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Summary: The advantage of a generalized electric spring (G‐ES) is that it solves the redundancy problem of a conventional electric spring (ES) in the face of critical load clusters. This paper first introduces Hamilton's principle into the G‐ES, derives the mathematical model of the G‐ES, and further introduces the topology of the G‐ES. Next, the working modes and working states of the G‐ES are defined. The working modes are used to reflect the combination of ES power inside the G‐ES, and the power conditions in specific working modes are described using a phase diagram. Then, the paper analyses the power case of the G‐ES to the external system, giving the respective working states according to their internal working modes. Finally, this paper introduces PQ control to the control strategy of the G‐ES and achieves control of the G‐ES working mode and its working state. The results of the study show that there are 100 working modes of the G‐ES, and 76 working modes have a specific working state. The correctness of the working mode and working state analysis is verified with the help of the MATLAB/Simulink simulation and experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging flexible and wearable electronic products are placing a compelling demand on lightweight transparent energy storage devices. Owing to their distinguishing features of safety, high specific energy, cycling stability, and rapid charge/discharge advantages, Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitors are a current topic of discussion. However, the trade‐off for optical transmittance and energy density remains a great challenge. Here, a high‐performance Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitor based on the customizable ultrathin (5 µm), ultralight (0.45 mg cm−2), and ultra‐transparent (87.6%) Ni micromesh based cathode and Zn micromesh anode with the highest figure of merit (84 843) is proposed. The developed flexible transparent Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitors reveal excellent cycle stability (no decline after 20 000 cycles), high areal energy density (31.69 µWh cm−2), and high power density (512 µW cm−2). In addition, the assembled solid flexible and transparent Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitor with polyacrylamide gel electrolyte shows extraordinary mechanical properties even under extreme bending and twisting operation. Furthermore, the full device displays a high optical transmittance over 55.04% and can be conformally integrated with diverse devices as a flexible transparent power supply. The fabrication technology offers seamless compatibility with industrial manufacturing, making it an ideal model for the advancement of portable and wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant, and its S‐enantiomer has higher potency compared to the R‐enantiomer. S‐warfarin is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, and its pharmacological target is vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1). Both CYP2C9 and VKORC1 have genetic polymorphisms, leading to large variations in the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of warfarin in the population. This makes dosage management of warfarin difficult, especially in the case of drug–drug interactions (DDIs). This study provides a whole‐body physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic/PD (PBPK/PD) model of S‐warfarin for predicting the effects of drug–drug−gene interactions on S‐warfarin PKs and PDs. The PBPK/PD model of S‐warfarin was developed in PK‐Sim and MoBi. Drug‐dependent parameters were obtained from the literature or optimized. Of the 34 S‐warfarin plasma concentration‐time profiles used, 96% predicted plasma concentrations within twofold range compared to observed data. For S‐warfarin plasma concentration‐time profiles with CYP2C9 genotype, 364 of 386 predicted plasma concentration values (~94%) fell within the twofold of the observed values. This model was tested in DDI predictions with fluconazole as CYP2C9 perpetrators, with all predicted DDI area under the plasma concentration‐time curve to the last measurable timepoint (AUClast) ratio within twofold of the observed values. The anticoagulant effect of S‐warfarin was described using an indirect response model, with all predicted international normalized ratio (INR) within twofold of the observed values. This model also incorporates a dose‐adjustment method that can be used for dose adjustment and predict INR when warfarin is used in combination with CYP2C9 perpetrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]