen during training. Our emulator's predictions match the target data with excellent performance, demonstrating that the proposed model can act as an efficient and fast tool to support a range of tasks that require repetitive forward numerical simulations or inverse simulations of groundwater flow problems. Overall, our work provides a promising avenue for developing cost-effective and accurate groundwater models. • We propose, for the first time, a neural operator (DeepONet) as a surrogate model to efficiently and accurately emulate the impact of abstraction in the distribution of hydraulic heads in confined, heterogeneous aquifers. • The proposed method can efficiently learn solutions of both the forward and inverse operator. • By proposing a modification to the original formulation of DeepONet, we have achieved precise predictions for varied groundwater head distributions, accommodating the random positioning of wells in the heterogeneous aquifer. • Our experiments demonstrate DeepONet's capability in tackling tasks demanding repetitive forward numerical simulations, even in time-dependent and nonlinear setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Change in the physicochemical and gelling properties of MP upon LF-MFT was studied. • LF-MFT held a superior gel quality by inhibiting oxidation and denaturation than AT. • Particularly, LF-MFT-4 could inhibit the oxidation and denaturation of MP. • LF-MFT-4 helped in holding water by protecting the structure and gelling properties. The impact of low-frequency alternating magnetic field thawing (LF-MFT) on the physicochemical and gelling properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MP) was studied. Results showed that compared to atmosphere thawing (AT), LF-MFT helped in inhibiting the oxidation and denaturation of protein during thawing, thereby maintaining a superior MP gel (P < 0.05). In particular, LF-MFT-4 (LF-MFT at 4 mT) could decrease the oxidation of MP, which might be due to having a higher content of total sulfhydryl and less carbonyl of MP than other thawing treatments. The denaturation of MP was reduced since LF-MFT-4 led to less aggregation and degradation than AT. The gelling properties were also retained, and a compact and homogeneous network structure was formed after LF-MFT-4, resulting in excellent water retention. These findings suggested that LF-MFT-4 improved the gelling properties of MP by inhibiting its oxidation and denaturation, demonstrating a potential application of LF-MFT in meat thawing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A two-stage risk dispatching model for integrated transmission and distribution networks is proposed. The day-ahead phase focuses on the economics of the transmission and distribution network, while the intra-day phase focuses on operational safety. • The four dimensions of regulable resources, such as power side, grid side, load side and energy storage side, are coordinated to optimally dispatch the transmission and distribution network. • An improved particle swarm (PSO) algorithm solution model is proposed. In this paper, the dynamic adjustment of the inertia weight factor and learning factor can improve the ability to globally search for optimal values and increase the convergence speed of the algorithm. With the incorporation of more renewable energy sources, distribution networks are shifting from passive to active. The interconnection of the transmission and distribution networks will increase and the tidal currents will become bidirectional, affecting the stable operation of the transmission and distribution networks. This paper proposes a multi-timescale risk dispatch study for transmission and distribution networks that have a high proportion of distributed energy access to meet the rising demand for coupling between the two types of networks. First, a day-ahead scheduling model that takes into account various operational risks is developed with the goal of minimizing total operating costs, and it optimizes the source network load and storage of multiple adjustable resources of the transmission network and distribution network jointly under the risk limit constraint. Second, an intraday scheduling model is built with the goal of minimizing the risk cost of the transmission network and distribution network, and the day-ahead scheduling plan is modified by considering the day-ahead forecast error and the different operational risks of the transmission network and distribution network. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed multi-time-scale risk dispatch model is verified through the analysis of arithmetic cases, and it is proved that the model can enable the interaction and coordination between transmission and distribution networks as well as the synergistic optimization of operating costs and operating risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the structure and function of Salvinia molesta , a biomimetic antifouling film with double-scale microstructure antennae was designed and fabricated using silicone rubber-graphene composite materials (micro-SR-GN). The micro-SR-GN can absorb air bubbles underwater to wrap the whole antenna, forming a "bubble shield" that can act as an environmentally-friendly physical antifouling barrier. Due to its hydrophobicity and double-scale microstructure, micro-SR-GN has strong bubble adsorption function and can maintain bubbles stability at a certain fluid velocity (1.5 m/s). In static and dynamic antifouling experiments, micro-SR-GN exhibited excellent antifouling performance, which could resist the adhesion of both Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and marine algae. These findings suggest that a promising platform could be achieved based on the physical antifouling strategy of "bubble shield" and show broad prospects in maritime industry. • Salvinia inspired biomimetic antifouling film can adsorb bubbles and maintain bubbles stable at a certain flow rate. • Bubble shield can effectively prevent the attachment of common fouling organisms, including bacteria and algae. • The antifouling strategy based on "bubble shield" is environmentally friendly. • The antifouling coating is prepared using a 3D printing template method, which is simple and convenient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is the standard of care for patients with unresectable and locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. This study aimed to determine whether the addition of ICIs to CRT is associated with an increased risk of pneumonitis. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies published between January 1, 2015, and July 31, 2023. The outcome of interest was the incidence rate of pneumonitis. A random-effects model was used for statistical analysis. A total of 185 studies with 24,527 patients were included. The pooled rate of grade ≥2 pneumonitis for CRT plus ICIs was significantly higher than that for CRT alone (29.6%; 95% CI, 25.7%-33.6% vs 20.2%; 95% CI, 17.7%-22.8%; P <.0001) but not that of grade ≥3 (5.7%; 95% CI, 4.8%-6.6% vs 5.6%; 95% CI, 4.7%-6.5%; P =.64) or grade 5 (0.1%; 95% CI, 0.0%-0.2% vs 0.3%; 95% CI, 0.1%-0.4%; P =.68). The results from the subgroup analyses of prospective studies, retrospective studies, Asian and non-Asian studies, concurrent CRT (cCRT), and durvalumab consolidation were comparable to the overall results. However, CRT or cCRT plus PD-1 inhibitors not only significantly increased the incidence of grade ≥2 but also that of grade ≥3 pneumonitis compared to CRT alone or cCRT plus PD-L1 inhibitors. Compared with CRT alone, durvalumab consolidation after CRT appears to be associated with a higher incidence of moderate pneumonitis and CRT plus PD-1 inhibitors with an increased risk of severe pneumonitis. Nevertheless, these findings are based on observational studies and need to be validated in future large head-to-head studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is involved in various biochemical reactions in plant growth, so it is beneficial to plants growing in soils contaminated by metals, including cadmium (Cd). However, few studies have reported on the mechanistic roles of P in mitigating Cd toxicity to ryegrass root, and especially in alleviating the disruption of the mitochondrial function of living cells. In this study, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms associated with ryegrass growth under various Cd and P treatments were investigated using leaching and pot systems. The concentration of Cd in soil leachates showed a significantly positive relationship with redox potential (P < 0.05), but negative relationship (P < 0.05) with leachate pH values and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), indicating that exogenous P addition (as H 2 PO 4 −) may decrease Cd leaching from contaminated soil. Compared to the control (without P addition), the cumulative Cd content was reduced by 53.3% and 64.5% in the soil leachate with exogenous P application (20 mg/L and 80 mg/L), respectively. Notably, application of P decreased the Cd concentrations in the symplastic fractions and increased the Cd concentrations in the apoplastic fractions in root tips, which may help to alleviate Cd stress to the protoplast. Moreover, exogenous P was found to play a positive role in mitochondrial function and Ca2+ variation in root cells under Cd stress, which provides novel insights into the mechanisms of exogenous P in alleviating plant Cd injury. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyroptosis is a specific type of programmed cell death (PCD) characterized by distinct morphological changes, including cell swelling, membrane blebbing, DNA fragmentation, and eventual cell lysis. Pyroptosis is closely associated with human-related diseases, such as inflammation and malignancies. Since the initial observation of pyroptosis in Shigella flexneri -infected macrophages more than 20 years ago, various pyroptosis-inducing agents, including ions, small molecules, and biological nanomaterials, have been developed for tumor treatment. Given that pyroptosis can activate the body's robust immune response against tumor and promote the formation of the body's long-term immune memory in tumor treatment, its status as a type of immunogenic cell death is self-evident. Therefore, pyroptosis should be used as a powerful anti-tumor strategy. However, there still is a lack of a comprehensive summary of the most recent advances in pyroptosis-based cancer therapy. Therefore, it is vital to fill this gap and inspire future drug design to better induce tumor cells to undergo pyroptosis to achieve advanced anti-tumor effects. In this review, we summarize in detail the most recent advances in triggering tumor cell immunogenic pyroptosis for adequate tumor clearance based on various treatment modalities, and highlight material design and therapeutic advantages. Besides, we also provide an outlook on the prospects of this emerging field in the next development. This review emphasizes the critical role of ROS-dependent and the newly discovered non-ROS-dependent pathways in evoking immunogenic pyroptosis and turning "cold tumor" into "hot tumor". [Display omitted] • Evoking immunogenic pyroptosis offers a promising model for anti-tumor immunotherapy. • Immunogenic pyroptosis can effectively transform immunogenic "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors. • Summarizes novel strategies to evoke immunogenic pyroptosis. • Emphasizes the importance of ROS in immunogenic pyroptosis. • Overview of microbial therapies used to induce immunogenic pyroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-temperature Liquid Nitrogen Ring-on-Ring end-face contact friction Test Platform (LNR-RTP) was set up and applied to test the tribological behavior on metal/graphite ring-on-ring end-face contact pair. The friction coefficients and wear rates were obtained, and the wear mechanism was analyzed. The results show the friction coefficient increases with the rotational speed under the low temperature conditions and the low load from 50 to 100 N. With the load increasing, the friction coefficient is stable with the change of rotational speed, which is 0.05. The wear cross-section shows a taper shape from the inner to outer diameter, which implies a transition of the wear mechanism from the adhere wear to three-body wear under the low temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signed Distance Fields (SDFs) have found widespread utility in collision detection applications due to their superior query efficiency and ability to represent continuous geometries. However, little attention has been paid to calculating the intersection of two arbitrary SDFs. In this paper, we propose a novel, accurate, and real-time approach for SDF-based collision detection between two solids, both represented as SDFs. Our primary strategy entails using interval calculations and the SDF gradient to guide the search for intersection points within the geometry. For arbitrary objects, we take inspiration from existing collision detection pipelines and segment the two SDFs into multiple parts with bounding volumes. Once potential collisions between two parts are identified, our method quickly computes comprehensive intersection information such as penetration depth, contact points, and contact normals. Our method is general in that it accepts both continuous and discrete SDF representations. Experiment results show that our method can detect collisions in high-precision models in real time, highlighting its potential for a wide range of applications in computer graphics and virtual reality. • The first real-time and accurate general SDF-SDF collision detection method. • A novel method for testing the intersection of analytic distance functions. • An accurate method for estimating contact information for SDF-SDF collision response stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study mainly concentrated on investigating the effects on the crystal structure, hydrogen storage, and electrochemical properties of La x Y 1− x MgNi 4 (x = 0, 0.25, and 0.5) alloys. The refined X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the substitution by La results in a change in the phase composition and abundance of the compound and an increase in the lattice constants. La can increase the maximum hydrogen absorption capacity while decreasing the hydrogen absorption and desorption plateaus. However, increasing the La content leads to incomplete hydrogen desorption. In electrochemistry, La addition can improve the activation property, while the electrodes with higher Y content show better cycling stability. The La 0 25 Y 0.75 MgNi 4 alloy exhibits a maximum capacity for discharge of ∼400 mAh g−1 @10 mA g−1. Its superior electrochemical kinetic performance is attributed to a higher hydrogen diffusion coefficient and exchange current density. Therefore, by optimizing the La content, the tested alloys' hydrogen storage, and electrochemical performance can be improved. [Display omitted] • The crystal structure of (La,Y)MgNi 4 is determined by Rietveld fitting XRD patterns. • The maximum discharge capacity as anode electrode reaches 400 mAh g−1at 10 mA g−1. • La addition decreases the plateau pressure of hydrogen absorption and desorption. • La doping improves the discharge capacity and kinetic electrochemical performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinearity of the hydro-turbine governing system (HTGS) will affect the regulation stability. This paper investigates the stability of HTGS considering the nonlinear coupling of hydro-turbine characteristics (NCTC) under full operating conditions. Firstly, the HTGS models considering the NCTC and power grid conditions are established. Then, the Hopf bifurcation analysis is carried out to comprehensively explain the mechanism of HTGS stability. Finally, the effect regularity of the NCTC on the stability of HTGS is summarized under the full operating conditions. The results indicate that the NCTC includes the coupling of nonlinear speed characteristic and linear head characteristic (NSHC), the coupling of nonlinear head characteristic and linear speed characteristic (NHSC), and the coupling of nonlinear head characteristic and linear opening characteristic (NHOC). The effect of NCTC on stability and dynamic response is mainly realized through the NHOC. The NHOC is favorable for stability under negative load disturbances and unfavorable for stability under positive load disturbances. A smaller unit inertia time constant or a greater flow inertia reduce the effect of NHOC on stable domain. The NHOC has different effects on stability under different operating conditions with a certain regularity. This paper provides potential support for optimizing control parameters of the HTGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdsourced delivery platforms operate as an intermediary between consumers who require delivery tasks and couriers who make these deliveries; both of which are uncertain. The main challenge of a crowdsourced delivery platform is to meet a service level for their customers (e.g., 95% on-time delivery) by serving dynamically arriving delivery tasks with time windows. The two critical courier management decisions for a platform are how to schedule couriers and how to assign delivery tasks to couriers. These two decisions can be centralized (i.e., decided by the platform) or decentralized (i.e., decided by the couriers). Centralizing these decisions produces a more reliable workforce while decentralizing them may come with cost savings to the platform and allows more freedom to couriers in deciding when and where to work. Crowdsourced delivery platforms have begun to utilize both courier types simultaneously (i.e., a hybrid system) with the hope of reaping the advantages of each. In this paper, we address the challenge of capacity planning for a crowdsourced delivery platform that utilizes both centralized (committed) and decentralized (ad-hoc) couriers. We present fluid models for delivery systems using either type of courier, and a hybrid formulation. Our theoretical, numerical, and simulation results establish the superiority of a hybrid system over each pure system in a majority of real-world scenarios. • Model a hybrid delivery system that utilizes centralized and decentralized couriers. • Fleet sizing, task assignment and empty repositioning for centralized couriers. • Delivery task pricing for ad-hoc couriers. • Use linear and non-linear convex programming with conic reformulation. • Analysis and numerical experiments show the benefits of a hybrid delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effect of ambient temperature and material temperature on explosion characteristics. • Evolution characteristics of explosion process of ether spray were analyzed. • The deflagration index is used to help analyze the change of explosion characteristics. • The material temperature has less influence on the spray explosion characteristics. • Comparison of ethyl ether spray explosion and near vapor-phase ethyl ether explosion. As a biofuel with a wide range of uses, ethyl ether leakage may cause serious spray explosion accidents during storage and transportation, however, the evolution characteristics and process mechanism of ethyl ether spray explosion have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the effects of material temperature and ambient temperature on ethyl ether spray explosion at different concentrations are studied by means of spray explosion experiment system. In this paper, the development of ethyl ether spray explosion with a mass concentration range of 107.1–392.7 g/m3 was studied at different ambient temperature and material temperature. Where the ambient temperature range is 298.15–323.15 K, and the material temperature range is 298.15–323.15 K. Moreover, in this paper, the risk of spray explosion is more clearly understood through the classification of deflagration index, and the explosion characteristics of spray explosion are analyzed comprehensively according to the boiling point as the dividing line. The maximum explosion pressure and its arrival time, the rate of rise of the maximum explosion pressure and its arrival time are used as the basis to evaluate the effect of the explosion process of ethyl ether spray. The results show that when the ambient temperature is lower than the boiling point temperature of ethyl ether, the increase of ambient temperature has little effect on the explosion characteristics of ethyl ether spray. When the ambient temperature is higher than 308.15 K, the maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise of ethyl ether spray explosion increase. At medium and low concentrations(107.1 g/m3, 178.5–249.9 g/m3), the increase of ambient temperature is conducive to the rapid development of spray explosion, and the arrival time of maximum explosion pressure and pressure rise rate both show a decreasing trend. However, under the influence of incomplete combustion at high concentration, the explosion development rate is reduced. At lower material temperature, the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise increase with the increase of material temperature. When the material temperature is higher than 303.15 K, the ethyl ether droplet temperature is higher than the ambient temperature, and the heat loss of the droplet has a certain inhibition effect on spray explosion. Especially when the material temperature is high, the inhibition effect is more significant, so when the material temperature rises to 323.15 K, the maximum rate of pressure rise decreases. The effect of ambient temperature on the explosion grade is more obvious than that of the material temperature, and the effect on the explosion characteristics of ethyl ether spray is also greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide poisoning poses a significant challenge for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells operating with CO-containing hydrogen. One established solution involves air bleeding, a process that enhances the oxidation of carbon monoxide at the anode side of the fuel cell by blending a small quantity of air with the impure hydrogen before its introduction into the fuel cell. However, researchers have raised concerns regarding durability issues about catalyst sintering and membrane decomposition induced by air bleeding. The effects and underlying mechanisms of air bleeding on PEM fuel cells have yet to be comprehensively elucidated. To address this, this study conducts a detailed durability test to quantitatively evaluate the effects of air bleeding on the CO-containing hydrogen-fueled PEM fuel cells via the micro-current excitation method. The investigation substantiates that the PtRu/C catalysts significantly enhance both the performance and durability of fuel cells when air bleeding is employed, exhibiting different CO-tolerance and decay behaviors compared to the Pt/C anode catalyst. Furthermore, the evolution of MEA parameters indicates that the advantageous behaviors of PtRu/C catalysts can be attributed to their CO-tolerance capabilities, alleviated anodic catalyst sintering and loss, and decreased chemical carbon support corrosion and membrane decomposition through diminished hydrogen peroxide generation. This study contributes critical insights and empirical evidence for researchers focusing on CO-tolerant catalyst materials, the durability of PEM fuel cells, and the conversion and utilization of impure hydrogen energy derived from fossil fuels. • Auxiliary PtRu/C exhibits superior performance and durability simultaneously. • Quantitative durability analysis through changes in PEMFCs' MEA parameters. • Mitigated decay mechanisms involve less peroxide and catalyst sintering by PtRu/C. • Dual-catalyst layer anode is feasible for fuel cells utilizing impure hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we focused on the heat waves (HW) associated with the quasi-biweekly (QBW, 10–20-day period) variability (QBW-HW) over Southern China (SC, 102º–120ºE, 21º–30ºN) in the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model, GridPoint version 3 (FGOALS-g3), and the HW-associated structures and surface air temperature budget investigated by using model outputs from historical experiment of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We found that the anomalous circulations related to the QBW-HW events over SC are closely linked to the southeastward propagation of the wave train from mid-high latitudes and the northwestward-propagating disturbances from the tropics. The results also showed that adiabatic and diabatic heating play a key role in the QBW-HW over SC. These results are in good agreement with observations from previous studies. In addition, QBW-HWs are dry in the FGOALS-g3 model, while observed humid HWs occur over SC. The difference is mainly due to the new boundary layer scheme incorporated in the FGOALS-g3 model, which overestimates the entrainment process at the top of the boundary layer during the QBW-HW over SC, resulting in more and drier air into the boundary layer, and thus less moisture. It implies that the entrainment equation at the top of the boundary layer in the FGOALS-g3 model does need to be improved to be suitable for humid HW processes, although the boundary layer scheme can improve the model precipitation and radiative forcing. • The structures and mechanisms of QBW-HW over SC in the FGOALS-g3 model are similar to the previous studies. • The dry HWs in the FGOALS-g3 model are quite different from the observed humid HWs. • The overestimated entrainment process in the FGOALS-g3 model results in a drier boundary layer during QBW-HW over SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the transient photoelectric characteristics of an electric vacuum semiconductor complex detector and achieve its optimal balance between space optical transmission and transient photoelectric response, this paper proposes a power gain bandwidth product model to help evaluate and inform the design of this type of device. First, we used the Particle Studio platform in the CST Studio Suite software to design such a complex detector model. The frequency response of several critical nodes in the complex detector is presented as frequency modulation with respect to the device power gain. Building on this, we further investigated the relationship between spatial frequency and the power gain bandwidth in this type of detector. By comparing the theoretical model, simulated data, and experimental results, we demonstrated the existence of four complementary working regions of the gain and imaging performance of the device. Accurate positioning of the detector working nodes at the optimal positions is the key to the desired detection capability. Finally, through mutual verification between the theoretical model, simulated data, and experimental results, the power gain bandwidth product comprehensively assesses the gain, transient response, and optical transfer from three aspects of this type of complex detector. This comprehensive assessment will further promote its application across various commercial fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of damage, including single event burnout (SEB) and single event leakage current (SELC) caused by heavy ion irradiation in silicon carbide (SiC) junction barrier Schottky diodes (JBSDs), was performed using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), emission microscope (EMMI), focused ion beam (FIB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and other methods. The damage of SEB extending from the Schottky contact through the epitaxial layer to the SiC substrate was observed. The damage causing SELC was related to the micro-burnout of the Schottky contact. It was concluded that the damage of Schottky contact was induced by incident high-energy particles under a large electric field, forming a leakage current path, resulting in SEB and SELC in the SiC device. • The damage including SEB and SELC induced by heavy ions in SiC JBSDs were analysed by comprehensive use of various damage analysis methods. • The damage including SEB and SELC was located. • The mechanism of SEB and SELC was analysed. • The effectiveness of various analytical methods was given, which provides reference for subsequent scholars' damage analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonatum kingianum Coll & Hemsl is an important Chinese medicine used for enhancing physical function and anti-fatigue, and polysaccharides (PKPs) are considered as the main bioactive components. However, the mechanisms through which PKPs exert their anti-fatigue effects are not fully understood. This study aimed more comprehensively to explore the anti-fatigue mechanisms of PKPs, focusing on metabolism, protein expression, and gut flora, by using exhaustive swimming experiments in mice. Results showed a significant increase in the exhaustive swimming time of the mice treated with PKPs, especially in the high-dose group (200 mg/kg/day). Further studies showed that PKPs remarkably improves several fatigue-related physiological indices. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that PKPs increased antioxidant bacteria (e.g., g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae) and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., g_Escherichia-Shigella and g_Helicobacter). PKPs also mitigated oxidative stress through activating the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway, and promoted energy metabolism by upregulating the expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/TFAM signaling pathway proteins. This research may offer theoretical support for incorporating PKPs as a novel dietary supplement in functional foods targeting anti-fatigue properties. • Polygonatum kingianum Coll & Hemsl polysaccharides (PKPs) can relieve fatigue. • PKPs suppress oxidative stress and upregulate energy metabolism related proteins. • PKPs reduce the abundance of g_Escherichia-Shigella and g_Helicobacter. • PKPs increase levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonatum kingianum Coll & Hemsl is an important Chinese medicine used for enhancing physical function and anti-fatigue, and polysaccharides (PKPs) are considered as the main bioactive components. However, the mechanisms through which PKPs exert their anti-fatigue effects are not fully understood. This study aimed more comprehensively to explore the anti-fatigue mechanisms of PKPs, focusing on metabolism, protein expression, and gut flora, by using exhaustive swimming experiments in mice. Results showed a significant increase in the exhaustive swimming time of the mice treated with PKPs, especially in the high-dose group (200 mg/kg/day). Further studies showed that PKPs remarkably improves several fatigue-related physiological indices. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that PKPs increased antioxidant bacteria (e.g., g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae) and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., g_Escherichia-Shigella and g_Helicobacter). PKPs also mitigated oxidative stress through activating the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway, and promoted energy metabolism by upregulating the expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/TFAM signaling pathway proteins. This research may offer theoretical support for incorporating PKPs as a novel dietary supplement in functional foods targeting anti-fatigue properties. • Polygonatum kingianum Coll & Hemsl polysaccharides (PKPs) can relieve fatigue. • PKPs suppress oxidative stress and upregulate energy metabolism related proteins. • PKPs reduce the abundance of g_Escherichia-Shigella and g_Helicobacter. • PKPs increase levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines international temporary migration as an intermediary step among aspiring entrepreneurs to accumulate the needed capital when they face credit constraints at home. The analysis is based on a representative dataset of lifetime employment histories of return migrants from Bangladesh. After establishing the credit constraints that potential entrepreneurs face, the paper shows that non-agricultural self-employment rates are significantly higher among returning migrants — over half versus around 20% of non-migrants. Most migrants transition into self-employment by using their savings from abroad as the main source of financing. The paper then offers, for the first time, a detailed account of the financial costs and benefits of international migration. Our findings suggest that temporary migration can contribute to structural transformation of lower-income countries by enabling credit-constrained workers to enter into non-agricultural entrepreneurship. • Many aspiring entrepreneurs in lower income countries face tight credit constraints. • Temporary international migration allows faster accumulation of the necessary capital. • Cost benefit analysis shows that it shares many features with classical investments. • Novel data from Bangladesh show frequent transitions into self-employment upon return. • Self-employment to a large extent is financed by savings acquired abroad. • Self-employment after return strongly increases the gains from temporary migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both environmental regulation (ER) and different pollutants emission are characterized by differentiation, but the nonlinear relationship between different intensities of ER and different levels of pollutants emission has not yet been elaborated. This paper examines the nonlinear effects of ER at different intensities on PM 2.5 and CO 2 at different states with the help of cutting-edge Quantile on Quantile Approach (QQA), comprehensively reveals the inner law of ER to promote pollutants synergistic reduction. This study found that, both PM 2.5 and CO 2 show obvious regional differences but are not polarized. ER can effectively help reduce PM 2.5 and CO 2 in average, and this reduction effect is more obvious for central-western cities. The effects of different intensities of ER on different states of PM 2.5 and CO 2 have obvious nonlinear spillover characteristics. The impact of ER on PM 2.5 shows wave-like changes. Increasing ER intensity has a stronger inhibitory effect on PM 2.5 of high scale, but when PM 2.5 is relatively low, moderate ER is needed to match it, and excessive intensity of ER will be detrimental to reduce PM 2.5. The negative impact of ER on CO 2 fluctuates relatively stable. ER at high quantiles have more obvious reduction effect on CO 2 of high levels, but excessive intensity of ER is not conducive to reduce CO 2. Achieve the synergistic reduction of PM 2.5 and CO 2 should not only consider the differences in ER between regions, but also to combine the scale differences of pollution and carbon emission. Our study suggests that the improvement of synergistic emission reduction system needs to consider the strength of ER and the level of pollutants emission according to local conditions, which will help to realize green development more efficiently. • Assessing the impacts of different intensities of ER on different levels of PM 2.5 and CO 2. • The use of QQ approach can obtain richer nonlinear information. • The effects of ER on PM 2.5 and CO 2 are asymmetric and heterogeneous. • Increasing ER intensity has a stronger inhibitory effect on PM 2.5 of high scale. • Nonlinear changes in the negative impact of ER on CO2 fluctuates relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced single-use dynamic EMG-torque models require burdensome subject-specific calibration contractions and have historically been assumed to produce lower error than generic models (i.e., models that are identical across subjects and muscles). To investigate this assumption, we studied generic one degree of freedom (DoF) models derived from the ensemble median of subject-specific models, evaluated across subject, DoF and joint. We used elbow (N = 64) and hand-wrist (N = 9) datasets. Subject-specific elbow models performed statistically better [5.79 ± 1.89 %MVT (maximum voluntary torque) error] than generic elbow models (6.21 ± 1.85 %MVT error). However, there were no statistical differences between subject-specific vs. generic models within each hand-wrist DoF. Next, we evaluated generic models across joints. The best hand-wrist generic model had errors of 6.29 ± 1.85 %MVT when applied to the elbow. The elbow generic model had errors of 7.04 ± 2.29 %MVT when applied to the hand-wrist. The generic elbow model was statistically better in both joints, compared to the generic hand-wrist model. Finally, we tested Butterworth filter models (a simpler generic model), finding no statistical differences between optimum Butterworth and subject-specific models. Overall, generic models simplified EMG-torque training without substantive performance degradation and provided the possibility of transfer learning between joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating synthetic CT (sCT) from magnetic resonance (MR) images enables MR-based treatment planning in radiation therapy. However, the MR images used for MR-guided adaptive planning are often truncated in the boundary regions due to the limited field of view and the need for sequence optimization. Consequently, the sCT generated from these truncated MR images lacks complete anatomic information, leading to dose calculation error for MR-based adaptive planning. We propose a novel structure-completion generative adversarial network (SC-GAN) to generate sCT with full anatomic details from the truncated MR images. To enable anatomy compensation, we expand input channels of the CT generator by including a body mask and introduce a truncation loss between sCT and real CT. The body mask for each patient was automatically created from the simulation CT scans and transformed to daily MR images by rigid registration as another input for our SC-GAN in addition to the MR images. The truncation loss was constructed by implementing either an auto-segmentor or an edge detector to penalize the difference in body outlines between sCT and real CT. The experimental results show that our SC-GAN achieved much improved accuracy of sCT generation in both truncated and untruncated regions compared to the original cycleGAN and conditional GAN methods. • An automatic workflow to generate synthetic CT from truncated MR images. • Achieve anatomic compensation using a novel truncation loss function. • Improve synthetic CT image quality in both truncated and non-truncated regions. • Facilitate accurate dose calculation for MR-guided online adaptive planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The findings revealed a robust link between MD and the comorbidity, including common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways. • This study identified hub MD-related DEGs via bioinformatics analysis and experiment validation. • This study constructed an immune landscape about gene-mitochondria-immunocyte network. • This study provided a basis for novel mitochondria-targeting and immunotherapeutic methods to modulate periodontitis and T2DM. There is a reciprocal comorbid relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent studies have suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) could be the key driver underlying this comorbidity. The aim of this study is to provide novel understandings into the potential molecular mechanisms between MD and the comorbidity, and identify potential therapeutic targets for personalized clinical management. MD-related differentially expressed genes (MDDEGs) were identified. Enrichment analyses and PPI network analysis were then conducted. Six algorithms were used to explore the hub MDDEGs, and these were validated by ROC analysis and qRT-PCR. Co-expression and potential drug targeting analyses were then performed. Potential biomarkers were identified using LASSO regression. The immunocyte infiltration levels in periodontitis and T2DM were evaluated via CIBERSORTx and validated in mouse models. Subsequently, MD-related immune-related genes (MDIRGs) were screened by WGCNA. The in vitro experiment verified that MD was closely associated with this comorbidity. GO and KEGG analyses demonstrated that the connection between periodontitis and T2DM was mainly enriched in immuno-inflammatory pathways. In total, 116 MDDEGs, eight hub MDDEGs, and two biomarkers were identified. qRT-PCR revealed a distinct hub MDDEG expression pattern in the comorbidity group. Altered immunocytes in disease samples were identified, and their correlations were explored. The in vivo examination revealed higher infiltration levels of inflammatory immunocytes. The findings of this study provide insight into the mechanism underlying the gene-mitochondria-immunocyte network and provide a novel reference for future research into the function of mitochondria in periodontitis and T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature dependence of photovoltaic modules varies with temperature and irradiance. For recent high-efficiency solar modules such as silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar modules and tunneling oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar modules, it is not clear how their temperature dependence changes with temperature and irradiance. In this study, the temperature dependence of SHJ and TOPCon solar modules was studied by measuring I–V curves with the irradiance ranging from 200 to 1000 W/m2 and temperature ranging from 25 to 75 °C. The passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar modules were measured as a reference. The results indicate that the temperature dependence of short-circuit current (I sc) for the three modules is almost invariable with temperature and irradiance. The temperature dependence of open-circuit voltage (V oc) and maximum power (P m) decreasees with the increasing module temperature, and increasees with the increasing irradiance. It can be observed that the absolute magnitude of (∂ P m / ∂ T) / P m for SHJ is the smallest, which is more obvious at high irradiance. An interesting finding is that the temperature dependence of fill factor (FF) for SHJ solar module increases with increasing irradiance, which is opposite to PERC and TOPCon solar modules. This phenomenon is related to the temperature dependence of series resistance. In addition, the temperature dependence is not linear at low temperature and irradiance. The obtained results in this paper can provide useful insight into predicting performance ratio of PERC, SHJ and TOPCon solar modules. • The temperature dependence of PERC, SHJ and TOPCon has been studied. • The change of (∂ FF ⁄∂ T)⁄ FF as a function of irradiance for SHJ is opposite to PERC. • The variation trend of temperature dependence for TOPCon is consistent with PERC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the nonlinear damping characteristic of hydro-turbine governing systems (HTGS) in various frequency bands and improve the reliability of nonlinear damping quantification. Firstly, an HTGS model including multiple hydraulic-mechanical nonlinearities is established using an actual hydropower system as the object. Then, a trajectory quantification method is proposed to enhance the accuracy and stability of the damping calculation. On this basis, the influence of the hydraulic and controller parameters on the HTGS damping in the ultra-low and low frequency band is analyzed. Finally, a deviation indicator is defined to analyze the contribution level of each nonlinear factor to the damping characteristics, and the action mechanism of dominant nonlinearity on damping is further investigated. The results show that increasing the controller parameter and hydraulic parameter decreases the minimum damping of the HTGS. The total deviation of damping under the influence of nonlinearity reaches 1.31 times. Among them, water system nonlinearity and governor delay are two major nonlinearities, and their influence on damping characteristics accounts for 41.4% and 34.4% of the total nonlinear influence, respectively. This paper provides a powerful tool to quantify the damping of nonlinear HTGS and potentially supports the regulation performance enhancement of HTGS. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-parameter optimization method is developed based on the simplified conjugate-gradient algorithm. • Heights of perturbation ribs in turbine blade internal cooling are optimized at various conditions. • All of the optimal designs possess a hierarchically nonuniform characteristic. • The design direction is provided for perturbation elements involving turbulent flow heat transfer. Owing to the limited cold-air amount and pressure in supply systems, high-efficient heat transfer with low-level friction loss is highly desired for cooling units of a turbine blade. To exploit the potential improvement of hierarchically arranged ribs in cooling passages proposed previously, multi-parameter optimizations for rib arrangements are implemented by integrating the simplified conjugate-gradient algorithm with the turbulent flow and heat transfer model. Rib heights as design variables are optimized with various performance indices as objective functions at a fixed Re. The optimizations confirm that using the wall temperature difference and Nu as the objective function, respectively, a limited heat transfer improvement is achieved with a greatly increased friction loss. Taking the overall performance factor as the objective function, different optimal designs at different constraint conditions possess hierarchical characteristics. A significant friction loss reduction of 52.1%, 54.7%, and 54.8%, is achieved with a moderate heat transfer loss of 10.9%, 7.0%, and 2.3%. Despite different thermal and friction performances, their overall performances are consistent with a remarkable increase of 13.9%, 21.2%, and 27.3%. Finally, the optimization strategy coupling the multi-parameter optimization and hierarchical scheme is confirmed as effective for enhancing the thermohydraulic performance of convective heat transfer systems with perturbation elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polydopamine (PDA) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were constructed onto carbon fiber (CF) surface. • Surface morphology and wettability of modified CF were characterized. • Tensile and bending properties of CF-PDA-CNT/PLA composites were obtained and analyzed. Polydopamine (PDA) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were successively incorporated onto carbon fiber (CF) to enhance surface activity. The impact of PDA and CNT on wettability and mechanical properties of the resulting composites were revealed. Fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared. The results indicated an improved wettability for PDA-CNT modified fibers. Simultaneously, the tensile and bending curves showed brittle and plastic fracture, respectively. Mechanical properties of CF-PDA-CNT/PLA composite significantly outperformed those of CF/PLA composite. The bridging effect of PDA on the CF surface allowed for a tight bond with the matrix PLA, and provided effective load transfer between the matrix and fibers. The application of PDA and CNT on surface modification provides a novel approach for the study of fiber modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Eco-friendly UHMWPE fibers impregnation solution that improves the adhesion between fiber and rubber interface was successfully prepared. • This eco-friendly impregnation solution could improve the thermal stability of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber cords. • The modified ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber cords/rubber composites showed 257 % and 213 % increases in pull-out force and peel strength. A novel environmentally friendly resorcinol–formaldehyde-free impregnation solution was successfully developed to enhance the interfacial adhesion of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber cords with rubber. The UHMWPE fiber cords were first treated by dopamine (DA) and N-(β-aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (KH602), followed by impregnation in a mixture of glycerol triglycidyl ether (GTE), diethylenetriamine (DETA) and vinyl pyridine latex. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the chemical composition of the fiber cords surface. The results showed that the impregnation process successfully modified the surface of the UHMWPE fiber cords and did not deteriorate the fiber strength. The H pull-out results showed that the adhesion strength between the modified UHMWPE fiber cords and the rubber increased by 257 % compared to the untreated cords. In addition, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) was employed to characterize the interface morphology of the fiber cords/rubber composites. The formation of a transition layer and the migration of the curatives contributed to the improvement in the interfacial adhesive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 30% −40% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-α antibodies are ineffective. • V5-3 can accurately target and neutralize the two key targets of VEGF and TNF-α in RA. • V5-3 effectively inhibits joint inflammation in CIA mice. • V5-3 significantly inhibits the proliferation of RA-FLS. Anti-TNF-α therapy fails in 30% of patients, where TNF-α may not be the key causative factor in these patients. We developed a bispecific single-domain antibody block TNF-α and VEGF (V5-3).The experiments showed that V5-3 effectively activated proliferation and migration of RA-FLS and HUVEC, tube-forming role of HUVEC, and expression of inflammatory factors in vitro. Besides, the experiments indicated that the anti-RA activity of V5-3 was superior to Anbainuo in vivo. Application of V5-3 reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, extent of synovial inflammation and angiogenesis and attenuated the severity of autoimmune arthritis in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Mechanistically, V5-3 suppressed p65, AKT and VEGFR2 phosphorylation, as well as production of TNF-α and VEGF in joint tissues. These results demonstrated that V5-3 displayed a superior effect of anti-RA, may be a new therapy to overcome the limitations of anti-TNF - α monoclonal antibody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 'Cold' or 'hot' inflammatory status of glioblastoma plays a key role in immunotherapy. • TAG nanoprobes are with surface modification of ANG to target glioma and phenolic hydroxyl to sense myeloperoxidase. • TAG nanoprobes noninvasively distinguish between the 'hot' and 'cold' status of GBM using MRI. • 'Hot' glioma showed patchy hypointense T 1 signal, while 'cold' glioma showed moderate hyperintensity within the tumor after intravenous administration of TAGs. The 'cold' or 'hot' inflammatory status of glioblastoma (GBM) is closely related to the responsiveness of immunotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant tumor infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of GBM, which can be classified as pro- (M1-like) and anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype. M1-like TAMs present in large amount in 'hot' TME and indicate better immunotherapeutic outcome, which secrete myeloperoxidase (MPO) to promote inflammation in host defense. Herein, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based Tyr-ANG-NaGdF 4 nanoprobes, named as TAGs, with surface modification of ANG to target glioma and phenolic hydroxyl to sense MPO were developed, aiming to noninvasively visualize the 'hot' or 'cold' TME inflammatory status of GBM based on MRI. Rat C6 gliomas, which were histologically confirmed as MPO-enriched 'hot' TME, showed patchy hypointense T 1 signal within the tumor after intravenous administration of TAGs, ascribing to the MPO responsive assembly of the nanoprobes which led to the T 1 signal reverse. On the contrary, mouse GL261 gliomas, which was histologically confirmed as MPO-rare 'cold' TME, presented moderate hyperintensity in T 1 -weighted MRI. Therefore, the MPO responsive nanoprobes present potential means to monitor the TME inflammatory status for GBM patients thus guide clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Miocene Zankan intrusion share geochemical affinities of high Ba-Sr rocks. • It was derived from garnet-phlogopite pyroxenite in enriched lithospheric mantle. • Isotopic shift in the Central Pamir mantle occurred from the Eocene to Miocene. • High Ba-Sr granitoids have a role in the generation of continental crust. High Ba–Sr granitoids differ from the I-, S- and A-type granitoids, and their petrogenesis and role in the evolution of the continental crust remain enigmatic. This paper reports a study of whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotopes, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Lu–Hf isotopes of the Zankan high Ba–Sr intrusion in the Central Pamir. U–Pb dating of zircons suggests that the pluton was emplaced during the Miocene (10.2 ± 0.1 Ma). The Zankan rocks have high contents of K 2 O (3.83 to 12.3 wt%), Rb (212–483 ppm), Ba (701–6910 ppm), and Sr (503–3371 ppm). They have several geochemical characteristics that are consistent with A-type granitoids, such as high Na 2 O + K 2 O (8.10–14.2 wt%) and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y (336–1393 ppm) contents. All samples have enriched Sr–Nd–Hf isotope compositions, with 87Sr/86Sr i = 0.7097 to 0.7126, ε Nd (T) = −9.3 to −8.4, and ε Hf (T) = −12.2 to −4.0. Their isotopic compositions differ from those of mafic lower crust in the Central Pamir. Alternatively, the Zankan rocks may have been derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle. Combining our new isotopic results with data from the literature, we propose that a shift from isotopically juvenile to more isotopically evolved compositions in mantle-derived magmas took place from the Eocene to Miocene. The isotopic shift reveals that South Pamir lower crust was underthrusted beneath the Central Pamir lithosphere during the Miocene. Although high Ba–Sr granitoids generally exhibit "crust-like" isotopic characteristics, our data indicate that they play a role in continental growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]