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Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have become a global research hotspot in recent years due to their eco‐friendliness, safety, abundant resources, and low cost. However, some significant challenges seriously affect their overall performance, thus hindering their further development and practical applications. Recently, multifunctional and adjustable 2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are extensively used for the modification of ZIBs, and fruitful achievements are achieved. In order to make a systematic understanding of these studies, it is highly desirable to provide an overview of MXenes based on their modification methods and action mechanisms. In this review, a basic introduction to ZIBs and MXenes is presented and the main modification approaches of MXenes in solving the issues of ZIBs are discussed in detail, including activation and composite strategies of the cathode, interface engineering, structural optimization, and zinc metal‐free anode strategy of the anode, solid‐state strategy of the electrolyte, and functionalized strategy of the separator. Importantly, the functions and related mechanisms of MXenes in various components of ZIBs are analyzed in depth. Finally, the pathways for MXenes in solving the issues of ZIBs are summarized, and their future directions are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and death. This study performed pseudo‐targeted lipidomics to identify differentially expressed plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemia, to provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Pseudo‐targeted lipidomic analyses of plasma lipids from 20 patients with hypercholesterolemia and 20 normal control subjects were performed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Differentially expressed lipids were identified by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify differentially expressed lipids with high diagnostic value. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database was used to identify enriched metabolic pathways. Results: We identified 13 differentially expressed lipids in hypercholesterolemia using variable importance of projection > 1 and p < 0.05 as threshold parameters. The levels of eight sphingomyelins and cholesterol sulfate were higher and those of three triacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholine were reduced in hypercholesterolemia. Seven differentially expressed plasma lipids showed high diagnostic value for hypercholesterolemia. Functional enrichment analyses showed that pathways related to necroptosis, sphingolipid signaling, sphingolipid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis were enriched. Conclusions: This pseudo‐targeted lipidomics study demonstrated that multiple sphingomyelins and cholesterol sulfate were differentially expressed in the plasma of patients with hypercholesterolemia. We also identified seven plasma lipids, including six sphingomyelins and cholesterol sulfate, with high diagnostic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to develop advanced bone substitutes for effective bone regeneration in substantial defects have led to the fabrication of tissue‐engineered scaffolds. These scaffolds, featuring hierarchical structures, specific chemical compositions, and functional qualities, are essential in mimicking native bone tissue. Inspired by the biomineralization process, hydrothermal treatment is used to synthesize micro‐/nano‐hydroxyapatite bioceramics functionalized with tea polyphenols (TP‐nwHA), closely resembling the structure of bone‐like apatite induced by hydroxyapatite bioceramics in vivo. The in vitro results demonstrate TP‐nwHA's superior biocompatibility, enhancing cell proliferation and adhesion. Furthermore, TP‐nwHA scaffolds significantly influence mesenchymal stem cells, promoting osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting osteoclastogenic differentiation. The upregulation of osteogenic proteins BMP2 and ITGB1, along with the downregulation of osteoclastic proteins FGF21 and IGFBP1, demonstrate the synergistic effect of the biomimetic structure and polyphenols on the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. In vivo, TP‐nwHA showe early angiogenic capabilities, leading to improved bone regeneration in critical‐size femoral bone defects in osteoporotic rats. Histological staining confirms the complete bridging of defects with new bone tissue in the TP‐nwHA group, and nanoindentation tests indicate the formation of mature mineralized bone tissue. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel strategy for fabricating bone‐mimicking constructs with potential applications in disease modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including RNA processing and DNA methylation/demethylation. How these regulations are controlled remains unclear. Here, through analysis of a suppressor for the OsEIN2 over‐expressor, we identified an RNA recognition motif protein SUPPRESSOR OF EIN2 (SOE). SOE is localized in nuclear speckles and interacts with several components of the spliceosome. We find SOE associates with hundreds of targets and directly binds to a DNA glycosylase gene DNG701 pre‐mRNA for efficient splicing and stabilization, allowing for subsequent DNG701‐mediated DNA demethylation of the transgene promoter for proper gene expression. The V81M substitution in the suppressor mutant protein mSOE impaired its protein stability and binding activity to DNG701 pre‐mRNA, leading to transgene silencing. SOE mutation enhances grain size and yield. Haplotype analysis in c. 3000 rice accessions reveals that the haplotype 1 (Hap 1) promoter is associated with high 1000‐grain weight, and most of the japonica accessions, but not indica ones, have the Hap 1 elite allele. Our study discovers a novel mechanism for the regulation of gene expression and provides an elite allele for the promotion of yield potentials in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of human‐induced warming climate, the atmosphere is expected to hold a greater amount of water vapor, leading to heavier precipitation on a global scale. However, the extent to which changes in extreme rainfall can be attributed to human influences varies at regional scales. Here we conduct attribution analyses on 40 extreme precipitation events in different seasons during 1998–2018 over the Pearl River Delta (PRD), by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and applying the pseudo global warming (PGW) method. The model was integrated with the factual and counterfactual conditions separately, with the latter derived from differences between the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) historical and historical‐natural runs. By comparing parallel experiments, extreme daily rainfall (>95th percentile) in PRD enhanced by 8%–9.5% for 0.9–1.1 K near‐surface warming (nearly Clausius‐Clapeyron, or CC scaling) in the May‐to‐September (MJJAS) and 12.4% at most for 0.6–0.8 K warming (∼2 × CC rate) in non‐MJJAS seasons; the probability of those extremes increased by 10%–30% during MJJAS (20%–40% in other seasons). While moisture‐related thermodynamic effects play a similar role in modulating rainfall, the wind circulation‐related dynamic effects act differently in different seasons. Changes in MJJAS extremes are related to stronger low‐level southerly winds, while non‐MJJAS rainfall is exacerbated by strengthened low‐level wind convergence and updrafts. Moisture budget analysis suggests that thermodynamic effects associated with the increased moisture amount account for the mean rainfall increase, whereas dynamic effects related to wind circulation changes are responsible for extreme precipitation, regardless of seasons. Key Points: Anthropogenic influences lead to around 20% or more increase in frequency of extreme rainfall events over the Pearl River Delta regionVery extreme rainfall in non‐rainy season tends to become more frequent and stronger than in rainy season under anthropogenic warmingBoth precipitable water and vertical motion have positive contributions to human‐induced increase in 95th percentile rainfall intensity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐syngas (gaseous mixture of CO and H2) is a promising way to curb excessive CO2 emission and the greenhouse gas effect. Herein, we present a bimetallic AuZn@ZnO (AuZn/ZnO) catalyst with high efficiency and durability for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and H2O, which enables a high Faradaic efficiency of 66.4 % for CO and 26.5 % for H2 and 3 h stability of CO2‐to‐syngas at −0.9 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The CO/H2 ratios show a wide range from 0.25 to 2.50 over a narrow potential window (−0.7 V to −1.1 V vs. RHE). In situ attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations reveals that the bimetallic synergistic effect between Au and Zn sites lowers the activation energy barrier of CO2 molecules and facilitates electronic transfer, further highlighting the potential to control CO/H2 ratios for efficient syngas production using the coexisting Au sites and Zn sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐syngas (gaseous mixture of CO and H2) is a promising way to curb excessive CO2 emission and the greenhouse gas effect. Herein, we present a bimetallic AuZn@ZnO (AuZn/ZnO) catalyst with high efficiency and durability for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and H2O, which enables a high Faradaic efficiency of 66.4 % for CO and 26.5 % for H2 and 3 h stability of CO2‐to‐syngas at −0.9 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The CO/H2 ratios show a wide range from 0.25 to 2.50 over a narrow potential window (−0.7 V to −1.1 V vs. RHE). In situ attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations reveals that the bimetallic synergistic effect between Au and Zn sites lowers the activation energy barrier of CO2 molecules and facilitates electronic transfer, further highlighting the potential to control CO/H2 ratios for efficient syngas production using the coexisting Au sites and Zn sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cobalt‐catalyzed annulation of o‐phenylenediamines and internal alkynes for the synthesis of quinoxalines is developed. This method provides a variety of quinoxalines in good to high yields under a simple and mild reaction conditions with molecular O2 as a terminal oxidant. Preliminary mechanistic studies show that a novel reaction mechanism is involved in the current reaction, which is different from the previous reported dicarbonyl compound mechanism via the oxidation of the alkyne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailoring chiroptical responses at the nanoscale is crucial for on‐chip compact polarization manipulation and enantiomer sensing. Efficient chiral second and third harmonic generation has been successfully demonstrated from bulk materials to metamaterials. Here, pronounced linear and nonlinear circular dichroisms are obtained by rotating a dielectric nanocylinder dimer. It is revealed that the giant chiroptical effects originate from multipolar Mie resonances on the dimer, especially the magnetic dipole resonance. The calculated nonlinear g‐factor can reach −1.975 in the visible regime, indicating an ultra‐pure chiral third harmonic generation in the ultraviolet band. The presented results open new horizons for enhancing and modulating the linear and nonlinear chiroptical responses of nanostructures and can find potential applications in lasing and sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioceramic granules have been used as fillers for the repair of various bone defects, but structural instability leads to susceptibility to displacement or dislodgement in practice. Armor unit is a concrete block placed along the breakwater to resist waves and protect the dike. Inspired by this, an armor unit‐mimicking (AU) bioceramic granule by three‐dimentional (3D) printing is developed, and combine it with adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) overexpressing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) to construct tissue‐engineered bone. In vitro results show that AU granules and FGF23 transfection synergistically promote osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs. For the repair of beagle femoral metaphyseal defects, the implanted AU granules are stacked and interlocked to form an impact‐resistant porous scaffold. With the assistance of ADSCsFGF23, AU granules exhibit enhanced new bone formation and host bone maintenance. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential of 3D‐printed AU granules in combination with FGF23‐overexpressing ADSCs as a novel bone void filler for ease of handling and enhanced bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meso‐structure of pervious concrete significantly influences its overall performance. Accurately identifying the meso‐structure of pervious concrete is imperative for optimizing the design of pervious concrete, considering its mechanical properties and functionality. Therefore, to address the difficulty of recognizing the meso‐structures of pervious concrete, a method utilizing deep learning image semantic segmentation techniques is proposed in this study. First, based on the classical deep learning model, three models, namely, Res‐UNet, ED‐SegNet, and G‐ENet, are proposed for recognizing pervious concrete meso‐structure using deep learning image semantic segmentation techniques. These models introduce a residual module, a hybrid loss function, and a differential recognition branching structure to enhance the ability to recognize detailed information within pervious concrete meso‐structure and small targets. Second, the respective recognition performances of these methods on the meso‐structure of pervious concrete were thoroughly analyzed by experiment. The results indicate that the proposed three recognition methods for recognizing the meso‐structure of permeable concrete outperform conventional techniques not only in terms of efficiency but also in recognition accuracy and the ability to distinguish and identify aggregates, pores, and cement binders. In terms of comprehensive recognition effectiveness, the Res‐UNet model outperforms, followed by ED‐SegNet and G‐ENet. Furthermore, the computational efficiency of these three recognition methods meets the requirements of engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Rare variants contribute significantly to the ‘missing heritability’ of quantitative traits. The genome‐wide characteristics of rare variants and their roles in environmental adaptation of woody plants remain unexplored. Utilizing genome‐wide rare variant association study (RVAS), expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, genetic transformation, and molecular experiments, we explored the impact of rare variants on stomatal morphology and drought adaptation in Populus. Through comparative analysis of five world‐wide Populus species, we observed the influence of mutational bias and adaptive selection on the distribution of rare variants. RVAS identified 75 candidate genes correlated with stomatal size (SS)/stomatal density (SD), and a rare haplotype in the promoter of serine/arginine‐rich splicing factor PtoRSZ21 emerged as the foremost association signal governing SS. As a positive regulator of drought tolerance, PtoRSZ21 can recruit the core splicing factor PtoU1‐70K to regulate alternative splicing (AS) of PtoATG2b (autophagy‐related 2). The rare haplotype PtoRSZ21hap2 weakens binding affinity to PtoMYB61, consequently affecting PtoRSZ21 expression and SS, ultimately resulting in differential distribution of Populus accessions in arid and humid climates. This study enhances the understanding of regulatory mechanisms that underlie AS induced by rare variants and might provide targets for drought‐tolerant varieties breeding in Populus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Favourable outcomes with CPX‐351 versus conventional 7 + 3 were demonstrated in the pivotal phase III trial in adults aged 60–75 years with newly diagnosed, highrisk/secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). As a complement to the clinical trial and to address important data gaps, the CPX‐351 Real‐World Effectiveness and SafeTy (CREST‐UK; NCT05169307) study evaluated the use of CPX‐351 in routine clinical practice in the UK, in 147 patients with newly diagnosed therapy‐related AML or AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes. Best response of complete remission or complete remission with incomplete platelet or neutrophil recovery was achieved by 53% of evaluable patients. Kaplan–Meier median overall survival (OS) was 12.8 months (95% confidence interval 9.2–15.3). Fifty (34%) patients proceeded to haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT); median OS landmarked from the HCT date was not reached. There were no new safety concerns with CPX‐351 identified in CREST‐UK. Patients treated with CPX‐351 in the outpatient setting spent an average of 24.4, 16.7, 28.2, and 27.7 fewer days on the ward compared with inpatients during first induction, second induction, first consolidation, and second consolidation, respectively. The results from CREST‐UK provide valuable insights into the effectiveness, safety, and outpatient delivery of CPX‐351 in routine clinical practice in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in hydrogel bioadhesives for sealing gastrointestinal perforations (GP) face challenges due to weak mechanical properties, causing leakage, especially on uneven wound surfaces. Herein, a Janus hydrogel is introduced featuring a two‐step cross‐linking process, designed to serve as an efficient bioadhesive using a sprayable method. This Janus hydrogel formulation is achieved by modifying a photocurable hyaluronic acid hydrogel with dopamine (DA) and phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups, enabling reversible boronate ester bonds. These dynamic cross‐linking bonds facilitate shear‐thinning and self‐healing abilities, ensuring secure adhesion to complex wounds. A subsequent photocurable irreversible cross‐linking stage results in the formation of a hydrogel barrier with asymmetric adhesive properties, imparting inherent mechanical strength for postoperative anti‐adhesion. To enhance the clinical practicality of this hydrogel, an integrated sprayer device is further developed, enabling the efficient delivery of hydrogel at any angle and over long distances under minimally invasive conditions. Therefore, the HADP hydrogel, integrated with the sprayer device, successfully addressed the limitations associated with hydrogel bioadhesives in clinical applications concerning angles and terrains. This integrated approach presents a compelling solution for repairing gastrointestinal perforations in clinical settings. Moreover, it demonstrates significant potential for diverse applications in repairing complex wound surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia is highly prevalent among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Computed tomography (CT)‐based assessment of low skeletal muscle index (SMI) is widely used for diagnosing sarcopenia. However, there are conflicting findings on the association between low SMI and overall survival (OS) in CRC patients. The objective of this study was to investigate whether CT‐determined low SMI can serve as a valuable prognostic factor in CRC. Methods: We collected data from patients with CRC who underwent radical surgery at our institution between June 2020 and November 2021. The SMI at the third lumbar vertebra was calculated using CT scans, and the cutoff values for defining low SMI were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the associations between clinical characteristics and postoperative major complications. Results: A total of 464 patients were included in the study, 229 patients (46.7%) were classified as having low SMI. Patients with low SMI were older and had a lower body mass index (BMI), a higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and higher nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS2002) scores compared to those with normal SMI. Furthermore, patients with sarcopenia had a higher rate of major complications (10.9% vs. 1.3%; p < 0.001) and longer length of stay (9.09 ± 4.86 days vs. 8.25 ± 3.12 days; p = 0.03). Low SMI and coronary heart disease were identified as independent risk factors for postoperative major complications. Moreover, CRC patients with low SMI had significantly worse OS. Furthermore, the combination of low SMI with older age or TNM stage II + III resulted in the worst OS in each subgroup analysis. Conclusions: CT‐determined low SMI is associated with poor prognosis in patients with CRC, especially when combined with older age or advanced TNM stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinpentraxin alfa is a recombinant form of the human pentraxin‐2 that was studied in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). To improve the purity and yield of the drug material, a 2nd‐generation drug product was developed. To characterize and compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the 1st‐ and 2nd‐generation zinpentraxin alfa, PK studies were conducted in healthy volunteers (HVs). In a phase 1 randomized, double‐blind, 2‐sequence crossover, sequential 2‐stage study (ISRCTN59409907), single intravenous (IV) doses of 1st‐ and 2nd‐generation zinpentraxin alfa at 10 mg/kg were studied with a blinded interim analysis (IA) at the end of stage 1. Bioequivalence (BE) was achieved for the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), but the overall exposure was higher for the 2nd‐ compared to the 1st‐generation zinpentraxin alfa. The study was stopped after stage 1 as the gating criteria were met based on the result of the blinded IA. Safety profiles were similar for the 1st‐ and 2nd‐generation drug products, and antidrug antibody (ADA) was not observed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probing biomolecular interactions at cellular interfaces is crucial for understanding and interfering with life processes. Although affinity binders with site specificity for membrane proteins are unparalleled molecular tools, a high demand remains for novel multi‐functional ligands. In this study, a synthetic peptide (APQQ) with tight and specific binding to the untargeted extracellular loop of CD81 evolved from a genetically encoded peptide pool. With tailored affinity, APQQ flexibly accesses, site‐specifically binds, and forms a complex with CD81, enabling in‐situ tracking of the dynamics and activity of this protein in living cells, which has rarely been explored because of the lack of ligands. Furthermore, APQQ triggers the relocalization of CD81 from diffuse to densely clustered at cell junctions and modulates the interplay of membrane proteins at cellular interfaces. Motivated by these, efficient suppression of cancer cell migration, and inhibition of breast cancer metastasis were achieved in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probing biomolecular interactions at cellular interfaces is crucial for understanding and interfering with life processes. Although affinity binders with site specificity for membrane proteins are unparalleled molecular tools, a high demand remains for novel multi‐functional ligands. In this study, a synthetic peptide (APQQ) with tight and specific binding to the untargeted extracellular loop of CD81 evolved from a genetically encoded peptide pool. With tailored affinity, APQQ flexibly accesses, site‐specifically binds, and forms a complex with CD81, enabling in‐situ tracking of the dynamics and activity of this protein in living cells, which has rarely been explored because of the lack of ligands. Furthermore, APQQ triggers the relocalization of CD81 from diffuse to densely clustered at cell junctions and modulates the interplay of membrane proteins at cellular interfaces. Motivated by these, efficient suppression of cancer cell migration, and inhibition of breast cancer metastasis were achieved in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of ultrasonicated Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract in osteoclast differentiation and its underlying mechanism, providing new strategies for the treatment of periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Osteoclasts were induced using macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and receptor activator for nuclear factor‐κB ligand. Lactobacillus rhamnosus extracts were obtained via ultrasonic crushing and ultracentrifugation. The effects of the LGG extract on osteoclast differentiation were evaluated, and the related signaling pathways were examined using western blotting. A mouse periodontitis model was established, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract was injected into the gingival sulcus to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract on alveolar bone resorption. Results: At 50 μg/mL, Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract inhibited osteoclast differentiation with no effect on apoptosis and proliferation. This phenomenon was achieved by deactivating the NF‐κB/c‐Fos/NFATc1 signaling pathway through toll‐like receptor 2. The in vivo results showed that the local injection of Lactobacillus rhamnosus extract suppressed osteoclast differentiation and alveolar bone resorption. Conclusion: The ultrasonicated extract of Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibited osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the activation of the NF‐κB/c‐Fos/NFATc1 pathway. Furthermore, it inhibited the destruction of the alveolar bone, providing a new strategy for the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The peripheral B cell compartment is heavily disturbed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but whether B cells develop aberrantly in the bone marrow (BM) is largely unknown. Methods: We performed single‐cell RNA/B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing and immune profiling of BM B cells and classified patients with SLE into two groups: early B cell (Pro‐B and Pre‐B) normal (EBnor) and EB defective/low (EBlo) groups. Results: The SLE‐EBlo group exhibited more severe disease activity and proinflammatory status, overaction of type I interferon signaling and metabolic pathways within the B cell compartment, and aberrant BCR repertoires compared with the SLE‐EBnor group. Moreover, in one patient with SLE who was initially classified in the SLE‐EBlo group, early B cell deficiency and associated abnormalities were largely rectified in a second BM sample at the remission phase. Conclusion: In summary, this study suggests that early B cell loss in BM defines a unique pathological state in a subset of patients with SLE that may play an active role in the dysregulated autoimmune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabricating strain sensors with high response in a wide temperature and strain range is still a challenge, especially in high temperature harsh environments. Herein, a dual‐functional sensor with cantilever beam structure is fabricated using polymer‐derived SiCN ceramics, which can be applied for temperature and stain monitor. The performance of the integrated sensor is evaluated from room temperature to 1000 °C and the related sensing mechanism is analyzed. The prepared strain sensor has ultrafast response of 60 ms in the strain range of 0–3500 µε and the maximum strain rate can reach 46 200 µε s−1. Moreover, the sensor has excellent stability and ultra‐high sensitivity under high temperature environments. Additionally, the temperature can be detected separately up to 1000 °C without any disturbance. This attractive integration sensor with competitive sensitivity, excellent stability, ultrafast response speed, and broad range, has great potential to detect temperature and strain signals for practical application in high temperature extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Rhodiola L. is a genus that has undergone rapid radiation in the mid‐Miocene and may represent a typic case of adaptive radiation. Many species of Rhodiola have also been widely used as an important adaptogen in traditional medicines for centuries. However, a lack of high‐quality chromosome‐level genomes hinders in‐depth study of its evolution and biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites. Here, we assembled two chromosome‐level genomes for two Rhodiola species with different chromosome number and sexual system. The assembled genome size of R. chrysanthemifolia (2n = 14; hermaphrodite) and R. kirilowii (2n = 22; dioecious) were of 402.67 and 653.62 Mb, respectively, with approximately 57.60% and 69.22% of transposable elements (TEs). The size difference between the two genomes was mostly due to proliferation of long terminal repeat‐retrotransposons (LTR‐RTs) in the R. kirilowii genome. Comparative genomic analysis revealed possible gene families responsible for high‐altitude adaptation of Rhodiola, including a homolog of plant cysteine oxidase 2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPCO2), which is part of the core molecular reaction to hypoxia and contributes to the stability of Group VII ethylene response factors (ERF‐VII). We found extensive chromosome fusion/fission events and structural variations between the two genomes, which might have facilitated the initial rapid radiation of Rhodiola. We also identified candidate genes in the biosynthetic pathway of salidroside. Overall, our results provide important insights into genome evolution in plant rapid radiations, and possible roles of chromosome fusion/fission and structure variation played in rapid speciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy for sulfonylation of boronic acids with sulfonyl chlorides has been established via Suzuki‐type radical cross‐coupling. This approach allows for the synthesis of more than 50 sulfone examples enabled by photoredox catalysis under visible light radiation. Moreover, the title reaction is applied in late‐stage functionalization of bioactive molecules, and further transformation of the resulting sulfones into 2‐functionalized sulfones, borates, triphenylphosphine oxide and N‐arylcarbazole can be also achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]