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This paper critically examines the centrally administered pre-service teacher preparation program for learning disabilities in India. With no equivalent Indian competency standards, this paper analyses components of the teacher preparation curriculum in the light of 22 high leverage practices (HLPs) outlined by the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) as well as examines interview data from teacher educators to better understand challenges on the ground. Overall, the paper notes a heavy emphasis on theory over practice, with limited opportunities for practice. HLPs related to social-emotional and behavioral practices were minimally addressed in the curriculum. Finally, although the program was dedicated to serving children with learning disabilities, prospective teachers tended to get placed in inclusive settings and were required to work with students with a range of disabilities, highlighting the need for a program with a wider range of disabilities, not only learning disabilities. Implications for school and educational psychologists are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The few existing studies in international literature about students with learning disabilities' postsecondary persistence and academic performances show varied outcomes. Rigorous research has been limited. Moreover, in Italy there is a dearth of public data on students' careers and clearly a deficiency regarding literature on this topic. To tackle this situation, propensity score matching techniques were used in this paper to compare data about persistence and academic success of students who reported a learning disability with those who did not, all enrolled in a large University in Northern Italy. Once potential confounders were taken into account, our findings indicated that students with an attested learning disability were as likely to persist in academic context as peers without any LD. However, for what concerns academic performances, the outcomes varied according to the measures being used. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the number of course credits (ECTS) earned, students with learning disabilities continued to lag behind their counterparts without disabilities concerning first-year grade point average achieved. This paper includes final recommendations for future research, in order to fill existing gaps in methodology and area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing emphasis on inclusive education over the last decade has placed renewed focus on curriculum and the extent to which standard or different curricula should be enacted for learners with special educational needs. This paper explores the enactment process for a state-mandated, standard curriculum in Irish special schools. A two-phase, explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach to data-gathering was adopted. Phase 1 incorporated a questionnaire distributed to the principal of every special school in the Republic of Ireland (n = 133). Phase 2 consisted of a multi-site embedded case study with three special schools for children with varying levels of general learning disability. The findings illustrate how special education teachers modify the curriculum to make it more accessible for all learners and showcase the pertinence of curriculum design frameworks for framing those illustrations. The paper concludes by demonstrating the potential of a modified curriculum design framework for ensuring that learners with the most complex needs have better opportunities to access a curriculum with degrees of commonality to their peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and Communication Technologies have transformed our lives in different social areas, facilitating interpersonal relationships thanks to technological tools. In the specific case of people with disabilities, Assistive Technologies (ATs) break down barriers and increase opportunities to become active members of society with equal opportunities. This paper presents a systematic mapping study that analyzes the current state-of-the-art of ATs proposed in the literature to support the empowering of people with disability. Specifically, this paper focuses on (1) describing a global vision of the scientific literature published in the last 20 years about ATs in the computer science field and (2) identifying research needs, gaps, and trends. For this purpose, an in-depth analysis of 389 primary studies is presented. The information obtained from the mapping process is also constrained. Concretely, 35 ATs versus 22 disabilities are compared, obtaining striking peaks for some disabilities described in the discussion. Finally, the findings show that several areas have been covered only lightly, revealing interesting future directions and challenges for junior researchers. • ATs have the potential to break down barriers for people with disabilities, enabling them to participate more fully in society. This implies a need for rehabilitation programs to incorporate ATs into their strategies to enhance social inclusion. • Given the transformative role of ICT, rehabilitation programs should focus on helping people with disabilities develop the necessary technological skills to utilize ATs effectively. • This work highlights the diversity of ATs and disabilities, suggesting a need for personalized rehabilitation plans that match specific ATs to individual disabilities. • Rehabilitation professionals should be trained to assess and recommend appropriate ATs for each case. Rehabilitation programs should consider incorporating cutting-edge ATs and staying involved in research to contribute to future developments to cover gaps and challenges identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the outcomes from three rounds of action learning sets with a charity that supports vulnerable adults and those with learning disabilities in supported living and residential care. The action learning sets focused on safeguarding cases and how they had been managed by 11 leaders at various levels of the charity (the team). The findings demonstrate that using a reflective process and the 'fishbowl' model of action learning sets in this context is effective in evaluating the actions taken by the team in the safeguarding case, but also the awareness of the perspectives – or lenses – the team had used when reflecting on the roles of the various stakeholders included. We outline the development and application of the Multiple Lens View Model (Table 1) which was designed during the research and which helps to analyse the perspectives the participants were taking when focusing on the issues in each case. We conclude with an exploration of how this charity can more critically engage in debate around assumptions made in safeguarding incidents. We discuss how The Multiple Lens View Model can be developed further as a conceptual framework for this charity and for critical action learning in other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although some have attempted to appropriate elements of Montessori education to select groups of adults (e.g., for learning disabilities, second language acquisition, dementia patients), there have been no comprehensive attempts to validate the adaptation of this approach to the adult learner in general. This exploratory study attempts to provide a rationale as to why it is developmentally legitimate to adapt this pedagogical method to adult education. This is attempted through a consideration of the aim and purpose of Montessori education as well as Maria Montessori's concept of human development. This paper concludes by envisioning initial suggestions for Montessori adult education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure full participation of people with disabilities in research, accessibility of the instruments employed is essential. This paper describes an exploratory research which included the adaptation of the AIR Self-Determination Scale and the Promotion of Autonomous Decision-Making Scale. The adaptation was designed to enable Hebrew-speaking young adults with physical disability, autism, psychosocial disability, complex learning disabilities, deafness or hearing impairment, or blindness or visual impairment, to complete a self-report questionnaire. It included extensive wording simplifications. In addition, original Likert scales were reduced, and symbols were added to improve accessibility. The forms were modified to a coloured format with more visible headings, including use of a screen reader and additional visual adaptations. The adaptation process included three phases: questionnaire adaptation, examination of face and content validity, and a reliability assessment of the final version. The process was informed by input from young adults with disabilities. We conclude that simplified language, symbols, and visual effects should be considered when adapting questionnaires for people with disabilities. In addition, consulting with individuals with disabilities as experts by experience, should be integral to the adaptation of instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper describes the process we undertook to develop a game-based approach to collect data for the diagnosis of dyslexia in children between the ages of 6 and 12 years old. A number of data collection approaches have been used previously such as eye tracking, MRI, EEG and game based approaches. Data collection can be a challenging task, as many of these approaches rely on use of specialized technology and in the case of MRI and EEG approaches, also require the presence of experts. In contrast, game based data collection is less intrusive and does not require the presence of experts or specialized devices. The content of the game in this research work was designed by identifying the problems faced by children with dyslexia in different age groups, designing questions to evaluate these problems and finally, validating the game design through two formative evaluations and with domain experts. This initial study and its statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the performance of children with dyslexia from children without dyslexia when playing the game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To identify and describe the aims, methodological approaches, and major findings of studies on the use of STT among secondary pupils (age 12–18) with learning difficulties published from January 2000 to April 2022. This scoping review includes empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals and grey literature between January 2000 and April 2022. Searches were conducted in April 2022 in three databases: ERIC, PsycINFO and Scopus. In addition, related reviews were manually screened for relevant papers. Eight peer-revied studies and five publications of grey literature were found to meet the inclusion criteria; two studies employed experimental designs, four employed quasi-experimental designs and seven employed explorative designs. Six studies described STT as an assistive technology (a compensatory aid for poor writing performance); two assessed STT as an instructional technology to determine whether it improves overall writing and related skills (e.g., reading). Results suggest that STT may increase pupils' abilities to produce texts with fewer errors, provide help with spelling and improve reading comprehension and word recognition. To date, there is a paucity of high-quality research on the use of STT among adolescents with LD. The scoping review shows that very little research has been conducted on the use of STT for adolescents with learning difficulties in secondary education. Findings from the studies identified five areas of interest: writing related skills, text assessment, writing processes, accuracy of the technology, and participants' experiences. Findings indicate that writing performance among students with learning difficulties improves when using STT. Parents, teachers, and pupils report positive experiences with the technology, particularly for students with severe reading and writing difficulties. There is a great need for more robust research on the use of speech-to-text technology (STT) in educational settings, especially on its effect on writing skills Studies describe STT as either an assistive (a compensatory aid for poor writing performance) or instructional technology (aiming to improve learning in general). It is important that practitioners are aware of the different aims and possible consequences of introducing STT to learners with writing difficulties. STT provides both opportunities and challenges for writers with learning difficulties in secondary education. Findings indicate that writing performance among students with learning difficulties improves when using STT, yet inaccuracy of the technology was presented as one of the main challenges. Parents, teachers, and pupils report positive experiences with the technology, particularly for students with severe reading and writing difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project-based learning (PBL) in inclusive classrooms has the potential to provide meaningful and collaborative learning experiences that develop students' academic and social-emotional learning skills. This qualitative study focuses on the voices of secondary students with disabilities (SWDs) by examining their perceptions of PBL in English language arts when compared to their peers without disabilities. We analysed interviews from 36 students in five 9th-grade, inclusive English language arts classrooms. Students in both groups expressed positive views about learning in PBL classrooms. Key themes included opportunities to feel creative, to expand their ideas about the world, to increase important literacy skills, to collaborate with peers and to make choices in their learning. SWDs differed from their peers without disabilities in their desire for scaffolded learning and teachers who are responsive to their individual needs. Additionally, SWDs shared a broader range of perspectives within each theme. Implications for PBL instruction in inclusive classrooms and special education teacher knowledge are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, technology has become a critical component of everyday life, in and out of the classroom. As such, digital learning serves as a vehicle for accessing the general education curriculum, and is imperative to higher education, workforce development, and economic security. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to investigate the current status of research on instructional and assistive technologies used to support students with high incidence disabilities in accessing the general education curriculum over the last decade (2010–2020). Among the results of the analysis of 67 studies, a majority involved White students with specific learning disabilities, with studies primarily focused on social/emotional/behavioral, reading, or mathematics outcomes. Independent variables spanned seven categories, largely involving computer-assisted instruction such as modules or virtual manipulatives, although applications via mobile devices were increasingly researched toward the middle to end of the decade. Additional results and implications for research and practice are shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation Training (CRT) on executive functions, problem solving, and attention in students with a specific learning disorder (SLD). Forty-two SLD students from the third to sixth grade (8–12 years old) were randomly assigned to 16 sessions of CRT (n = 21) or to a control (n = 21) group. Executive functions were assessed by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (2nd ed.), problem solving by the Tower of London test, and attention by the Stroop test. Analyses of variance and post-hoc analyses revealed that there were significant improvements in the CRT group in most aspects of executive functions, problem solving, and attention, and these improvements were maintained over a two-month follow-up. These findings suggest that a CRT program may have positive implications for cognitive functioning and may provide preliminary support for alternative therapeutic interventions for use in children with SLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the documented influence of motivation on mathematics learning for most students, we understand far less about this relation for students identified with learning disabilities. Based on Rogoff's three planes of analysis (i.e., personal, community, and interpersonal), we gathered survey, interview, and video data to understand the motivations of sixth graders in a special education mathematics classroom as well as classroom conditions that supported motivation during a unit on fractions. By the end of that unit, students reported improved ability beliefs and attributed the changes to increased conceptual understanding of fractions, exposure to strategies for sense making, and the additional time and assistance provided to them. Through video analysis, we also found that having students verbalize their thinking about the mathematics can provide opportunities to identify remediation needs and thus support productive participation and positive ability beliefs. These findings highlight the motivational value of effective mathematics instruction for students with learning disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research is an exploratory, qualitative study of Saudi parents' perspectives on the use of touch screen tablets (i.e. iPads) to enhance learning outcomes for children with learning disabilities (LDs), ages 6–8 years. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 Saudi parents whose children with LDs used iPads for learning purposes. The results suggest that Saudi parents perceive this technology positively. However, the results also indicate that parents need guidance to support their child's use of this technology. Finally, the current study suggests the value of research investigating a broader array of parental perceptions of digital technology, as educators and policymakers incorporate digital technology into mainstream and LD education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysian secondary education, typically only academically able students with learning disabilities and acceptable behaviour join mainstream classrooms for full inclusion. Social participation at school is one key indicator of inclusive education outcomes. Most Malaysian mainstream classrooms group students into small fixed peer-seating groups. This group could represent one support for social participation available to students with learning disabilities (LD) in inclusion classrooms. However, nothing is currently known about the views and experiences of social participation from the perspective of Malaysian students with LD or about the support provided by their peer-seating group in mainstream classrooms. We investigated the social participation of four focal students with LD in two Malaysian inclusive secondary schools, using a qualitative multiple case study design. The peer-seating group played a prominent role in focal students' social participation. Several themes identified in the analysis revealed the peer-seating group's facilitation of social participation (i.e. close contact with peer-seating group; working together on tasks; free time together), but other themes identified obstacles (i.e. limited or absent friendship network). This study contributes to a better understanding of the school social participation experiences of Malaysian adolescents with LD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]