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In this paper, I examined whether evidence from the neuroscience of morality supports the standard models of phronesis, i.e., Jubilee and Aretai Centre Models. The standard models explain phronesis as a multifaceted construct based on interaction and coordination among functional components. I reviewed recent neuroscience studies focusing on brain networks associated with morality and their connectivity to examine the validity of the models. Simultaneously, I discussed whether the evidence helps the models address challenges, particularly those from the phronesis eliminativism. Neuroscientific evidence supported the importance of brain networks, i.e., the default mode, salience, and central executive functioning networks, in moral functioning in general. The findings favorably supported the multifaceted and integrative nature of phronesis proposed by the standard models. Finally, I considered how the two models could explain the mechanisms of phronesis more integratively based on neuroscientific findings. At the end of this paper, with the evidence, I proposed several practical ideas to promote the cultivation of phronesis, e.g., the consideration of coordination among components for moral functioning and the use of moral exemplars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations that embrace innovative business strategies position themselves well for success. In this evolving technological landscape, businesses are increasingly focused on understanding consumer behaviors and preferences to tailor their products and services effectively. Notably, integrating neuroscience has become pivotal in achieving these goals, requiring its incorporation throughout various business processes. This comprehensive research review conducts a meta-analysis, synthesizing findings from numerous studies on applying neuroscience across diverse business domains. The primary objective is to identify innovative neuroscience approaches that can significantly revolutionize businesses. Through a meticulous literature exploration using PRISMA analysis, we discerned broad themes and further refined them into critical sub-themes. This thematic categorization enables a focused examination of each area of business research. The findings in this study uncovered vital intersections between neuroscience and business, offering valuable insights for corporations and researchers. In essence, the integration of neuroscientific techniques and artificial intelligence (AI)-based softwares into business practices is no longer optional, but a necessity for businesses to stay competitive in today's fast-paced world. This study, therefore, plays a crucial role in connecting the state-of-the-art tools and techniques in neuroscience and traditional business practices. It paves the way for a new era of business operations, where science and technology work hand in hand with commerce to create a more prosperous and sustainable future. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the importance of incorporating neuroscience techniques and newly developed AI-based softwares into business practices. This integration can yield precise and favorable outcomes, offering businesses the tools to thrive in an ever-changing market environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphometry is fundamental for studying and correlating neuronal morphology with brain functions. With increasing computational power, it is possible to extract morphometric characteristics automatically, including features such as length, volume, and number of neuron branches. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no mapping of morphometric tools yet. In this context, we conducted a systematic search and review to identify and analyze tools within the scope of neuron analysis. Thus, the work followed a well-defined protocol and sought to answer the following research questions: What open-source tools are available for neuronal morphometric analysis? What morphometric characteristics are extracted by these tools? For this, aiming for greater robustness and coverage, the study was based on the paper analysis as well as the study of documentation and tests with the tools available in repositories. We analyzed 1,586 papers and mapped 23 tools, where NeuroM, L-Measure, and NeuroMorphoVis extract the most features. Furthermore, we contribute to the body of knowledge with the unprecedented presentation of 150 unique morphometric features whose terminologies were categorized and standardized. Overall, the study contributes to advancing the understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Different types of brain tumors are known, so the choice of treatment depends directly on the type of tumor. The classification of brain tumors is very important as a complex and challenging problem in the field of image processing. Today, deep learning methods are used to classify brain tumors. In addition to being able to detect and automatically classify all types of brain tumors, these methods significantly reduce the diagnosis time and increase accuracy. In this paper, a deep learning-based model is proposed to classify brain tumors into three classes: glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumor. In the first phase, the pre-trained network ResNet50 is used to extract features from MRI images. In the second phase, by proposing two attention mechanisms (depth-separable convolution-based channel attention mechanism and an innovative multi-head-attention mechanism), the most effective spatial and channel features are extracted and integrated. Finally, the classification phase is performed. Evaluations on the Figshare dataset showed an accuracy of 99.32%, which performs better than existing models. Therefore, the proposed model can accurately classify brain tumors and help neurologists and physicians make accurate diagnostic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, findings from research in neuroscience of morality will be reviewed to consider the purposes of moral education. Particularly, I will focus on two main themes in neuroscience, novel neuroimaging and experimental investigations, and Bayesian learning mechanism. First, I will examine how neuroimaging and experimental studies contributed to our understanding of psychological mechanisms associated with moral functioning while addressing methodological concerns. Second, Bayesian learning mechanism will be introduced to acquire insights about how moral learning occurs in human brains. Based on the reviewed neuroscientific research on morality, I will examine how evidence can support the model of moral education proposed by virtue ethics, Neo-Aristotelian moral philosophy in particular. Particularly, two main aims of virtue ethics-based moral education, the habituation of virtues and the cultivation of phronesis, will be discussed as the important purposes of moral education based on neuroscientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three studies of the human dopamine transporter reveal how it binds to molecules such as dopamine and cocaine. Dopamine imbalances underlie some brain conditions and these data will aid targeted drug design.Insights into how molecules bind to the human dopamine transporter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field is taking a leap forward thanks to innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence. Researchers must improve consent procedures and public involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The good regulator theorem and the internal model principle are sometimes cited as mathematical proofs that an agent needs an internal model of the world in order to have an optimal policy. However, these principles rely on a definition of “internal model” that is far too permissive, applying even to cases of systems that do not use an internal model. As a result, these principles do not provide evidence (let alone a proof) that internal models are necessary. The paper also diagnoses what is missing in the GRT and IMP definitions of internal model, which is that models need to make predictions that represent variables in the target system (and these representations need to be usable by an agent so as to guide behavior). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active neurons can stimulate the clearance of their own metabolic waste by driving changes to ion gradients in the surrounding fluid and by promoting the pulsation of nearby blood vessels.Neurons stimulate the brain's waste disposal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the rise of neuroscience in initial teacher education, paying attention to the relatively recent Australian Government (2023) report titled ‘Strong Beginnings’. In taking up a critical policy sociology lens, we focus on the first priority within the reforms, which is mandating brain science and the ‘brain and learning’ as core curriculum within initial teacher education. The reforms will embed standardised curriculum into initial teacher education and tie this curriculum to graduate teacher standards, bracketed within prescribed texts, ideologies and agendas. The reforms are positioned within the ‘what works’ movement, increasing accreditation and certain types of evidence, and the role and authority of intermediary organisations, including the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL). It promotes research that has been paid for by the think tank Centre for Independent Studies and aligned with the Australian Education Research Organisation and Education Endowment Foundation. In this paper, we endeavour to highlight how the singular and narrow focus on brain-based approaches is not only reductionist, but also potentially generative of oppressive technologies. The mandating of standardised curriculum and brain science undermines educators, including initial teacher educators, and bolsters private interests in education. The standardisation of core curriculum, which will be tied to accreditation processes and graduate teacher standards, is underpinned by a punitive-accountability based approach. Furthermore, whilst it is less visible, these reforms contain brain science tropes redolent of eugenics and deficit framings of low socio-economic status students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies reveal how neuronal populations in the fruit fly brain work together to compare the direction of a goal with the direction that the fly is facing, and convert this into a signal that steers the fly towards its target.Fly brains compare directional information while steering to a goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new wave of research is unpicking the relationship between cancer and neurons — and looking for ways to stop the crosstalk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural activity in human brains rapidly restructures to reflect hidden relationships needed to adapt to a changing environment. Surprisingly, trial-and-error learning and verbal instruction induce similar changes.Mental maps of associated items are rapidly assembled by the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Google scientists have modelled a fragment of the human brain at nanoscale resolution, revealing cells with previously undiscovered features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single gene in astrocytes can constrain repetitive behaviours, indicating that these cells are regulators of behavioural disruption in conditions such as Huntington’s disease and obsessive–compulsive disorder.Astrocytes temper neuronal excitability to control repetitive behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a challenge to standard libertarian views that is based on an imagined neuroscientificdiscovery that is incompatible with satisfaction of a standard libertarian requirement for mainstream free decision making, and it explores potential libertarian responses to this discovery. The requirement at issue may beformulated as follows: In mainstream cases, an agent freely decided at t to A only if, given the past and the laws of nature, the agent was able right up to t to do something else intentionally at t than decide to A. The imagined discovery is about a point of no return for the making of any particular decision in a mainstream scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neural probe has been used to capture the activity of large populations of single neurons as people are speaking or listening, providing detailed insights into how the brain encodes specific features of speech.Probing the neurons that encode features of speech in the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michael S. Moore defends the ideas of free will and responsibility, especially in relation to criminal law, against several challenges from neuroscience. I agree with Moore that morality and the law presuppose a commonsense understanding of humans as rational agents, who make choices and act for reasons, and that to defend moral and legal responsibility, we must show that this commonsense understanding remains viable. Unlike Moore, however, I do not think that classical compatibilism, which is based on a conditional understanding of the ability to do otherwise, provides a sufficiently robust account of free will, even when it is amended as Moore suggests. I argue that free will and responsibility can be defended more robustly by observing that, at the level of agency, there can be alternative possibilities and mental causation in a stronger sense than recognized by classical compatibilism, even if physical determinism is true. Moore's arguments could thus be strengthened by embracing this compatibilist libertarian position. At the same time, I note that, although the idea of responsibility is robustly defensible, there are independent reasons for rejecting a retributivist approach to punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of sociotechnical codes by the legal system acts as a marker of good citizens and development of self where social norms matter. In most cases, despite cultural differences, socialization plays an important role in making sense of law. The question is, 'how does law come to mind and what is the role of brain? This question will be dealt keeping the debate on brain determinism and free will critically at the forefront. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four notable emerging scientists discuss their work and the country’s research scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists are closing in on biomarkers that reflect the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and could improve treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It’s a transformational time long neglected by neuroscience. That is starting to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists interested in the brain have tended to avoid studying religion or spirituality for fear of being seen as unscientific. That needs to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades of neuroscientific work have focused on exploring a biological basis for transgender identity — but researchers must take societal factors into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are striving to reverse-engineer artificial intelligence and scan the ‘brains’ of LLMs to see what they are doing, how and why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sympathetic nervous system, which enables the fight-or-flight response, was thought to be present only in jawed vertebrates. Analysis of a jawless vertebrate suggests that this system might be a feature of all animals with a spine.Jawless vertebrate has sympathetic neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A population of neurons that engages mechanisms of the innate immune system during memory formation has been uncovered in mice. Surprisingly, inflammatory signalling might pave the way for long-term memory.A pathway of the immune system has a surprising role in memory formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implants and other technologies that decode neural activity can restore people’s abilities to move and speak — and help researchers to understand how the brain works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are dozens of theories of how the brain produces conscious experience, and a new type of study is testing some of them head-to-head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a person takes the psychedelic compound psilocybin, some of their brain networks dissolve — especially the one involved in the perception of self, space and time. Changes to the connections to this network can last for weeks.Psilocybin induces profound changes in brain connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of the human brain’s cortex have been made by combining cells from up to five donors. This approach could enable genetic background to be accounted for in studies of brain development and disease.Cortical organoids made from a mix of stem cells from different donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A little-studied sensory structure called the Krause corpuscle is responsible for detecting light touch and is essential for normal sexual behaviour in mice. The findings have interesting implications for human sexual intimacy. Krause corpuscles in genitalia detect light touch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroscientists find that two distinct neural pathways are responsible for the addictive properties of the opioid fentanyl: one mediates reward, the other promotes the seeking of relief from symptoms of withdrawal.Neural mechanisms that reinforce use of potent synthetic opioid found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain neurons encode memories of events that occurred in specific physical locations known as place fields. Chickadees show patterns of neuronal activity that are specific to locations of hidden food but independent of place fields.Firing patterns of hippocampal neurons encode memories of cached food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial neural networks that model the visual system of a male fruit fly can accurately predict the insect’s behaviour in response to seeing a potential mate — paving the way for the building of more complex models of brain circuits.Neural networks predict a male fruit fly’s response to seeing a female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the human brain temporarily store information without losing track of it? Neuroscientists have discovered that neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes work together to hold information in working memory.Temporarily holding on to information depends on coordinated brain waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central nervous system's astrocyte cells respond to injury and disease. The finding that they form molecular memories of certain responses, and that these modify inflammatory signalling, sheds light on autommunity. Astrocyte cells alter inflammatory signalling if a defence reoccurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurons with a role in navigation fire sequentially in mice, forming patterns that repeat every minute or so — but which are neither spatially organized, nor related to any visible behaviour.Neural oscillations with an unknown function seen in the brains of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The warming planet is worsening mental illness and distress. Researchers need to work out the scale of the problem and how those who need assistance can be helped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blockbuster medications that reduce body weight also reduce inflammation in organs such as the brain, raising hopes that they can treat Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.The blockbuster medications that reduce body weight also reduce inflammation in the brain, raising hopes that they can treat Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]