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Summary: The combination of brain structural and functional connectivity offers complementary insights into its organisation. Multilayer network analysis explores various relationships across different layers within a single system. We aimed to investigate changes in the structural and functional multilayer network in 69 patients with primary restless legs syndrome (RLS) compared with 50 healthy controls. Participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state‐functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) using a three‐tesla MRI scanner. We constructed a structural connectivity matrix derived from DTI using a DSI program and made a functional connectivity matrix based on rs‐fMRI using an SPM program and CONN toolbox. A multilayer network analysis, using BRAPH program, was then conducted to assess the connectivity patterns in both groups. At the global level, significant differences there were between the patients with RLS and healthy controls. The average multiplex participation was lower in patients with RLS than in healthy controls (0.804 vs. 0.821, p = 0.042). Additionally, several regions showed significant differences in the nodal level in multiplex participation between patients with RLS and healthy controls, particularly the frontal and temporal lobes. The regions affected included the inferior frontal gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, precentral gyrus, rectus gyrus, insula, superior and inferior temporal gyrus, medial and lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, and temporal pole. These results represent evidence of diversity in interactions between structural and functional connectivity in patients with RLS, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the brain network in RLS. This may contribute to a precise diagnosis of RLS, and aid the development of a biomarker to track treatment effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been extensively studied in relation to various cognitive abilities, including executive function, attention, and memory. Nevertheless, there is a gap in our scientific knowledge regarding the functionally dissociable neural dynamics across the PFC during a cognitive task and their individual differences in performance. Here, we explored this possibility using a delayed match‐to‐sample (DMTS) working memory (WM) task using NIRSIT, a high‐density, wireless, wearable functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system. First, upon presentation of the sample stimulus, we observed an immediate signal increase in the ventral (orbitofrontal) region of the anterior PFC, followed by activity in the dorsolateral PFC. After the DMTS test stimulus appeared, the orbitofrontal cortex activated once again, while the rest of the PFC showed overall disengagement. Individuals with higher accuracy showed earlier and sustained activation of the PFC across the trial. Furthermore, higher network efficiency and functional connectivity in the PFC were correlated with individual WM performance. Our study sheds new light on the dynamics of PFC subregional activity during a cognitive task and its potential applicability in explaining individual differences in experimental, educational, or clinical populations. Practitioner Points: Wearable functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) captured dissociable temporal dynamics across prefrontal subregions during a delayed match‐to‐sample task.Anterior regions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activated first during the delay period, followed by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC).PFC disengaged overall after the delay, but the OFC reactivated to the test stimulus.Earlier and sustained activation of PFC was associated with better accuracy.Functional connectivity and network efficiency also varied with task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate crystals typically exhibit minimal optical anisotropy due to the near‐zero polarizability anisotropy (δ) of [SO4]2− tetrahedra, arising from highly symmetrical electron clouds. Recent research sought to enhance δ via chemical modifications, such as fluorination. However, the resultant crystals often maintain subpar optical anisotropy, frequently with birefringence values below 0.1. In this study, we have uncovered that δ can be significantly strengthened by chemically tailoring the tetrahedral [SO4]2− with anisotropic π‐conjugated modules. This has been demonstrated by several newly proposed S−O‐Org (Org: π‐conjugated organic species) moieties, which show a sharp increase in δ based on theoretical computations. To further validate this experimentally, we synthesized and characterized six new 3‐pyridinesulfonate crystals with the formula A(3‐C5H4NSO3) ⋅ xH2O (A=Li, Ag, K, Rb, Cs, and NH4; x=0 and 1). Notably, these materials exhibit strong optical anisotropy, with birefringence values ranging from 0.240 to 0.312 at 546 nm. These values are approximately 23 to 145.5 times greater than those of corresponding sulfates, and they outperform a vast number of sulfate‐related optical materials, thus verifying the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Furthermore, the title compounds exhibit diverse microstructure peculiarities influenced by the size and binding natures of the counter cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate crystals typically exhibit minimal optical anisotropy due to the near‐zero polarizability anisotropy (δ) of [SO4]2− tetrahedra, arising from highly symmetrical electron clouds. Recent research sought to enhance δ via chemical modifications, such as fluorination. However, the resultant crystals often maintain subpar optical anisotropy, frequently with birefringence values below 0.1. In this study, we have uncovered that δ can be significantly strengthened by chemically tailoring the tetrahedral [SO4]2− with anisotropic π‐conjugated modules. This has been demonstrated by several newly proposed S−O‐Org (Org: π‐conjugated organic species) moieties, which show a sharp increase in δ based on theoretical computations. To further validate this experimentally, we synthesized and characterized six new 3‐pyridinesulfonate crystals with the formula A(3‐C5H4NSO3) ⋅ xH2O (A=Li, Ag, K, Rb, Cs, and NH4; x=0 and 1). Notably, these materials exhibit strong optical anisotropy, with birefringence values ranging from 0.240 to 0.312 at 546 nm. These values are approximately 23 to 145.5 times greater than those of corresponding sulfates, and they outperform a vast number of sulfate‐related optical materials, thus verifying the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Furthermore, the title compounds exhibit diverse microstructure peculiarities influenced by the size and binding natures of the counter cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addictions are thought to be fostered by the emergence of poorly regulated mesocorticolimbic responses to drug‐related cues. The development and persistence of these responses might be promoted by altered glutamate transmission, including changes to type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5s). Unknown, however, is when these changes arise and whether the mGluR5 and mesocorticolimbic alterations are related. To investigate, non‐dependent cocaine polydrug users and cocaine‐naïve healthy controls underwent a positron emission tomography scan (15 cocaine users and 14 healthy controls) with [11C]ABP688, and a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan (15/group) while watching videos depicting activities with and without cocaine use. For some drug videos, participants were instructed to use a cognitive strategy to lower craving. Both groups exhibited drug cue‐induced mesocorticolimbic activations and these were larger in the cocaine polydrug users than healthy controls during the session's second half. During the cognitive regulation trials, the cocaine users' corticostriatal responses were reduced. [11C]ABP688 binding was unaltered in cocaine users, relative to healthy controls, but post hoc analyses found reductions in those with 75 or more lifetime cocaine use sessions. Finally, among cocaine users (n = 12), individual differences in prefrontal [11C]ABP688 binding were associated with midbrain and limbic region activations during the regulation trials. Together, these preliminary findings raise the possibility that (i) recreational polydrug cocaine users show biased brain processes towards cocaine‐related cues and (ii) repeated cocaine use can lower cortical mGluR5 levels, diminishing the ability to regulate drug cue responses. These alterations might promote susceptibility to addiction and identify early intervention targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: We aimed to explore structural connectivity in status epilepticus. Methods: We enrolled participants who underwent diffusion tensor imaging. We applied graph theory to investigate structural connectivity. We compared the structural connectivity measures between patients and healthy controls and between patients with poor (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] >3) and good (mRS ≤3) admission outcomes. Results: We enrolled 28 patients and 31 healthy controls (age 65.5 vs.62.0 years, p =.438). Of these patients, 16 and 12 showed poor and good admission outcome (age 65.5 vs.62.0 years, p =.438). The assortative coefficient (−0.113 vs. −0.121, p =.021), mean clustering coefficient (0.007 vs.0.006, p =.009), global efficiency (0.023 vs.0.020, p =.009), transitivity (0.007 vs.0.006, p =.009), and small‐worldness index (0.006 vs.0.005, p =.021) were higher in patients with status epilepticus than in healthy controls. The assortative coefficient (−0.108 vs. −0.119, p =.042), mean clustering coefficient (0.007 vs.0.006, p =.042), and transitivity (0.008 vs.0.007, p =.042) were higher in patients with poor admission outcome than in those with good admission outcome. MRS score was positively correlated with structural connectivity measures, including the assortative coefficient (r = 0.615, p =.003), mean clustering coefficient (r = 0.544, p =.005), global efficiency (r = 0.515, p =.007), transitivity (r = 0.547, p =.007), and small‐worldness index (r = 0.435, p =.024). Conclusion: We revealed alterations in structural connectivity, showing increased integration and segregation in status epilepticus, which might be related with neuronal synchronization. This effect was more pronounced in patients with a poor admission outcome, potentially reshaping our understanding for comprehension of status epilepticus mechanisms and the development of more targeted treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Birefringence; Optical Anisotropy; Sulfate Crystals; TetrahedraA design strategy for significantly enhancing the polarizability anisotropy of isotropic tetrahedra in sulfate crystals is reported by Zhiyong Bai and Kang Min Ok in their Research Article (e202315311). This strategy involves chemically alternating tetrahedral [SO4]2− units with π‐conjugated organic groups. Experimental validation of the approach utilized 3‐pyridinesulfonate anion functional building blocks for crystal synthesis...By Zhiyong Bai and Kang Min OkReported by Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Birefringence; Optical Anisotropy; Sulfate Crystals; TetrahedraA design strategy for significantly enhancing the polarizability anisotropy of isotropic tetrahedra in sulfate crystals is reported by Zhiyong Bai and Kang Min Ok in their Research Article (e202315311). This strategy involves chemically alternating tetrahedral [SO4]2− units with π‐conjugated organic groups. Experimental validation of the approach utilized 3‐pyridinesulfonate anion functional building blocks for crystal synthesis...By Zhiyong Bai and Kang Min OkReported by Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

Citrus fruits are largely consumed due to their unique and pleasant aromas. Citrus hybrids have been developed to enhance their flavors and bioactivities. Citrus aroma depends on the composition of the volatile compounds in citrus essential oils (CEOs), which are mostly located in the peels. During the extraction of CEOs, a specific series of chemical reactions occurred depending on the extraction methods (CP, cold pressing; HD, hydrodistillation), leading to variations in the composition of volatile compounds. In this study, the orange and the tangor which is a hybrid between C. reticulata × C. sinensis were investigated to compare the changes in volatile compounds based on the extraction methods. Results showed that the CP‐specific volatile compounds were sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and fatty acid derivatives, while the HD‐specific volatile compounds were terpinyl cation derivatives, limonene, and 4‐vinylguaiacol. On the other hand, the contents of some volatile compounds ((E)‐ocimene, α‐terpinene, and α‐terpinolene) were affected by the Citrus species rather than by the extraction methods. In particular, during HD, terpinene‐4‐ol and 4‐vinylguiacol, known as off‐flavor compounds in citrus juice, were formed more abundantly in the orange than in the tangor. In conclusion, these results provide comprehensive data on essential oils, especially those derived from oranges and tangors, for selecting the appropriate extraction method for obtaining a higher yield and quality of citrus flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose Experimental Approach Key Results Conclusion and Implications Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis and maintenance of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a significant limitation of cancer chemotherapy. Recently, the stimulation of mitophagy, a pivotal process for mitochondrial homeostasis, has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for neurodegenerative diseases, but its therapeutic effect on CIPN has not been explored. Here, we assessed the mitophagy‐inducing activity of 3,5‐dibromo‐2‐(2′,4′‐dibromophenoxy)‐phenol (PDE701), a diphenyl ether derivative isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea sp., and investigated its therapeutic effect on a CIPN model.Mitophagy activity was determined by a previously established mitophagy assay using mitochondrial Keima (mt‐Keima). Mitophagy induction was further verified by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Mitochondrial dysfunction was analysed by measuring mitochondrial superoxide levels in SH‐SY5Y cells and Drosophila larvae. A thermal nociception assay was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of PDE701 on the paclitaxel‐induced thermal hyperalgesia phenotype in Drosophila larvae.PDE701 specifically induced mitophagy but was not toxic to mitochondria. PDE701 ameliorated paclitaxel‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction in both SH‐SY5Y cells and Drosophila larvae. Importantly, PDE701 also significantly ameliorated paclitaxel‐induced thermal hyperalgesia in Drosophila larvae. Knockdown of ATG5 or ATG7 abolished the effect of PDE701 on thermal hyperalgesia, suggesting that PDE701 exerts its therapeutic effect through mitophagy induction.This study identified PDE701 as a novel mitophagy inducer and a potential therapeutic compound for CIPN. Our results suggest that mitophagy stimulation is a promising strategy for the treatment of CIPN and that marine organisms are a potential source of mitophagy‐inducing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Using correlation tractography, this study aimed to find statistically significant correlations between white matter (WM) tracts in participants with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and OSA severity. We hypothesized that changes in certain WM tracts could be related to OSA severity. Methods: We enrolled 40 participants with OSA who underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and quantitative anisotropy (QA)‐values were used in the connectometry analysis. The apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) is a representative measure of the severity of OSA. Diffusion MRI connectometry that was used to derive correlational tractography revealed changes in the values of FA, MD, AD, RD, and QA when correlated with the AHI. A false‐discovery rate threshold of 0.05 was used to select tracts to conduct multiple corrections. Results: Connectometry analysis revealed that the AHI in participants with OSA was negatively correlated with FA values in WM tracts that included the cingulum, corpus callosum, cerebellum, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, fornices, thalamic radiations, inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus, superior and posterior corticostriatal tracts, medial lemnisci, and arcuate fasciculus. However, there were no statistically significant results in the WM tracts, in which FA values were positively correlated with the AHI. In addition, connectometry analysis did not reveal statistically significant results in WM tracts, in which MD, AD, RD, and QA values were positively or negatively correlated with the AHI. Conclusion: Several WM tract changes were correlated with OSA severity. However, WM changes in OSA likely involve tissue edema and not neuronal changes, such as axonal loss. Connectometry analyses are valuable tools for detecting WM changes in sleep disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While many falls are preventable, they remain a leading cause of injury and death in older adults. Primary care clinics largely rely on screening questionnaires to identify people at risk of falls. Limitations of standard fall risk screening questionnaires include suboptimal accuracy, missing data, and non‐standard formats, which hinder early identification of risk and prevention of fall injury. We used machine learning methods to develop and evaluate electronic health record (EHR)‐based tools to identify older adults at risk of fall‐related injuries in a primary care population and compared this approach to standard fall screening questionnaires. Methods: Using patient‐level clinical data from an integrated healthcare system consisting of 16‐member institutions, we conducted a case–control study to develop and evaluate prediction models for fall‐related injuries in older adults. Questionnaire‐derived prediction with three questions from a commonly used fall risk screening tool was evaluated. We then developed four temporal machine learning models using routinely available longitudinal EHR data to predict the future risk of fall injury. We also developed a fall injury‐prevention clinical decision support (CDS) implementation prototype to link preventative interventions to patient‐specific fall injury risk factors. Results: Questionnaire‐based risk screening achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) up to 0.59 with 23% to 33% similarity for each pair of three fall injury screening questions. EHR‐based machine learning risk screening showed significantly improved performance (best AUROC = 0.76), with similar prediction performance between 6‐month and one‐year prediction models. Conclusions: The current method of questionnaire‐based fall risk screening of older adults is suboptimal with redundant items, inadequate precision, and no linkage to prevention. A machine learning fall injury prediction method can accurately predict risk with superior sensitivity while freeing up clinical time for initiating personalized fall prevention interventions. The developed algorithm and data science pipeline can impact routine primary care fall prevention practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial in the innate immune response and show promise in cancer immunotherapy, but face challenges in activation and targeted gene delivery. In this study, bifunctional lipid nanoparticles (DLNPs) containing 1,2‐dioleoyl‐3‐trimethylammonium‐propane (DOTAP), designed to bolster the antitumor efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor‐modified NK (CAR‐NK) cells by facilitating activation and efficient CAR mRNA delivery are introduced. The DLNPs, created by functionalizing FDA‐approved LNP compositions, exhibit excellent mRNA encapsulation and colloidal stability. NK cells primed with DLNPs show increased cytotoxicity against cancer cells via extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase pathway modulation and mitochondrial dynamics changes. The DLNPs enter NK cells predominantly through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, boosting mRNA delivery and overcoming NK cells' resistance to genetic manipulation. CAR‐NK cells targeting glypican‐3, prevalent in hepatocellular carcinoma, show significant therapeutic effects in an orthotopic mouse model. These findings underscore the potential of DLNPs in enhancing CAR‐NK cell therapy for solid tumors, marking a significant stride in NK cell‐based cancer immunotherapy and broadening prospects for NK cell‐related disease interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the resting‐state functional connectivity and topologic characteristics of brain networks in patients with diabetic optic neuropathy (DON). Methods: Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed on 23 patients and 41 healthy control (HC) subjects. We used independent component analysis and graph theoretical analysis to determine the topologic characteristics of the brain and as well as functional network connectivity (FNC) and topologic properties of brain networks. Results: Compared with HCs, patients with DON showed altered global characteristics. At the nodal level, the DON group had fewer nodal degrees in the thalamus and insula, and a greater number in the right rolandic operculum, right postcentral gyrus, and right superior temporal gyrus. In the internetwork comparison, DON patients showed significantly increased FNC between the left frontoparietal network (FPN‐L) and ventral attention network (VAN). Additionally, in the intranetwork comparison, connectivity between the left medial superior frontal gyrus (MSFG) of the default network (DMN) and left putamen of auditory network was decreased in the DON group. Conclusion: DON patients altered node properties and connectivity in the DMN, auditory network, FPN‐L, and VAN. These results provide evidence of the involvement of specific brain networks in the pathophysiology of DON. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the presence of sarcopenia in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and the association between sarcopenia and response to anti‐seizure medication (ASM) in patients with JME. Methods: We enrolled 42 patients with JME and 42 healthy controls who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with three‐dimensional T1‐weighted imaging. We measured the temporal muscle thickness (TMT), a radiographic marker for sarcopenia, using T1‐weighted imaging. We compared the TMT between patients with JME and healthy controls and analyzed it according to the ASM response in patients with JME. We also performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate how well the TMT differentiated the groups. Results: The TMT in patients with JME did not differ from that in healthy controls (9.630 vs. 9.956 mm, p =.306); however, ASM poor responders had a lower TMT than ASM good responders (9.109 vs. 10.104 mm, p =.023). ROC curve analysis revealed that the TMT exhibited a poor performance in differentiating patients with JME from healthy controls, with an area under the ROC curve of.570 (p =.270), but good performance in differentiating between ASM good and poor responders, with an area under the ROC curve of.700 (p =.015). Conclusion: The TMT did not differ between patients with JME and healthy controls; however, it was reduced in ASM poor responders compared to ASM good responders, suggesting a link between ASM response and sarcopenia in patients with JME. TMT can be used to investigate sarcopenia in various neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study aimed to reveal the pathophysiology of isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) in patients using multilayer network analysis. Participants eligible for isolated RBD were included and verified via polysomnography. Both iRBD patients and healthy controls underwent brain MRI, including T1‐weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Grey matter matrix was derived from T1‐weighted images using a morphometric similarity network. White matter matrix was formed from diffusion tensor imaging‐based structural connectivity. Multilayer network analysis of grey and white matter was performed using graph theory. We studied 29 isolated RBD patients and 30 healthy controls. Patients exhibited a higher average overlap degree (27.921 vs. 23.734, p = 0.002) and average multilayer clustering coefficient (0.474 vs. 0.413, p = 0.002) compared with controls. Additionally, several regions showed significant differences in the degree of overlap and multilayer clustering coefficient between patients with isolated RBD and healthy controls at the nodal level. The degree of overlap in the left medial orbitofrontal, left posterior cingulate, and right paracentral nodes and the multilayer clustering coefficients in the left lateral occipital, left rostral middle frontal, right fusiform, right inferior posterior parietal, and right parahippocampal nodes were higher in patients with isolated RBD than in healthy controls. We found alterations in the multilayer network at the global and nodal levels in patients with isolated RBD, and these changes may be associated with the pathophysiology of isolated RBD. Multilayer network analysis can be used widely to explore the mechanisms underlying various neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three co‐substituted quaternary and quinary Zintl phases belonging to the Ba1‐xSrxZn2‐yCuySb2 (x = 0, 0.09; 0.24 ≤ y ≤ 0.42) system were prepared by the molten Pb metal‐flux method. Co‐substitution using the cationic Sr and anionic Cu for Ba and Zn was initially applied to lower the thermal conductivities and to improve the electric conductivities of these title compounds simultaneously. The homogeneities of single‐phase products were verified by powder x‐ray diffraction analysis, and the BaCu2S2‐type orthorhombic crystal structures with the Ba/Sr and the Zn/Cu mixed‐sites were refined by single crystal x‐ray diffraction analysis. Structural selectivity for the observed BaCu2S2‐type phase was rationalized by the radius ratio of cationic and anionic elements, where r+/r− > 1. DFT calculations using the three structural models revealed that the Sr and Cu substitutions can increase the structural stability and the hole carrier concentration. A series of temperature‐dependent electrical transport property measurements for BaZn1.76Cu0.24Sb2 and Ba0.91Sr0.09Zn1.70Cu0.30Sb2 successfully proved that the co‐substitution using Sr and Cu enhanced electrical conductivities, but reduced the Seebeck coefficients resulting in the slight change in power factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing anisotropy through the controlled arrangement of anionic groups is essential for improving the nonlinear optical (NLO) performance of non‐π‐conjugated NLO materials. In this study, we present the successful synthesis of the first examples of mixed alkali metal‐alkaline earth metal sulfamate materials, including noncentrosymmetric Cs2Mg(NH2SO3)4 ⋅ 4H2O (1), as well as centrosymmetric K2Ca(NH2SO3)4 (2) and Rb2Ca(NH2SO3)4 (3). All three compounds feature promising deep ultraviolet cut‐off edges, notably 1 with a cut‐off edge below 180 nm. The synergy of Cs+ and Mg2+ cations in 1 facilitated the successful alignment of polar [NH2SO3] tetrahedra in a uniform orientation. Remarkably, 1 stands as the sole instance among reported sulfamate compounds with a co‐parallel anionic arrangement, yielding a very large dipole moment compared to other non‐π‐conjugated NLO materials. Moreover, the substantial dipole moment of 1 yields an enhanced second harmonic generation response, approximately 2.3 times that of KH2PO4, and a large birefringence of 0.054 at 546.1 nm. The approach of regulating the arrangement of anionic groups using aliovalent cations holds promise for advancing the exploration of non‐π‐conjugated NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing anisotropy through the controlled arrangement of anionic groups is essential for improving the nonlinear optical (NLO) performance of non‐π‐conjugated NLO materials. In this study, we present the successful synthesis of the first examples of mixed alkali metal‐alkaline earth metal sulfamate materials, including noncentrosymmetric Cs2Mg(NH2SO3)4 ⋅ 4H2O (1), as well as centrosymmetric K2Ca(NH2SO3)4 (2) and Rb2Ca(NH2SO3)4 (3). All three compounds feature promising deep ultraviolet cut‐off edges, notably 1 with a cut‐off edge below 180 nm. The synergy of Cs+ and Mg2+ cations in 1 facilitated the successful alignment of polar [NH2SO3] tetrahedra in a uniform orientation. Remarkably, 1 stands as the sole instance among reported sulfamate compounds with a co‐parallel anionic arrangement, yielding a very large dipole moment compared to other non‐π‐conjugated NLO materials. Moreover, the substantial dipole moment of 1 yields an enhanced second harmonic generation response, approximately 2.3 times that of KH2PO4, and a large birefringence of 0.054 at 546.1 nm. The approach of regulating the arrangement of anionic groups using aliovalent cations holds promise for advancing the exploration of non‐π‐conjugated NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: We aimed to evaluate (i) glymphatic system function in patients with focal epilepsy in comparison with healthy controls, and (ii) the association between anti‐seizure medication (ASM) response and glymphatic system function by using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI‐ALPS). Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 100 patients with focal epilepsy who had normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and classified them as "poor" or "good" ASM responders according to their seizure control at the time of brain MRI. We also included 79 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. All patients and healthy controls underwent conventional brain MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. The DTI‐ALPS index was calculated using the DSI studio program. Results: Of the 100 patients with focal epilepsy, 38 and 62 were poor and good ASM responders, respectively. The DTI‐ALPS index differed significantly between patients with focal epilepsy and healthy controls and was significantly lower in patients with focal epilepsy (1.55 vs. 1.70; p < 0.001). The DTI‐ALPS index also differed significantly according to ASM response and was lower in poor ASM responders (1.48 vs. 1.59; p = 0.047). Furthermore, the DTI‐ALPS index was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.234, p = 0.019) and duration of epilepsy (r = −0.240, p = 0.016) in patients with focal epilepsy. Conclusion: Our study is the first to identify, in focal epilepsy patients, a greater reduction in glymphatic system function among poor ASM responders compared to good responders. To confirm our results, further prospective multicenter studies with large sample sizes are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NLO Materials. Deep‐ultraviolet transparent mixed metal sulfamates with enhanced nonlinear optical properties and birefringence are presented by Qun Jing, Kang Min Ok et al. in their Research Article (e202315434)...By Xuefei Wang; Xudong Leng; Yunseung Kuk; Jihyun Lee; Qun Jing and Kang Min OkReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

NLO Materials. Deep‐ultraviolet transparent mixed metal sulfamates with enhanced nonlinear optical properties and birefringence are presented by Qun Jing, Kang Min Ok et al. in their Research Article (e202315434)...By Xuefei Wang; Xudong Leng; Yunseung Kuk; Jihyun Lee; Qun Jing and Kang Min OkReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]