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We describe a strategy that combines histologic and molecular mapping that permits interrogation of the chronology of changes associated with cancer development on a whole-organ scale. Using this approach, we present the sequence of alterations around RB1 in the development of bladder cancer. We show that RB1 is not involved in initial expansion of the preneoplastic clone. Instead, we found a set of contiguous genes that we term "forerunner" genes whose silencing is associated with the development of plaque-like field effects initiating carcinogenesis. Specifically, we identified five candidate forerunner genes (ITM2B , LPAR6 , MLNR , CAB39L , and ARL11) mapping near RB1. Two of these genes, LPAR6 and CAB39L , are preferentially downregulated in the luminal and basal subtypes of bladder cancer, respectively. Their loss of function dysregulates urothelial differentiation, sensitizing the urothelium to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced cancers, which recapitulate the luminal and basal subtypes of human bladder cancer. [Display omitted] • Silencing of FR genes is associated with mucosal field effects in bladder carcinogenesis • LPAR6 and CAB39L are distinctively downregulated in luminal and basal bladder cancers • Effects of LPAR6 and CAB39L are mediated by cholesterol and the unfolded protein reaction • LPAR6 and CAB39L loss dysregulates urothelial differentiation, contributing to carcinogenesis Lee et al. report that FR genes mapping near RB1 are associated with the development of field effects initiating bladder carcinogenesis. Two of these genes are distinctively downregulated in luminal and basal cancers. Their loss contributes to carcinogenesis by dysregulating urothelial differentiation mediated by cholesterol and the unfolded protein reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional method that is used to treat the bi-metal-contained wastewater involves simultaneous chemical precipitation for the removal of both metals. However, recent trends in wastewater treatment emphasize the importance of recovery, recycling, and reuse. This study uses Fluidized-Bed Homogeneous Crystallization (FBHC) technology to selectively recover Fe(III) as granulated Fe(OH) 3 from electroplating wastewater that contains iron and copper. For the treatment of a pure iron solution ([Fe(III)] 0 = 650 mg/L), the optimal conditions include a pH value of 3.8, a reflux ratio (R) of 17.5, an up-flow velocity (U) of 35.9 m/h and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 17.9 min to give the maximum total removal efficiency (TR) for iron of more than 99.5%, and a crystallization ratio (CR) for iron of 93.6%. To treat real electroplating wastewater that contains iron and copper ([Fe(III)] 0 = 1000 mg/L and [Cu(II)] 0 = 500 mg/L), Fe(III) is effectively recovered as granules with a TR of 99% and a CR of 90%, and more than 90% of copper ions remain in the solution. SEM analysis observes that the product is an unseeded core-shell spherical particle. Additionally, XRD, FT-IR, and TGA results confirm that the product is an amorphous ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH) 3) compound. A FBHC system has a high potential to separate iron and copper in a solution via a selective granulation process. [Display omitted] • FBHC technology is performed to selectively granulate Fe(III)-OH particles. • Fe(OH) 3 granules are amorphously crystallized as homogeneous granules. • The removal efficiency of iron is 99.5% with over 90% of copper remaining. • The iron is recovered by FBHC within copper concentration co-existing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effect of compatibilization methods on the compatibility between asphalt and direct coal liquefaction residue (DCLR) components to identify the key components in DCLR and asphalt that affect their compatibility. In this article, three types of compatibilizers, including benzyl alcohol (BA), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and BA/DOP, were selected and acted on asphalt's components and DCLR's components, respectively. The molecular models of asphalt components, asphalt components with compatibilizers, DCLR components, and DCLR components with compatibilizers were established. The compatibility between DCLR and asphalt's four components, as well as between asphalt and DCLR's three components, were evaluated by solubility parameter difference (SPD) and interaction energy (IE). The compatibility between DCLR and asphalt was analyzed by Segregation test and Scanning Electron Microscope. Results indicate that the SPD and IE values between DCLR and asphalt components declined after adding compatibilizers, which implies that the repulsion decreased and the attraction increased between asphalt components and DCLR and the compatibility between asphalt components and DCLR improved. The IE values between DCLR components and asphalt increased after adding compatibilizers, which indicates that the compatibility was reduced between DCLR components and asphalt. The SPD values between DCLR components and asphalt increased after adding the BA/DOP. The SPD values between pre-asphaltene and asphalt decreased after adding the BA and DOP. The SPD value between asphaltene in DCLR and asphalt increased after adding the BA and decreased after adding the DOP. Moreover, the storage stability and homogeneity of DCLR-modified asphalt improved after adding compatibilizers, indicating that the compatibilizers enhanced compatibility between DCLR and asphalt. Finally, comparing the results of the tests, it could be found that compatibilizers preferentially acted on the asphalt components and mainly affected the aromatics in asphalt, thereby improving the compatibility between asphalt and DCLR. The effect of BA/DOP on improving the compatibility between asphalt and DCLR was better than that of BA and DOP. • The compatibility between DCLR and asphalt with four/three components was studied by SPD and IE. • Compatibilizers preferentially act on the aromatics in asphalt components. • BA/DOP is better than BA and DOP for improving the compatibility between DCLR and asphalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixture of copper and iron often results in materials with favorable properties. The material production processes involving these metals including electroplating produce hazardous wastewater. In this study, the Fluidized Bed Homogeneous Crystallization (FBHC) process was applied to treat iron and copper-containing wastewater. The initial iron copper particles were successfully recovered from synthetic wastewater with [Fe] 0 :[Cu] 0 of 2:1, the total metal concentration of 3 mM, at effluent pH = 7.75 ± 0.75, with the upflow velocity (U) of 1.76 m/h. The agglomerates hardening process is a crucial step for initial particle synthesis. The SEM analysis reveals the spherical particle's densified crust and porous core. The particle formation mechanism which includes the formation of the nucleus, attachment of precipitate flakes, and densification of particles was proposed after microscopic observation. The initial particles synthesized were used to initiate the treatment of synthetic wastewater at the operating condition pH = 7.75 ± 0.5, [Fe] 0 :[Cu] 0 of 2:1, the total metal concentration of 3 mM, [CO 3 2−] 0 :[M] 0 = 1.2:1, and U of 28.66 m/h which results in the total metal removal of 99% and crystallization ratio of 90% and 88% for iron and copper respectively. The conditions were then applied to treat electroplating wastewater and resulted in the total metal removal of 99% for both iron and copper and a crystallization ratio of 83% and 79% for iron and copper, respectively. The treatment provided advantages in terms of treating larger amounts of sludge while eliminating the need to provide seed thus yielding a higher purity of product. [Display omitted] • High-purity Fe–Cu particles were recovered from wastewater. • A total metal removal of 99% was achieved for both synthetic and real wastewater. • Cost reduction of up to 88% compared to conventional chemical precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The time-by-APOE ε4 interaction on brain FC demonstrates at a young age. • After follow-up for nearly 3 years, young ε4 carriers reveal decreased FC among time. • And the left superior temporal gyrus is the most sensitive brain region. APOE ε4 is risk for cognitive decline even in normal aging, but its effect on the whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) among time in young adults remain elusive. This study aimed to validate the time-by- APOE ε4 interaction on brain FC of this specific population. Longitudinal changes in neuropsychological assessments and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in 26 ε4 carriers and 26 matched non- ε4 carriers were measured for about 3 years. Whole-brain FC was calculated, and a full factorial design was used to compare the difference among groups. Two-sample t test was used for post-hoc analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between FC and cognitive tests. Of 26 specially appointed ROIs, left superior temporal gyrus (TG) was most sensitive to the effect of time-by-gene interaction. Specifically, the alteration of FC was distributed between the left TG and right TG with GRF correction (voxel- P < 0.001, cluster- P < 0.05), and decreased in ε4 carriers while increased in non- ε4. The main effect of gene showed ε4 carriers has lower FC between left TG and right middle frontal gyrus as compared with non- ε4 both at baseline and follow-up study; ε4 carriers has lower FC between left TG and right supramarginal as compared with non- ε4 at baseline, but no difference in follow-up study. The time-by- APOE ε4 interaction on brain FC was demonstrated at a young age, and left TG was the earliest affected brain regions. The young adult ε4 carriers experience decreased FC among time in the absence overt clinical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]