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This paper presents a gendered infrastructural perspective on internal education migration in India. It demonstrates the power of merit to spur female agency, rekindle failed aspirations and establish migration flows despite family reluctance. The paper analyzes interviews conducted with 29 young women who had migrated locally to attend a premier pharmacy college. The young women were academic high achievers who had to move away from home to pursue desirable higher education. For most, families were hesitant to permit the move. The young women had to undertake interlinked gender work and academic work to achieve merit and permission for migration. Theoretically, the paper models the concept of migration infrastructure for internal education migration and further, analyzes how infrastructures are gendered. It describes how infrastructures of merit – including discourses, practices, institutions, regulations and networks that authoritatively sort students – also move them in varied but specific ways. While the state in India defines and regulates merit, it also discriminates in favor of the privileged and the disadvantaged and spatializes development. Alongside, families negotiate the risks associated with female academic mobility. To achieve migration, the young women had to navigate both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflexivity has received a lot of attention in recent years, but there is little on how to initiate reflexivity amongst those who are not familiar with it. This paper explores how to initiate reflexivity work and what difference it can make to the initiates in how we research and what we write about, and how this work can be done collaboratively between women in different locales. It breaks new ground by drawing on duo-reflexivity between three African women migration researchers reflecting on their role in collaborative research. In doing so, it unravels the complexities of insider-outsider status in global-North/South research and shows the importance of intersectional reflexivity, which addresses gender, social class, nationality, research setting, and discipline as we researched migration and inclusive growth in Africa. The paper unpacks gender as a category and how we approach it, how we experience it as part of our daily researching lives, and as a research topic in Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria. Furthermore, we throw a global South perspective on taken for granted categories such as income to show how reflexivity is important when researching migrants and non-migrants for a global audience. The paper ends with some thoughts on our experience of undertaking this reflexivity exercise. We offer this as an invitation to researchers, especially those from the global South, who may also be new to reflexivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing but unknown numbers of women are adopting itinerant lifestyles on the road, in the pursuit of ambitions and aspirations that extend beyond the conventional role of women as they age. Using data from a study that aimed to describe women who travel without men, either alone or with other women, across Australia in self-contained accommodation, this paper illustrates the richness and diversity of these lives through the narratives of four women. The study from which these data were taken was informed by an ethnographic approach. A montage has been used to present four narratives that together illustrate dominant themes that emerged from the analysis. Initially 29 women, travelling either alone or with other women in mobile accommodation across Australia, were interviewed using audio-visual media or telephones between March 2020-March 2022. From the thematic analysis of these interviews, four participants' narratives were chosen to represent the main themes derived from the analysis while at the same time retaining the women's individual perspectives and voices. The four narratives included in this montage paper exemplify four key themes: the adventure of exploring Australia; experiencing the new and unknown; developing self-knowledge and self-confidence; and taking control of one's life. The women's stories demonstrate commonality as well as diversity, of a chosen lifestyle beyond the conventional view of women as homemakers, and redefining the conventional view of ageing as one of decline and deterioration. These narratives demonstrate older women living lives that provide new and different pathways to personal growth, independence and self-confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the perspectives of Iranian women involved in women's activism and policymaking in Iran on gender equality and gender justice. The study draws on 47 in-depth semi-structured interviews through an explanatory approach. Participants in this study included women's activists, whose points of reference is the Islamic teaching, as well as those women activists who consider women's rights outside the framework of religion. The Iranian political leaders do not accept equality between men and women, and their gendered policies have limited the activities of feminists and women activists. Key findings demonstrate that participants take different positions in the conceptualization of gender equality and gender justice and that there is a strong link between women's political and social position, self-identification and the terminology they use to advocate for women's autonomy and calling for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the experiences of people who blog about their own terminal illness and dying through the lens of anticipatory grief. Anticipatory grief is a concept which is frequently applied to those people who will be bereaved by death, rather than those who are themselves dying. Ethnographic content analysis of terminal illness blogs of two Australian women clearly narrate experiences of loss and grief which can be understood through the frame of anticipatory grief. Yet they also document positive experiences of growth and connection which can be conceptualized as resilience rather than a demonstration of denial of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While world leaders met in Egypt in 2022 for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP 27) and danced around the need for critical global action on climate change, ni-Vanuatu (Vanuatu's citizens) were dealing with its realities. Continuing sea level rises, more intense and frequent cyclones, flooding and landslides are regular occurrences in Vanuatu, challenging the population to adapt. These experiences are made more intense by the knowledge that ni-Vanuatu circumstances are the result of greenhouse gas emissions occurring elsewhere, in countries with higher gross domestic products (GDPs). In this paper, we focus on the experiences of women in Vanuatu to build a greater understanding of the impacts of climate change on women's lives in one of the most disaster risk countries in the world. In focus groups conducted in 2021 with women in five communities across Vanuatu, women shared their experiences in dealing with climate change, the impacts on food production and food security and the gendered societal expectations that shape the complexity of women's experiences. We note the way gender relations build on climate change impacts to shape the lives of Vanuatu women. In so doing we highlight the expressed desire of women to bring their experiences of climate change to the international community and to be part of the critical global conversation on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghanaian adolescents face considerable sexual and reproductive health challenges that can disrupt human capital formation. However, a positive and healthy transition from adolescence to adulthood can be achieved by increasing access to sexual and reproductive health information, education, and services. This paper documents emerging findings from an adolescent girls' programme delivered in 56 districts of Ghana. Data were collected from girls and young women aged 10–24 years who participated in the programme as part of a larger study that included in-school and out-of-school participants. In-depth interviews (IDI) [N = 49] and focus-group discussions (FGDs) [N = 13] were conducted in November 2021 and November 2022. An abductive approach was used to develop key themes from the data. The analysis revealed that the programme showed promise in changing the attitudes of beneficiaries towards safe sexual practices through condom use, in increasing assertiveness towards sexual and gender-based violence, and in real-life application of the knowledge and skills gained for health and social wellbeing. Out-of-school sexuality education programmes such as the one described here can be important catalysts for developing and maintaining meaningful relationships with others through the provision of information and education, and service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women’s participation in preventing and countering extremist violence is increasingly prioritised in international, regional and national policies on Preventing/Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE), after the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2242 (2015). It is crucial to analyse how local policies construct women’s participation in local P/CVE, considering influences from international and regional discourses. This paper delves into the discourses on women’s participation in P/CVE, seeking to explore the deeper logics that inform their involvement in the P/CVE strategy of the Philippines. This research unfolds in three distinct steps. First, a review of existing literature on women and P/CVE. Second, I discuss the theoretical and analytical approach of the research. Finally, I trace the discourses on women’s participation within the nineteen policies and identified three logics: logics of protection, political agency, and religion. Studies on the discourses on women in P/CVE policies allow us to interrogate the deeply seated assumptions towards women in security spaces and how these assumptions shape the participation spaces for women in extremist violence prevention work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay investigates the sexual violence against Indian indentured women during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries on colonial plantations around the world through the lens of intimacy and labour. Beginning in the 1830s, Indian men, women, and children were brought to various overseas plantations by colonial planters under the indenture system, which was designed to fill the labour shortage that resulted from the 1833 abolition of slavery in the British Empire. This essay uses the petitions, depositions and letters of indentured women---available in colonial archives in both their native Indian languages and in English translation---to argue that the violence against women was not only perpetuated by plantation authorities but equally by Indian male indentured workers. The paper identifies two forms of violence on the plantations: colonial violence related to racial hierarchy and control over the subjugated subject and patriarchal violence related to Indian social control and domination. Each type of violence was related to intimacy, i.e. closeness of people on plantations. While colonial violence was enacted through power relations, the Indian male violence was enacted through imposition of the patriarchal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike liberal feminism, which critiques how liberal democracies exclude women on numerous fronts, neoliberal feminism denies gender differences even as it calls for women to craft their own work-family balance. Drawing upon ethnographic data gathered from professional women in Beijing, this paper argues that these women expend considerable emotional labor to suppress negative emotions and keep their jobs. In doing so, they embody "emergent femininity," a local expression of neoliberal feminism centered on self-confidence, a willingness to articulate and satisfy personal desires, and heavy use of social media. Yet, pro-work attitudes affect these professional women's family lives. However, insofar as emergent femininity and neoliberal feminism focus only on individual accomplishments, they cannot provide systemic betterment for women, regardless of personal achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Written in the voice of the first author, this autoethnographic paper utilises researcher introspection to examine the interplay of personal identities with motivations, pre-conceptions, and ‘ways of being’ that impact a career in health research. In the context of a co-design workshop with mothers of children with brain tumours, identities are examined including that of ‘mother’, ‘student/academic’ and ‘health professional/consumer’. Introspection is used, inspired by the workshop recording as the primary source of data. This introspective reflection results in understanding that many of the ‘weaknesses’ perceived internally were not evident externally. Through a sociological lens and review of feminist literature, these ‘weakness’, such as the struggle to balance assertiveness and humility, are conceptualised as a ‘double-bind’. Many women face these when forced to embody competing societal expectations such as the contrasting levels of assertiveness expected of a female versus a professional. Arrival at an understanding of the lack of value patriarchal societies place in traditionally female traits eventuates. Attention to emotion in social situations is a strength in a qualitative research career (and life!), and conscious valuing of this skill eases a voice of anxiety within when grappling with a sense of self in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the years of research scholars have undergone to discuss The Best Years of our Lives' men, this paper takes a new approach and looks at the film's women, their agency, and their sexuality. By understanding Millie (Myrna Loy), Peggy (Teresa Wright), Wilma (Cathy O'Donnell), and Marie (Virginia Mayo), their use of bedroom spaces, and the ways in which they remove military markers from, and apply civilian ones to, their men, I argue that these women make their respective partners into what they want them to be and resist the saint-like image of maternal postwar womanhood that has historically been attributed to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are increasing numbers of older women in prison in England and Wales. The needs of older women in prison have been under researched and are often unmet. This paper explores staff and expert perspectives on the needs of older women in prison through a nominal group attended by six participants, including a consultant at the UK Health Security Agency; a General Practitioner; a postgraduate student completing a project on older women in prison; an academic researcher with expertise on older women in prison; a National Women's Health, Social Care, and Environment Review Group lead; and a HMMPS Diversity and Inclusion Lead. Six key themes were identified: 1) health screening; 2) health services and unmet health needs; 3) emotional wellbeing; 4) social and family connections; 5) the need for a professional's forum; and 6) limited data and research. Participants agreed that this population's needs are not adequately met. Moving forward, structures must be put in place to ensure that older women's needs are understood and met, and their voices heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) advocate for the increased use of non-custodial measures alongside women-wise criminal justice programs, policies, and practices. In Thailand, since the Bangkok Rules were adopted, there has been increased attention paid to implementing affirmative action to counterbalance the gender discrimination women face behind prison walls. However, there is a sparsity of knowledge and consideration of women's non-custodial involvement, in Thailand and worldwide. In this paper, we present findings from research exploring women's pathways to and experiences of electronically monitored (EM) parole in Thailand. We found that women's criminalisation trajectories were facilitated by a configuration of multifaceted, commonly interconnected, vulnerabilities and harms. While EM parole should, according to governmental rhetoric, be rehabilitative and supportive of reintegration through 'the treatment of offenders in accordance with international norms and standards' in practice, women's needs were barely recognised, let alone met. Instead, rather than supporting women, EM parole was, in many ways, setting them up to fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to investigate impact of microfinance-led interventions on rural women and local communities based on systematic literature review. The microfinance model started as a developmental initiative keeping women as an agency for social change and center of policy implementation. In rural communities, women play significant role in the house and outside, but they are highly marginalized on the face of existing structural discrimination and disempowerment. It forced government and non-government organizations to introduce developmental interventions such as microfinance-based programmes for the poor communities. The results of systematic literature review indicate a gradual socio-economic-cultural-political change among women, household, and the local community. However, it also suggests that microfinance intervention met with mixed results in making desired socio-economic change. The study demonstrates that the microfinance interventions empower women and reduces societal inequalities but failed to make the requisite transformation in the local community and in some cases made it worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents my theories around the role and signification of wide skirts used in traditional African Caribbean dance performance as experienced and presented in Trinidad and Tobago. Using the concepts of generational memory, female agency, creolization, and recursion, I show how the traditional African Caribbean dance skirt continues to be a factor in the construction of generational empowerment and freedom-making for women when they perform these diasporic dances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coalition of Women for Peace was an umbrella organization that tried to unite different women, feminist, peace, and anti-occupation organizations under the same banner in order to coordinate and increase their margin of action. The Coalition had the value of uniting '48 Palestinians and Israeli women in an attempt to have a common political horizon. The Coalition ended its work in 2020 because of several factors that the paper will underline. This article will try to answer the following questions: What were the exogenous and endogenous factors that hindered cooperation within a women-peace organization such as the Coalitions? What were the key phases in the Coalition's trajectory, and how did they contribute to its dissolution? This work relies on a triangulation of data: sixteen interviews, a questionnaire, and the movement's document analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a broad analysis of the Ottoman penal policies concerning the tolerant and clement punitive sanctions for mother offenders during the late Ottoman era. It scrutinizes the penal strategies of the late Ottoman government, particularly its endeavors in criminal justice reform, with a specific focus on the treatment of female offenders concerning their reproductive functions and maternal roles. The socio-cultural, religious, and biopolitical significance of mothers exerted a profound impact on the formulation of particular Ottoman penal policies. Hence, the main argument of this article underscores the widespread valuation of even criminal women and their babies within the Ottoman penal contexts. This valuation is exemplified through the application of penal measures, including the suspension of death sentences, exemption from strenuous penal labor as stipulated in the 1858 Penal Code, provision of supplementary rations and specific healthcare services, hospitalization of pregnant inmates, and child protection as outlined in the 1880 Prison Regulation. Although the implementation of the penal codes and prison regulations was frequently hampered by fiscal crises and political instability, these attempts marked the birth of penal biopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project uses diary writing as a methodology for undertaking research into 11 diaries of women writers. Part autoethnography, part critical discussion, my diary diary charts a month of reading diaries, reading about diaries and keeping a diary every working day. The curated journals are read in relation to each other to try to understand legacies of how the diary form has allowed them to write themselves while also contributing to wider knowledge about women's lives and feminisms. This essay seeks discussion of the diary form and evidence of the lived experiences of women within the journals, charting how societal expectations and conventions around what women's role should be, within a range of historical contexts, is often in conflict with the individual's desire for self-development, creativity and a meaningful life. The diary provides a space for rebellion, for living the desired (private) life of thought and opinion and self-expression. By bringing individual works together into a curated lineage of women's diaries, I seek affinities, connections and the role the diary plays in both writing the self and also understanding the context of women's writings on their own lives, offering my diary diary as part of this ongoing feminist work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effect of female bill authorship on bill approval. The analysis focuses on the Turkish Parliament between 2002 and 2015. During this time, the Islamic Justice and Development Party controlled the country's government and a parliamentary majority, and gender issues became central to political discourse. Using a novel data set of content-coded private members' bills, we evaluate whether gender affected bill approval. The analysis sheds light on gender discrimination, and the impact women MPs have on the corpus of laws that govern the country. The results reveal that bills initiated by women did not receive a similar treatment to those initiated by men. All else equal, these bills were less likely to become law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stigma surrounding drug use adversely affects the health and wellbeing of people who use drugs. With projected increases in drug use in Africa over the next decade, understanding public perceptions of drug use is critical. This study explores perceptions and attitudes toward illicit drug use from the viewpoint of the families of women who use drugs. In March 2019, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 family members of women who use drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The interviews included a closed-ended survey and open-ended questions about drug use attitudes. We thematically analyzed open-ended responses and summarized survey response frequencies. Three key themes emerged: (1) disapproval and stigma regarding drug use, (2) increased stigma and social consequences for women who use drugs, and (3) empathy and a call for support and intervention. Participants viewed people who use drugs negatively, associating them with danger and criminality. Women faced harsher judgment due to cultural expectations of femininity and motherhood. Despite these negative perceptions and attitudes, participants wanted to support people who use drugs, advocating for better access to treatment. Culturally tailored, gender-sensitive interventions are essential to reduce stigma and improve outcomes for these women and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current mixed-method study examined gender differences in sexual violence (SV) perpetration behaviors and the validity of perpetration reports made on the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Perpetration (SES-SFP). Fifty-four university students (31 women and 23 men) were asked to think out loud while privately completing an online version of the SES-SFP and to describe (typed response) behaviors that they reported having engaged in on the SES. Those who reported no such behavior were asked to describe any similar behaviors they may have engaged in. Integration of the quantitative responses on the SES and the qualitative descriptions of the events reported showed that men's SV perpetration was more frequent and severe than women's. The qualitative event descriptions further suggested that men's verbal coercion was often harsher in tone and that men more often than women used physical force (including in events only reported as verbal coercion on the SES). Unlike men, women often reported that their response to a refusal was not intended to pressure their partner or obtain the sexual activity. Two women also mistakenly reported experiences of their own victimization or compliance (giving in to unwanted sex) on SES perpetration items, which inflated women's SV perpetration rate. Findings suggest that quantitative measurement can miss important qualitative differences in women and men's behaviors and may underestimate men's and overestimate women's SV perpetration. Participants also sometimes misinterpreted or described confusion around the SES items, suggesting a need for updated language on this and other quantitative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined three proximal motives for sexual aggression (sexual persistence after a turn down): sexual arousal, power, and relationship. The MTurk sample consisted of 264 adults: 92 Millennial men (35%), 51 Millennial women (19%), 82 Gen X men (31%) and 39 Gen X women (15%). The motive data, measured by the Sexual Aggression Motive Assessment (SAMA), were unanalyzed data extracted from the authors' previous study of the Millennial shift, a phenomenon in which Millennial women, as compared to older generation women, showed higher levels of sexual aggression, while Millennial men, in comparison to older generation men, demonstrated lower levels of sexual aggression. For all respondents combined, the most chosen motive category was sexual arousal (95%), followed by relationship (49%), and then by power (18%) with 50% choosing two or more motive categories. Providing conceptual support for the Millennial shift, significantly more Millennial women than Gen X women chose motives of sexual arousal and power as reasons for perpetrating sexual aggression. An important finding for the relationship motive is that substantial numbers of both men and women engaged in sexual aggression because they felt that having sex would make the person like them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of non-wage compensation like paid maternity leave may vary across workers in that the contribution of paid maternity leave to job satisfaction is more discernible for women of childbearing age than for men and older women. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), this study investigates the relationship between paid maternity leave offers and job satisfaction for women of childbearing age. However, individual-specific preferences for benefits may contribute to job satisfaction and having access to paid maternity leave. This study, therefore, uses an instrumental variable approach to address the presence of endogeneity in the relationship between paid maternity leave and job satisfaction. After instrumenting paid maternity leave variable appropriately, results from the bivariate probit model show that paid maternity leave offers positively contribute to women's job satisfaction; women with paid maternity leave offers are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than those with unpaid or no maternity leave offers. Furthermore, the findings remain consistent after conditioning the sample age at and above 24 years and firm size between 20 to 500 employees, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women were more affected than men during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate COVID-19-related stress response in adult women and its association with the relevant socioeconomic, lifestyle and COVID-19-related factors. This research was carried out in eight randomly chosen cities from September 2020 to October 2021. To examine stress, we distributed the COVID Stress Scales (CSS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Women also fulfilled a general socio-epidemiologic questionnaire. The study included 1,264 women. Most women were healthy, highly educated, employed, married, nonsmokers who consumed alcohol. The average total CSS score suggested a relatively low COVID-19 related stress), while 1.7% of women had CSS ≥ 100. The mean PSS was around the mid-point value of the scale. Older women, who were not in a relationship, didn't smoke, didn't drink alcohol, but used immune boosters, had chronic illnesses and reported losing money during the pandemic had higher CSS scores. A higher level of stress was also experienced by women exposed to the intense reporting about COVID-19, had contact with COVID-19 positive people or took care of COVID-19 positive family members. In this sample of predominantly highly educated women few women experienced very high stress level, probably due to the study timing (after the initial wave) when the pandemic saw attenuated stress levels. To relieve women from stress, structural organization and planning in terms of health care delivery, offsetting economic losses, controlled information dissemination and psychological support for women are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project explores the intersection of public memory, violence, and the relationship between new media representations and the viewer in the context of Sujin Kim's (2021) animated short film, Unforgotten. To expand on current discussions of "comfort women" activism and the intersection of public memory and animation studies, I use a close reading method to identify four main representations: "comfort women" as metaphorical objects; "comfort women" as surreal alternative bodies; "comfort women" as the physical land; and "comfort women" as unseen and implied bodily forms. I explore the affordances and the limitations of the animation form and investigate the nuances of the film's relationship with the viewer. This documentary demonstrates the powerful potential of animation as a site for exploring sensitive subjects with metaphorical and fantastical elements to create disjointed narratives that replicate the traumatic, fragmented memories of "comfort women". Throughout history there have been efforts to render their narratives unintelligible through silencing and discrediting the survivors; but they and others have continually attempted to tell their stories. Despite their stories' suppression and the film's limitations, Kim's film provides an alternative mode of representing and witnessing stories of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinhibition is associated with myriad risk-taking behaviors and adverse outcomes. Both marijuana use and poor neighborhood conditions have been associated with disinhibition. However, the extent to which neighborhood disorder interacts with marijuana use to influence disinhibition has not been studied, extensively. A better understanding of these relationships has implications for designing more effective tailored place-based interventions that aim to reduce risk taking behaviors and related adverse social and health outcomes associated with marijuana use. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of perceived neighborhood disorder and marijuana use on disinhibition. The sample included 120 African American female residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods (Mage = 23.6 ± 3.46). We employed hierarchical linear regression analysis to examine the interactive effects of marijuana use and perceived neighborhood disorder on disinhibition, while controlling for age and education. The interaction term was marginally significant (b = 5.66; t(109) = 1.72, p =.08). Next, the conditional effects were explored. Results indicated the association of marijuana use with disinhibition was stronger for females in the higher neighborhood disorder group, compared to those in the lower neighborhood disorder group (10.40 and 4.51, respectively). Our findings support the need for more research on the potential of neighborhood disorder to amplify the effects of marijuana use on disinhibition and related neurobehavioral traits. The identification of contextual moderators and high-risk sub-groups will aid in the design of more tailored place-based interventions that aim to reduce risk-taking behavior among those most vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of science is increasingly directing its attention to the diachronic examination of women's involvement within spaces dedicated to scientific inquiry. While this field of study boasts rich and meticulous historiography, delving into the sixteenth century leaves the impression of encountering either a noticeable absence of women in the realm of natural history or an underexplored period in this regard. Undoubtedly, within the Italian context of the time, the cultural milieu shaped by the Counter-Reformation further heightened the social challenges faced by women. Notwithstanding these challenges, a noteworthy female figure emerges in the latter half of the sixteenth century – Francesca Fontana, the second wife of the natural history scholar Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605). From an overall view of the sources, Fontana seems to assume a pivotal role in the realization of collections and works attributed to the eminent naturalist. This study aims to delineate the role played by Fontana within Aldrovandi's 'officina naturale.' By examining the available documents in a chronological order, my aim is to provide insights into the evolution of her education and her practical and technical skills, harnessed in the pursuit of her husband's enterprises and scholarly contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to examine how, and when, criminal history conditions the effect of defendant sex on incarceration and prison sentence length decisions in Minnesota state courts. Results suggest that sex differences in sentencing are largely concentrated amongst those who have extensive criminal histories, bypassing those who have little or no criminal history. Moreover, criminal history's aggravating contextual effect on sex often depends on the dependent variable examined and type of offense committed. Study results shed light on the situations where extralegal disparities are "hidden" in the nuances of case characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the journalistic discourse of the Cuban magazine Mujeres between the years 2010–2015, by questioning its thematic agenda as a dynamic resource for meanings. The main objective of the study is to understand the singular knowledge produced about the experience of women in the economic spheres in Cuba. For this, the qualitative research crosses the meanings produced about the participation of Cuban women by journalistic narratives with the specific characteristics of the productive scenarios where they act, thus revealing how Mujeres promotes particular readings of those contexts and their subjects. The asymmetry in the visualization between the state and non-state economic spheres, the politicization of women's roles in non-state productive scenarios and the disregard of other forms of participation of Cuban women, are among the main results achieved. These limits of the constructed meanings allow us to understand how the journalism of the magazine operates as a classifying device of being a woman in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]