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The reduction of selenite [Se(Ⅳ)] by microorganisms is a green and efficient detoxification strategy. We found that Se(Ⅳ) inhibited exopolysaccharide and protein secretion by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BSe and compromised cell integrity. In this study, L. plantarum BSe reduced Se(Ⅳ) by increasing related enzyme activity and electron transfer. Genomic analysis demonstrated that L. plantarum BSe should be able to reduce Se(Ⅳ). Further transcriptome analysis showed that L. plantarum BSe enhanced its tolerance to Se(Ⅳ) by upregulating the expression of surface proteins and transporters, thus reducing the extracellular Se(Ⅳ) concentration through related enzymatic reactions and siderophore-mediated pathways. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BSe was able to regulate the expression of related genes involved in quorum sensing and a two-component system and then select appropriate strategies for Se(Ⅳ) transformation in response to varying environmental Se(Ⅳ) concentrations. In addition, azo reductase was linked to the reduction of Se(Ⅳ) for the first time. The present study established a multipath model for the reduction of Se(Ⅳ) by L. plantarum , providing new insights into the biological reduction of Se(Ⅳ) and the biogeochemical cycle of selenium. [Display omitted] • Se(Ⅳ) compromised cell integrity of L. plantarum BSe and inhibited EPS secretion. • BSe reduces Se(Ⅳ) by improving enzyme activity and electron transfer. • BSe upregulated surface proteins and transporters to resist the Se(Ⅳ) stress. • Azo reductase was found to be related to the reduction of Se(Ⅳ) for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is characterized by mucus cell morphologies at the base of gastric glands, which is considered advanced SPEM when accompanied with an increase in transcripts associated with intestinal-type gastric cancer. Weiwei decoction (WWD) was modified from "Si-Jun-Zi Tang," which has been used for thousands of years in China against gastric atrophy and metaplasia. To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of WWD against advanced SPEM. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the constituents of WWD. Five-month-infected Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Sydney strain 1 C57BL/6J mice and 6-week-old ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha-knockout mice (Atp4a −/−) were given folic acid (1.95 mg/kg) or WWD (13.65 g/kg, 27.30 g/kg, 54.60 g/kg) by gavage for one month. WWD demonstrated beneficial effects on gastric mucosal pathology and mucus secretion. In H. pylori -infected mice, WWD effectively reduced the expression of GSII and inhibited the mRNA levels of key markers associated with advanced SPEM, including Clu , Cftr , Wfdc2 , Dmbt1 , and Gpx2. Similarly, in Atp4a −/− mice, WWD significantly decreased the expressions of GSII and Clusterin, and inhibited the mRNA levels of Wfdc2 , Cftr , Dmbt1 , and Gpx2. Notably, WWD restored the expression of markers for chief cells (PGC, GIF) and parietal cells (ATP4A), particularly in the medium- and high-dose groups, indicating its potential anti-atrophy effect on H. pylori -infected and Atp4a −/− mice. WWD administration resulted in a decline in TFF2 expression to baseline levels, suggesting that the mucous protection mediated by TFF2 was unaffected. Furthermore, the infiltration of CD163+F4/80+ M2 macrophages in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori -infected mice was reduced after WWD treatment, indicating a potential modulatory role of WWD on M2 macrophages. WWD exerted protective effects against SPEM in H. pylori -infected and Atp4a −/− mice. The optimal doses of WWD were found to be medium doses in H. pylori -infected mice and high doses in Atp4a −/− mice. These effects include inhibition of transcripts associated with intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma, restoration of ATP4A and PGC expression, and reduction of M2 macrophage infiltration. These findings provide valuable insights into the therapeutic effects of WWD on advanced SPEM and highlight its potential as a treatment option. [Display omitted] • Weiwei decoction (WWD) has been used in treating gastric atrophy and metaplasia in China for over 20 years. • This study investigates WWD's effects against advanced Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) in mice. • WWD improves gastric mucosal pathology and suppresses intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma-associated transcripts. • WWD has the potential to restore ATP4A and PGC expression, decrease M2 macrophage infiltration, and protect against SPEM mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]