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Background and purpose: Human motor planning and control depend highly on optimal feedback control systems, such as the neocortex–cerebellum circuit. Here, diffusion tensor imaging was used to verify the disruption of the neocortex–cerebellum circuit in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), and the circuit's disruption correlation with SCA3 motor dysfunction was investigated. Methods: This study included 45 patients with familial SCA3, aged 17–67 years, and 49 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls, aged 21–64 years. Tract‐based spatial statistics and probabilistic tractography was conducted using magnetic resonance images of the patients and controls. The correlation between the local probability of probabilistic tractography traced from the cerebellum and clinical symptoms measured using specified symptom scales was also calculated. Results: The cerebellum‐originated probabilistic tractography analysis showed that structural connectivity, mainly in the subcortical cerebellar–thalamo–cortical tract, was significantly reduced and the cortico–ponto–cerebellar tract was significantly stronger in the SCA3 group than in the control group. The enhanced tract was extended to the right lateral parietal region and the right primary motor cortex. The enhanced neocortex–cerebellum connections were highly associated with disease progression, including duration and symptomatic deterioration. Tractography probabilities from the cerebellar to parietal and sensorimotor areas were significantly negatively correlated with motor abilities in patients with SCA3. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal that disrupting the neocortex–cerebellum loop can cause SCA3‐induced motor dysfunctions. The specific interaction between the cerebellar–thalamo–cortical and cortico–ponto–cerebellar pathways in patients with SCA3 and its relationship with ataxia symptoms provides a new direction for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Prior research has revealed impaired inhibitory control as a pivotal factor contributing to smokers' struggle to control smoking impulses. However, few studies focus on enhancing smokers' inhibitory control. This study investigates the potential of social rewards to bolster inhibitory control among smokers and elucidates the underlying mechanisms.In Experiment 1, a reward‐based Go/Nogo paradigm assessed error rates and reaction times for 30 smokers exposed to social reward and neutral feedback in distinct contexts (smoking‐related and neutral). Experiment 2 used a modified paradigm, incorporating cognitive load manipulation, to investigate error rates, reaction times, N2, and P3 ERPs among 32 smokers facing social reward and neutral feedback under different cognitive loads (high and low).Smokers exhibit lower Nogo error rates with social reward feedback; higher error rates occur with smoking cues and high cognitive load; increased N2, P3 amplitudes under social reward versus neutral feedback; low cognitive load enhances P3 amplitude under social reward.Social reward improves smokers' inhibitory control, but this effect weakens with exposure to smoking cues; higher cognitive load further diminishes the enhancement of smokers' inhibitory control by social reward under smoking cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, an approach to produce a hierarchical porous Fe‐N‐C@TABOH catalyst with densely accessible high intrinsic active FeNx sites is proposed. The method involves a single‐step pyrolysis of Zn/Fe‐zeolitic imidazolate framework (Zn/Fe‐ZIF‐H) with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TABOH) micelles, which is obtained by utilizing TABOH as a structural template and electronic mediator at room temperature for a brief duration of 16 min. Notably, the yield of Zn/Fe‐ZIF‐H is 3.5 times that of Zn/Fe‐ZIF‐N prepared by conventional method. Results indicate that in addition to expediting synthesis and increasing yield of the Zn/Fe‐ZIF‐H, the TABOH induces a hierarchical porous structure and fosters the formation of more and higher intrinsic active FeNx moieties in Fex‐N‐C@TABOH, showing that TABOH is a multifunctional template. Crucially, the increased mesoporosity/external surface area and optimized microenvironment of Fe‐N‐C@TABOH significantly enhance ORR activity by facilitating the formation of high intrinsic active FeNx sites, increasing accessible FeNx sites, and reducing mass transfer resistance. Through structure tailoring and microenvironment optimization, the resulting Fe‐N‐C@TABOH exhibits superior ORR performance. DFT calculation further validates that the synergistic effect of these two factors leads to low ORR barrier and optimized *OH adsorption energy. This study underscores the importance of structure and electronic engineering in the development of highly active ORR catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coarctation of the aorta (CoA) combined with heart defects or cerebral artery aneurysms is more prevalent in clinical practice. However, cases of concurrent bilateral iliac artery dissection (IAD) are extremely rare and have not been reported. Here, we described a case with CoA combined with bilateral IAD. The patient, a 62‐year‐old male, presented with acute intermittent claudication accompanied by pain and aching in both lower limbs after walking. Following a thorough medical history inquiry and examination, the patient was diagnosed with acute bilateral IAD combined with CoA. The patient underwent endovascular treatment. Postoperatively, the aortic diameter recovered, and the bilateral IAD disappeared, yielding satisfactory therapeutic results. Conclusively, endovascular treatment of aortic coarctation combined with IAD is an effective therapeutic approach, enhancing patient survival and improving their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, considering the factors such as well trajectory and tubing string structures, the transient shut‐in tubing string pressure fluctuation model of ultra‐deep high‐temperature and high‐pressure (hereinafter referred to as HTHP) gas well is established, the propagation of pressure wave along the well depth is obtained, and the effects of different production and shut‐in time on the fluctuating pressure and its variation range are analyzed. Through calculation and analysis, it can be seen that there are differences in pressure waveforms at different well depths. The closer to the bottom of the well, the more delayed the occurrence of water hammer, and the smaller the water hammer pressure value. The larger the production, the greater the pressure wave velocity, and the closer to the wellhead, the more obvious the change. For well X, the pressure wave velocity in the well section below 6500 m varies greatly with the increase of production. When the production is 140 × 104 m3 D−1, the difference of pressure wave velocity between the bottom hole and the wellhead is 105.19 m s−1. After instantaneous shut‐in, the wellhead pressure increases by 3.2% compared with the initial pressure and the bottom hole pressure increases by 0.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Nature has evolved a myriad of dedicate‐designed structures that assist in prey capture. Spiders employ their web structures for vibrational sensing and prey capture, analogous to a component of a neurosensory system. Here, we propose a spider web‐inspired sensor with integrated energy‐absorption and force perception capabilities by 3D printing. The conductive carbon black/TPU composite made from TPU granules and carbon black particles are employed for 3D printing. We analyze the underlying sensing mechanism of conductive CB/TPU composites stemming from the enhanced dispersion of the CB particles. Through 3D printing method, we are allowed to regulate the structure's form, filling density, arrangement, and printing path to tailor the static mechanical properties, initial resistance, and force sensitivity of the spider‐web inspired structure. The static mechanical model for single silk of the spider‐web inspired structure is constructed. We explore the energy absorption capability of spider‐web inspired structures with different structural parameters, and demonstrate its impact perceiving characteristics at different falling height. Additionally, we assembled a circuit to visually reflect the falling height of the impacting ball through the brightness of the LED light. This study provides insights to endowing structural materials with intelligent characteristics, contributing to their practical applications in the fields of biomedical, soft robotics, and artificial skin, etc. A spider web‐inspired sensor is 3D printed with CB/TPU composites. The sensor has integrated force perception and energy‐absorption capabilities. The sensitivity capabilities can be regulated by parameter design. The mechanical model of the bioinspired structure is constructed. Its impact perceiving characteristics are demonstrated by two applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full concentration gradient lithium‐rich layered oxides are catching lots of interest as the next generation cathode for lithium‐ion batteries due to their high discharge voltage, reduced voltage decay and enhanced rate performance, whereas the high lithium residues on its surface impairs the structure stability and long‐term cycle performance. Herein, a facile multifunctional surface modification method is implemented to eliminate surface lithium residues of full concentration gradient lithium‐rich layered oxides by a wet chemistry reaction with tetrabutyl titanate and the post‐annealing process. It realizes not only a stable Li2TiO3 coating layer with 3D diffusion channels for fast Li+ ions transfer, but also dopes partial Ti4+ ions into the sub‐surface region of full concentration gradient lithium‐rich layered oxides to further strengthen its crystal structure. Consequently, the modified full concentration gradient lithium‐rich layered oxides exhibit improved structure stability, elevated thermal stability with decomposition temperature from 289.57 °C to 321.72 °C, and enhanced cycle performance (205.1 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles) with slowed voltage drop (1.67 mV per cycle). This work proposes a facile and integrated modification method to enhance the comprehensive performance of full concentration gradient lithium‐rich layered oxides, which can facilitate its practical application for developing higher energy density lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of the systematic review is to verify the presence of PANoptosis in periodontitis based on the published literatures studying cell death in periodontitis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of literature studying the types of cell death in vitro cellular experiments, in vivo rodent studies and clinical studies from three major databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The present systematic review was recorded in the PROSPERO database, under registration number CRD42022383456. Results: In total, 51 articles were included in this study. Our analysis of in vitro cell models revealed that pyroptosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis could be induced by periodontal pathogens in macrophages, fibroblasts, stem cells, and periodontal ligament cells. Furthermore, three types of cell death were detected in in vivo rodent periodontitis models. Clinical studies on human periodontitis tissue specimens and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) showed that some key proteins related to pyroptosis, necroptosis, and apoptosis were elevated in periodontitis. Conclusions: Various studies have established similar in vivo and in vitro models with three modes of death detected under the same conditions, revealing complex interactions between different types of cell death pathways in periodontitis and the potential for PANoptosis to occur in periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory nerves play a crucial role in maintaining bone homeostasis by releasing Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). However, the specific mechanism of Sema3A in regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) during bone remodelling remains unclear. The tibial denervation model was used and the denervated tibia exhibited significantly lower mass as compared to sham operated bones. In vitro, BMMSCs cocultured with dorsal root ganglion cells (DRGs) or stimulated by Sema3A could promote osteogenic differentiation through the Wnt/β‐catenin/Nrp1 positive feedback loop, and the enhancement of osteogenic activity could be inhibited by SM345431 (Sema3A‐specific inhibitor). In addition, Sema3A‐stimulated BMMSCs or intravenous injection of Sema3A could promote new bone formation in vivo. To sum up, the coregulation of bone remodelling is due to the ageing of BMMSCs and increased osteoclast activity. Furthermore, the sensory neurotransmitter Sema3A promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs via Wnt/β‐catenin/Nrp1 positive feedback loop, thus promoting osteogenesis in vivo and in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futoquinol (Fut) is a compound extracted from Piper kadsura that has a nerve cell protection effect. However, it is unclear whether Fut has protective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of Fut in AD and its underlying mechanism. UPLC‐MS/MS method was performed to quantify Fut in the hippocampus of mice brain. The cognition ability, neuronal and mitochondria damage, and levels of Aβ1–42, Aβ1–40, p‐Tau, oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune cells, and inflammatory factors were measured in Aβ25–35‐induced mice. The content of bacterial meta‐geometry was predicted in the microbial composition based on 16S rDNA. The protein levels of HK II, p‐p38MAPK, and p38MAPK were detected. PC‐12 cells were cultured in vitro, and glucose was added to activate glycolysis to further explore the mechanism of action of Fut intervention in AD. Fut improved the memory and learning ability of Aβ25–35 mice, and reduced neuronal damage and the deposition of Aβ and Tau proteins. Moreover, Fut reduced mitochondrial damage, the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory factors. Fut significantly inhibited the expression of HK II and p‐p38MAPK proteins. The in vitro experiment showed that p38MAPK was activated and Fut action inhibited after adding 10 mM glucose. Fut might inhibit the activation of p38MAPK through the glycolysis pathway, thereby reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory factors and improving Aβ25–35‐induced memory impairment in mice. These data provide pharmacological rationale for Fut in the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an inherited movement disorder characterized by a progressive decline in motor coordination. Despite the extensive functional connectivity (FC) alterations reported in previous SCA3 studies in the cerebellum and cerebellar‐cerebral pathways, the influence of these FC disturbances on the hierarchical organization of cerebellar functional regions remains unclear. Here, we compared 35 SCA3 patients with 48 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls using a combination of voxel‐based morphometry and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether cerebellar hierarchical organization is altered in SCA3. Utilizing connectome gradients, we identified the gradient axis of cerebellar hierarchical organization, spanning sensorimotor to transmodal (task‐unfocused) regions. Compared to healthy controls, SCA3 patients showed a compressed hierarchical organization in the cerebellum at both voxel‐level (p <.05, TFCE corrected) and network‐level (p <.05, FDR corrected). This pattern was observed in both intra‐cerebellar and cerebellar‐cerebral gradients. We observed that decreased intra‐cerebellar gradient scores in bilateral Crus I/II both negatively correlated with SARA scores (left/right Crus I/II: r = −.48/−.50, p =.04/.04, FDR corrected), while increased cerebellar‐cerebral gradients scores in the vermis showed a positive correlation with disease duration (r =.48, p =.04, FDR corrected). Control analyses of cerebellar gray matter atrophy revealed that gradient alterations were associated with cerebellar volume loss. Further FC analysis showed increased functional connectivity in both unimodal and transmodal areas, potentially supporting the disrupted cerebellar functional hierarchy uncovered by the gradients. Our findings provide novel evidence regarding alterations in the cerebellar functional hierarchy in SCA3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient utilization of clean and safe sunlight as an excitation source for room‐temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials is crucial for practical applications in solar energy. Herein, sunlight‐activated RTP nitrogen‐doped carbon dots @ alumina (N‐CDs@Al2O3) composites with long lifetime and exceptional stability are designed and fabricated using an in situ preparation strategy. The N‐CDs@Al2O3 display bright yellow RTP (more than 18 s to the naked eye) when activated by sunlight. The results indicate that the introduction of nitrogen into the CDs not only promotes the effective filling of triplet excitons but also facilitates the red‐shift of the absorption spectrum of the CDs. The high rigidity structure of Al2O3 and stable strong covalent bonds effectively protect the triplet excitons. Additionally, the numerous oxygen vacancy defects formed under appropriate calcination conditions effectively store and release triplet excitons. Finally, the application of N‐CDs@Al2O3 in multi‐color 3D artworks, defense markings, and emergency signs is demonstrated. This work provides design principles and feasible strategies for the development of new sunlight‐activated RTP materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three ecologically similar species of hemipteran sucking insects, brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, small brown planthopper (SBPH) Laodelphax striatellus and white‐backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera are destructive pests causing severe damage to rice throughout Asia, but they have different host plants that BPH is monophagous insect just feeding rice, WBPH and SBPH are oligophagous insects additionally feeding wheat and barley and SBPH can also feed maize. This study was investigated the gut bacterial communities in BPH, WBPH and SBPH by high‐throughput amplicon sequencing in order to explain the differences in host range (SBPH>WBPH>BPH) and feeding habit (BPH with monophagy vs. WBPH and SBPH with oligophagy) of the three ecologically similar species of planthoppers. It was revealed that the gut bacterial flora in BPH was the most complex, and that in SBPH was the simplest. The diversity of the gut bacterial community in BPH was significantly higher than that in WBPH and SBPH, respectively, there was not only significant difference in α‐diversity metrics but also in β‐diversity metrics. KEGG enrichment analysis furtherly indicated that there was significantly different in the relative abundance of some functional categories (including those related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, lipids and carbohydrate) among BPH, WBPH and SBPH, which were closely related to their nutrient absorption and metabolism. It is presumed that the differences in abundance and composition of the gut bacteria in BPH, WBPH and SBPH may lead to different nutrient absorption and metabolism, which furtherly alter their host range and feeding habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]