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Orbital degree of freedom plays a crucial role in governing the physical and chemical properties of solid materials, and it is widely investigated in the fields of physics, material science, and chemistry. Typically, orbital‐energy‐related scenarios, such as d‐band center or electron occupancy, have been discussed in the catalytic materials, since they can control the surface‐adsorbate bonding strength to modulate the catalytic activity. However, the impact of orbital morphology, that is the "posture" of orbitals on catalysts' surfaces, has never been studied. Here the importance of 3d‐orbital morphology on the activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a strongly correlated oxide α‐Ti2O3 is highlighted. Superior ORR performance is observed in α‐Ti2O3 (Ti3+:3d1) than that of the anatase and rutile TiO2 (Ti4+:3d0), with higher Faradaic efficiency (87.3%) and H2O2 selectivity (93.2%). More importantly, a novel orbital‐morphology‐based mechanism is developed and the orbital morphology dominates the catalytic activity by determining the surface‐adsorbates d–p orbital hybridization via orbitals' overlap, resulting in a crystal‐plane‐dependent ORR activity in α‐Ti2O3. The work reveals the strong interplay between the orbital morphology, d–p hybridization, and ORR activity, which broadens the fundamental understanding of catalysts from a new view of the orbital degree of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient photosensitizers are crucial for advancing solar energy conversion and storage technologies. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel organic dye, denoted as YB6, for p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (p‐DSCs) and photoelectrochemical H2O2 production. YB6 features an extended conjugated π‐bridge derived from indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene and exhibits notable advantages: a two‐fold higher molar extinction coefficient at its main absorption peak and a broader absorption as compared to the PB6 dye. In p‐type dye‐sensitized NiO photoelectrochemical cells, the YB6‐based device demonstrated superior performance as compared to the PB6‐based device. It delivered nearly a 50 % higher H2O2 production over 5 hours. Furthermore, when fabricated into p‐DSCs, the YB6‐based device exhibited a 33 % higher power conversion efficiency. This enhancement is caused by suppressed charge recombination from the dye structure, which in turn may be traced to a larger thermodynamic up‐hill process for recombination losses in the YB6‐based system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of efficient, stable, and recyclable photocatalysts for organic synthesis is vital for transformation of traditional thermal organic chemistry into green sustainable organic chemistry. In this work, the study reports an electrostatic approach to assemble meso‐tetra (4‐sulfonate phenyl) porphyrin (TPPS)tetra (4‐sulfonate phenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) as a donor and benzyl viologen (BV) as an acceptor into stable and recyclable photocatalyst for an efficient organic transformation reaction – aryl sulfide oxidation. By use of the electrostatic TPPS‐BV photocatalysts, 0.1 mmol aryl sulfide with electron‐donating group can be completely transformed into aryl sulfoxide in 60 min without overoxidation into sulfone, rendering near 100% yield and selectivity. The photocatalyst can be recycled up to 95% when 10 mg amount is used. Mechanistic study reveals that efficient charge separation between TPPS and BV results in sufficient formation of superoxide which further reacts with the oxidized sulfide by the photocatalyst to produce the sulfoxide. This mechanistic pathway differs significantly from the previously proposed singlet oxygen‐dominated process in homogeneous TPPS photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic field line curvature (FLC) scattering is an effective mechanism for collisionless particle scattering. In the terrestrial magnetosphere, the FLC scattering plays an essential role in shaping the outer boundary of protons radiation belt, the rapid decay of ring current, and the formation of proton isotropic boundary (IB). However, previous studies have yet to adequately investigate the influence of FLC scattering on charged particles in the Earth's dayside magnetosphere, particularly in the off‐equatorial magnetic minima regions. This study employs T89 magnetic field model to investigate the impacts of FLC scattering on ring current protons in the dayside magnetosphere, with a specific focus on the off‐equatorial minimum regions. We analyze the spatial distributions of single and dual magnetic minima regions, adiabatic parameter, and pitch angle diffusion coefficients due to FLC scattering as functions of Kp. The results show that the effects of FLC scattering are significant not only on the dusk and dawn sides but also in the off‐equatorial minima regions on the noon. Additionally, we investigate the role of dipole tilt angle in the hemispheric asymmetry of FLC scattering effects. The dipole tilt angle controls the overall displacement of the dayside magnetosphere, resulting in different FLC scattering effects in the two hemispheres. Our study holds significance for understanding the FLC scattering effects in the off‐equatorial region of Earth's dayside magnetosphere and for constructing a more accurate dynamic model of particles. Key Points: Ring current protons in the dayside off‐equatorial regions are significantly affected by field line curvature (FLC) scatteringThe scattering effects driven by FLC on protons display distinct hemispheric asymmetry in the dayside off‐equatorial regionsThe dipole tilt angle affects hemispheric asymmetry, thereby influencing the strength and extent of FLC scattering [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Zhou et al. have proposed an Interpolation‐based (INTERP) strategy to generate the initial parameters for Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). INTERP guesses the initial parameters at level i+1$i+1$ by applying interpolation to the optimized parameters at level i$i$, achieving better performance than random initialization (RI). Nevertheless, INTERP consumes extensive costs for deep QAOA because it necessitates optimization at each level depth. To address it, a Multilevel Leapfrogging Interpolation (MLI) strategy is proposed. MLI produces initial parameters from level i+1$i+1$ to i+l$i+l$ (l>1$l>1$) at level i$i$, omitting the optimization rounds from level i+1$i+1$ to (i+l−1)$(i+l-1)$. MLI executes optimization at few levels rather than each level, and this operation is called Multilevel Leapfrogging optimization (M‐Leap). The performance of MLI is investigated on the Maxcut problem. The simulation results demonstrate MLI achieves the same quasi‐optima as INTERP while consuming 1/2 of costs required by INTERP. Besides, for MLI, where there is no RI except for level 1, the greedy‐MLI strategy is presented. The simulation results suggest greedy‐MLI has better stability than INTERP and MLI beyond obtaining the quasi‐optima. According to the efficiency of finding the quasi‐optima, the idea of M‐Leap might be extended to other training tasks, especially those requiring numerous optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of the two aluminum alloys 6005A‐5083 were investigated and their correlation was discussed. In contrast to FSW joints of the same aluminum material, this results in a "V" shape curve of hardness distributed nonsymmetrically along the weld. The lowest hardness area occurs at the interface between the heat‐affected zone and the thermo‐mechanically affected zone of 6005A (6‐HAZ and 6‐TMAZ) due to the transformation of the β" phase under the influence of heat input during the stir friction process. This also leads to all tensile specimens fracturing in this area. The corrosion behavior of the FSW joint in acidic solution containing Cl− was determined by an exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) test, an intergranular corrosion (IGC) test, and potentiodynamic polarization measurements, based on the potential application in acid rain environment. The results showed that the corrosion resistance order in the acidic solution is: 6‐HAZ > NZ > 6‐BM > 5‐HAZ > 5‐BM. The 5‐BM has the worst corrosion resistance due to the high corrosion sensitivity of Al3Mg2 in acidic solution. However, good corrosion resistances are shown in NZ and 6‐HAZ, which is related to a relatively homogeneous microstructure in NZ and a dissolution or coarsening of β" phases in 6‐HAZ because of frictional heat input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mental health of patients with temporomandibular disorder or other jaw dysfunction is a primary concern in clinical practice, but the extent of these symptoms in this patient subset is not yet well understood. Objectives: This cross‐sectional study aimed to compare the mental health and jaw function between patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR) and healthy individuals. Methods: In total, 170 patients with ADDWR and 163 healthy participants enrolled in this study from March 2020 to December 2021. All participants completed a single assessment, including a pain rating and several questionnaires to assess jaw dysfunction, depression, and anxiety. All scores and the grade distribution of somatization, depression and anxiety were analysed between groups. Results: Significant differences were found in measures of pain, jaw function and somatization; the ADDWR group had significantly higher pain and functional jaw limitations than the healthy group. The grade distribution of somatic symptoms also differed between groups: the distribution of patients who reported mild and above scores in the ADDWR group was significantly higher than that of the healthy group. Depression and anxiety scores or grade distributions were not significantly different by group. Conclusion: The jaw function of patients seeking treatment for ADDWR was lower than that of non‐TMD individuals. They did not show high anxiety and depression symptoms, but their somatic symptoms were more apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to secret splitting, secret reconstruction is another important component of secret sharing. In this paper, the first quantum secret reconstruction protocol is proposed to protect the reconstruction process. Before the protocol, a classical secret is divided into multiple shares that are distributed to the shareholds, respectively. In the presented protocol, the dealer utilizes the secret to encrypt a privacy quantum state, and sends the encrypted state to a combiner who is chosen by the dealer within the shareholders. With the help of other shareholders, the combiner utilizes the properties of cluster states to recover the privacy quantum state. It is shown that the proposed protocol is secure against several common attacks, including external and internal attacks. Compared with classical secret reconstruction protocols, this protocol not only achieves information‐theoretic security of all shares, but is also more efficient due to the reduced distribution and computation cost. To demonstrate the feasibility of the protocol, a corresponding simulation quantum experiment is conducted on the IBM Q. Furthermore, in conjunction with quantum fingerprinting, it can be directly applied to achieve the task of quantum multiple secrets sharing, since the classical shares can be reused in the proposed protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]