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Nurses are at high risk of burnout and subsequent mental health concerns due to problems with overstaffing, immense workload volume, and personal health risks associated with the job. Effective mental health treatments are available but potential barriers to receiving care may prevent nurses from benefiting. The Emotional Health and Well-Being Clinic (EHWC) at Houston Methodist is an outpatient mental health clinic offering therapy and medication management services for employees and employee dependents of our institution. The EHWC is uniquely positioned to observe how nurses utilize mental health services and to address barriers to effective care for this vital group of healthcare professionals. This paper provides descriptive data on the utilization of mental health services by nurses in the EHWC and a discussion of possible challenges faced by this group when seeking care. Based on these data, we propose potential solutions to ensure that nurses can achieve maximum benefit from outpatient mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although Ireland has one of the highest levels of well‐being in Europe, having a health condition has been found to have a direct negative impact. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current situation and the experiences of patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a rare genetic skin disease, and their relatives living in Ireland, with a focus on burdens and helpful practices. Methods and Measures: In a mixed‐methods design, a series of standardised questionnaires were combined with open‐ended questions. Via an online survey, data from n = 59 EB patients and relatives of EB patients living in Ireland were collected. Results: EB affects both the patients and their relatives. Burdens were found in relation to the visibility of EB, the degree of severity, the current health status, reduced mobility, the financial impact of EB, the psychosocial impact and personal and social resources. The paper also analyses existing resources and highlights opportunities for support and needs of improvement. Conclusion: Quality of life with EB is influenced by somatic symptoms and the psychosocial burden. Individual helpful practices in dealing with this rare disease can be considered as mediators, but they need to be supported by structural and healthcare improvements. Patient or Public Contribution: The perspective of EB patients, their relatives and EB experts were taken into account in the development of the study design via two feedback loops with the EB patient organisations DEBRA Ireland and DEBRA Austria. The design was adapted accordingly. Additionally, by including open‐ended questions, patients and relatives could contribute their individual perspectives and add insights into their lives with EB that might not have been captured with the structured online survey alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk of developing chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in youth is related to psychological factors, including preoperative anxiety, depression, patient/caregiver pain catastrophizing, and poor self-efficacy in managing pain. While interventions exist to address these factors, they are generally brief and educational in nature. The current paper details patient partner feedback on the development of a psychologist-delivered perioperative psychological program (PPP) designed to identify and target psychological risk factors for CPSP and improve self-efficacy in managing pain. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with two patients and their caregivers to discuss their surgical and pain management experience and to advise on components of the PPP. Results: Reflexive thematic analysis of interviews generated the following themes, which were incorporated into the content and implementation of the PPP: caregiver involvement, psychological and physical strategies for pain management, biopsychosocial pain education, intervention structure, and supporting materials. Conclusions: The development of a novel psychologist-led PPP is a promising approach to mitigate mental health risks associated with pediatric CPSP and potentially boost postoperative outcomes and family wellbeing. Integrating patient partner feedback ensures that the PPP is relevant, acceptable, and aligned with the needs and preferences of the patients it is designed to serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION With the advent of new tobacco products, poly-tobacco use among adolescents is increasing. Smoking among adolescents negatively impacts both their physical and mental health. This study aimed to determine poly-tobacco use among adolescents in South Korea and to identify the mental health problems caused by single-, dual-, and poly-tobacco use. METHODS Data from 54948 adolescents in the 2020 Korea Youth Behavior Web-based Survey were included. Mental health variables of our primary outcome were loneliness, anxiety, and depression. Descriptive statistics, Rao-Scott χ² test and complex sample multivariable logistic regression analysis were conducted to determine the association between the type of tobacco product use and mental health. RESULTS Among the subjects, 95.2% were non-tobacco users, followed by single (3.0%), dual (1.1%), and poly users (0.7%). The subjects with poly-tobacco use had significantly higher rates of loneliness (33.2%, p<0.001), anxiety (22.3%, p<0.001), and depression (49.9%, p<0.001) than those who used fewer tobacco products. Subjects who used poly-tobacco products were 2.13 (95% CI: 1.61-2.83) times more likely to report loneliness, 1.52 (95% CI: 1.12-2.07) times more likely to report anxiety, and 2.18 (95% CI: 1.68-2.82) times more likely to report depression than non-tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents, poly-tobacco use is associated with symptoms of loneliness, depression, and anxiety, which are internalized mental health problems. Poly-tobacco use warrants early assessment of high-risk groups, education on the need for tobacco-use cessation, and active intervention for the psychological difficulties that these high-risk groups experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing need for mental health support and a shortage of therapists have led to the development of the eXtended-reality Artificial Intelligence Assistant (XAIA). This platform combines spatial computing, virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) to provide immersive mental health support. Utilizing GPT-4 for AI-driven therapy, XAIA engaged participants with mild-to-moderate anxiety or depression in biophilic VR environments. Speaking with an AI therapy avatar in VR was considered acceptable, helpful, and safe, with participants observed to engage genuinely with the program. However, some still favored human interaction and identified shortcomings with using a digital VR therapist. The study provides initial evidence of the acceptability and safety of AI psychotherapy via spatial computing, warranting further research on technical enhancements and clinical impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the impact of internally guided (IG) versus externally guided (EG) adapted tango (AT) dance training (i.e., dancing the IG "Leader" role or the EG "Follower" role), on motor and non-motor functions in individuals with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait (PD-FOG). The "Leader" role, a proxy for IG movements, conveys direction, timing, and amplitude of steps with tactile cues. The "Follower" role, a proxy for EG movements, detects and responds to the leader's tactile cues. Case description: Six participants were randomly assigned to the IG ("Leader") or EG ("Follower") roles for 20, 90-min AT lessons over 12 weeks. Participants were assessed for PD-specific and non-PD-specific functions before and twice after the end of the 12-week intervention, at 1-week and 1-month post-intervention. Results: EG participants improved and/or maintained performance on more outcomes across all domains than IG participants. Five participants improved in PD motor symptoms, dynamic gait, global cognitive function, and the FOG Questionnaire immediately or 1month after intervention. All participants expressed positive attitudes toward the intervention, including improvements in walking, balance, and endurance. Conclusion: AT training in the follower role may benefit individuals with PD- FOG to a greater extent compared to the leader role. Impact: This case series study could inform additional research with the goal of enhancing physical therapy or music-based therapy approaches for addressing PD-FOG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The joint evidence of the cost and the effectiveness of family-based therapies is modest. Objective: To study the cost-effectiveness of family therapy (FT) versus treatment-as-usual (TAU) for young people seen after self-harm combining data from an 18-month trial and hospital records up to 60-month from randomisation. Methods: We estimate the cost-effectiveness of FT compared to TAU over 5 years using a quasi-Markov state model based on self-harm hospitalisations where probabilities of belonging in a state are directly estimated from hospital data. The primary outcome is quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Cost perspective is NHS and PSS and includes treatment costs, health care use, and hospital attendances whether it is for self-harm or not. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios are calculated and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses are conducted. Results: Both trial arms show a significant decrease in hospitalisations over the 60-month follow-up. In the base case scenario, FT participants incur higher costs (mean +£1,693) and negative incremental QALYs (-0.01) than TAU patients. The associated ICER at 5 years is dominated and the incremental health benefit at the £30,000 per QALY threshold is -0.067. Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis finds the probability that FT is cost-effective is around 3 − 2% up to a maximum willingness to pay of £50,000 per QALY. This suggest that the extension of the data to 60 months show no difference in effectiveness between treatments. Conclusion: Whilst extended trial follow-up from routinely collected statistics is useful to improve the modelling of longer-term cost-effectiveness, FT is not cost-effective relative to TAU and dominated in a cost-utility analysis. Key points: • Extension of evidence base of hospitalisations from 18 months to 5 years show all hospitalisations and self-harm hospitalisations continue to decline with no incremental difference in performance between family therapy and treatment as usual. • The conditional cost of a self-harm hospitalisation falls in line with the probability of an hospitalisation. This suggests the constant conditional cost assumed by NICE may be unrealistic. It does not influence the health economic argument in this case but may well do where there is a difference in the rate of hospitalisations across treatments. • Out of hospital costs represent the main cost-driver and we are unable to estimate the longer-term relationship. Although this is unlikely to have any impact in this evaluation it remains an important research question. Similarly, the relationship between health-related quality of life and self-harm remains uncertain with smaller than anticipated differences measured when using self-harm hospitalisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-drug interventions are recommended for chronic condition prevention and management yet are underused in clinical practice. Understanding barriers and enablers to using non-drug interventions may help implement non-drug interventions in primary care. We aimed to conduct an overview of reviews to identify and summarise common barriers and enablers for using non-drug interventions for common chronic conditions in primary care. Methods: We included qualitative and quantitative reviews that used systematic process or methods to examine barriers and enablers to using non-drug interventions for chronic condition prevention and management in primary care settings. We searched 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, PsycInfo and CINAHL) from inception to September 2022. Two authors independently screened reviews. One author extracted and deductively coded data to Consolidated Framework of Implementation Research (CFIR) (and where relevant, Theoretical Domains Framework [TDF]). A second author validated 10% of extracted data and coding. Data was synthesised thematically using CFIR and TDF. One author assessed the methodological quality of included reviews using a modified AMSTAR 2 tool, with 10% validated by a second author. We assessed overlap between primary studies in included reviews. Results: From 5324 records, we included 25 reviews, with data predominately from patients. Overall, 130 subthemes (71 barrier and 59 enabler) were identified across 4 CFIR domains (Innovation, Outer Setting, Inner Setting, and Individuals), and all TDF domains. Common barrier and enabler subthemes were identified for CFIR constructs of Innovation Adaptability, Innovation Cost, Innovation Relative Advantage, Local Attitudes, External Pressure, Local Conditions, Relational Connections, Available Resources, and Access to Knowledge and Information. For TDF domains, important barrier and enabler subthemes were identified for Knowledge, Skills, Environmental Context and Resources, Beliefs about Consequences, Reinforcement, and Emotion. Conclusions: We synthesised reviews to provide new insight into common barriers and enablers for using non-drug interventions to prevent and manage chronic conditions in primary care. The factors identified can inform the development of generalisable implementation interventions to enhance uptake of multiple non-drug interventions simultaneously. Trial Registration: This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022357583). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Best practice guidelines for the recovery and return to work (RTW) of people with mental disorders recommend access to the services of an interdisciplinary team combining pharmacological, psychological and work rehabilitation interventions. In the Canadian context, primary healthcare services are responsible for providing these services for people with common mental disorders, such as depressive or anxiety disorders. However, not everyone has easy access to these recommended primary healthcare services, and previous studies suggest that multiple personal, practice‐related and organizational factors can influence the patient's journey. Moreover, previous studies documented that family physicians often work in silos and lack the knowledge and time needed to effectively manage by themselves patients' occupational health. Thus, the care and service trajectories of these patients are often suboptimal and can have important consequences on the person's recovery and RTW. Objective and Population Studied: Our study aimed to gain a better understanding of the patient journeys and the factors influencing their access to and experience with primary healthcare services while they were on sick leave due to a common mental disorder. Methods: A descriptive qualitative research design was used to understand and describe these factors. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the verbatim. Results: Five themes describe the main factors that influenced the patient's journey of the 14 participants of this study: (1) the fragmented interventions provided by family physicians; (2) patients' autonomy in managing their own care; (3) the attitude and case management provided by the insurer, (4) the employer's openness and understanding and (5) the match between the person's needs and their access to psychosocial and rehabilitation services. Conclusions: Our findings highlight important gaps in the collaborative practices surrounding the management of mental health‐related sick leave, the coordination of primary healthcare services and the access to work rehabilitation services. Occupational therapists and other professionals can support family physicians in managing sick leaves, strengthen interprofessional and intersectoral collaboration and ensure that patients receive needed services in a timelier manner no matter their insurance coverage or financial needs. Patients of Public Contribution: This study aimed at looking into the perspective of people who have lived or are currently experiencing a sick leave related to a mental health disorder to highlight the factors which they feel hindered their recovery and RTW. Additionally, two patient partners were involved in this study and are now engaged in the dissemination of the research results and the pursuit of our team research programme to improve services delivered to this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a growing momentum around the world to foster greater opportunities for the involvement of mental health service users in their care and treatment planning. In‐principle support for this aim is widespread across mental healthcare professionals. Yet, progress in mental health services towards this objective has lagged in practice. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review of quantitative, qualitative and mixed‐method research on interventions to improve opportunities for the involvement of mental healthcare service users in treatment planning, to understand the current research evidence and the barriers to implementation. Methods: Seven databases were searched and 5137 articles were screened. Articles were included if they reported on an intervention for adult service users, were published between 2008 and October 2023 and were in English. Evidence in the 140 included articles was synthesised according to the JBI guidance on Mixed Methods Systematic Reviews. Results: Research in this field remains exploratory in nature, with a wide range of interventions investigated to date but little experimental replication. Overarching barriers to shared and supported decision‐making in mental health treatment planning were (1) Organisational (resource limitations, culture barriers, risk management priorities and structure); (2) Process (lack of knowledge, time constraints, health‐related concerns, problems completing and using plans); and (3) Relationship barriers (fear and distrust for both service users and clinicians). Conclusions: On the basis of the barriers identified, recommendations are made to enable the implementation of new policies and programs, the designing of new tools and for clinicians seeking to practice shared and supported decision‐making in the healthcare they offer. Patient or Public Contribution: This systematic review has been guided at all stages by a researcher with experience of mental health service use, who does not wish to be identified at this point in time. The findings may inform organisations, researchers and practitioners on implementing supported decision‐making, for the greater involvement of people with mental ill health in their healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) involves deliberately causing harm to one's body without the intention of suicide. As the numbers of adolescents presenting NSSI have been steadily increasing during the last years, we intended to investigate adolescent patients exhibiting NSSI, admitted to our clinic—a Romanian child psychiatry inpatient clinic, over the course of five years. A total of 100 adolescents (80 females, 20 males, mean age: 14.9 years) hospitalized for various neuropsychiatric disorders and engaging in self-harm were studied. The self-harm methods most frequently used in our sample were, for the female group: cutting (all), skin tearing (76%), scratching/pinching (72%), and for males: cutting (all), wound-healing hindrance (85%), striking objects (80%). The initial motivations for NSSI were represented by distress (females 89%, males 90%) and seeking pleasure (females 84%). In terms of the roles of NSSI, it was primarily used for emotional regulation (females 89%) and anger management (males 90%). This study highlights the prevalence of self-harm in hospitalized adolescents, differences in methods and motivations between genders, and the need for more targeted therapy interventions. By documenting trends, investigating underlying motivations and functions, and proposing hypotheses for further research, our findings offer valuable insights on adolescent NSSI and have the potential to increase awareness among various clinicians and specialists who interact with adolescents, thus addressing the escalating prevalence of self-harm behaviours among teenagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Music therapy interventions with informal carers of individuals with life-threatening illness at pre- and post-bereavement is an increasingly important clinical area. This systematic review is the first to synthesise and critically evaluate the international evidence associated with music therapy with adult informal carers pre- and post-bereavement. Specifically, the objectives were: i) to describe the characteristics and effectiveness of music therapy interventions which aim to improve health-related outcomes for adult informal carers of adults with life-threatening illness (pre- and post-bereavement), and ii) to describe the experience of music therapy for adult informal carers of adults with life-threatening illness (pre- and post-bereavement). Methods: Eligibility: adult informal carers of adults at end of life or bereaved; music therapy interventions for improving health-related outcomes; qualitative; mixed-method; and quantitative studies including comparators of any other intervention; published in English from 1998 onwards. Six databases were searched up to July 2022. A JBI mixed-methods systematic review approach was followed throughout, including quality appraisal, data extraction and a convergent segregated approach to synthesis and integration. Results: A total of 34 studies were included, published between 2003 and 2022. Most were conducted in North America (n = 13), Australia (n = 10), or Europe (n = 8). No studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries or in the UK. The majority were qualitative (n = 17), followed by quasi-experimental (n = 8), mixed-methods (n = 7) and two RCTs. The majority focused on carers of individuals with dementia (n = 21) or advanced cancer (n = 7). Seventeen studies were purely quantitative or included a quantitative component. During meta-synthesis, findings were aligned to core outcomes for evaluating bereavement interventions in palliative care and previously identified risk factors for complicated grief. Commonly targeted outcomes in quantitative studies included quality of life and mental wellbeing, showing equivocal effectiveness of music therapy with significant and non-significant results. Twenty-two studies either purely qualitative or with a qualitative component underwent meta synthesis and suggested a diverse range of improved pre- and post-bereavement outcomes for informal carers across all core outcomes, and across all risk and protective factors, including psychological, spiritual, emotional, and social outcomes. Conclusions: Qualitative studies provide moderate to strong evidence for improved health-related outcomes for adult informal carers of adults with life-threatening illness pre-bereavement. Limited studies including those bereaved negates conclusions for the bereavement phase. Comparisons and explanations for effectiveness across quantitative and qualitative studies are equivocal, with a high risk of bias and small samples in the limited number of quantitative studies, demonstrating a need for high-quality RCTs. Systematic review pre-registration: PROSPERO [CRD42021244859]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaders of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are often confronted with specific burdens, which frequently result in increased levels of stress. Leadership behaviour, in turn, has a significant impact on employees' health and performance. Using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) method, we conducted a systematic literature search covering publications from 2002 to 2023 using PubMed, PsycInfo and Business Source Premier on stress-reducing and well-being-improving interventions for SME leaders. The Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool was used to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies regarding selection bias, study design, confounders, blinding, data collection, withdrawal and drop-out. Of the 3150 identified publications, 6 were included after screening. The studies varied in content (cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT]-based, psychoeducation, and mixed interventions) and approach (individual- and organisation-centred). Not all of the examined interventions provided significant outcomes. However, CBT-based and individualised approaches showed a positive trend in reducing SME leaders' psychosocial stress and improving their well-being. Despite the limited data, it can be concluded that such interventions are beneficial for leaders and their specific needs. Future research should focus on tailored approaches, derived from well-founded theories and integrative interventions addressing SME leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited research on what, when and how outcomes should be measured in psychological therapy trials in acute mental health inpatient wards. Objectives: This study aimed to consider what outcomes service users think are important to measure. Methods: This qualitative study explored the views of 14 participants, who had an inpatient admission within the last year, on outcomes of psychological therapies using semistructured interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis from a critical realist perspective with both inductive and deductive coding. Results: The 126 outcomes that were important to participants were mapped onto an established taxonomy of outcomes across different health areas and the socioecological framework to consider the wider context and help summarise the outcomes. Most of the outcomes were mapped to the intrapersonal and interpersonal level. In addition to the outcome mapping, three themes were constructed from the qualitative data: (1) I am not a problem I am a person, (2) Feeling cared for and loved, (3) What does getting better look like. Conclusions: Our results highlight the need for patient‐reported outcomes which are cocreated with service users, disseminating research and training on preventing dehumanising experiences, enhancing psychological safety and therapeutic relationships and improving access to psychological therapy. Patient or Public Contribution: The wider People with Personal Experience Involvement Committee at the University of Bath were consulted which included a focus group during the early planning stages. We also collaborated with a person with personal experience, at every stage of the research. This included developing our research question and aims, protocol, participant documents (e.g., information and debrief forms), advertisement and recruitment strategy, interview topic guide, the codes, the final themes and quotes and reviewing the manuscript. People with lived experience of being admitted to an acute mental health inpatient ward participated in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder, patients experience severe impairments, with patients and family caregivers facing emotional distress and exhaustion. Several psychosocial interventions are aimed at providing tailored support for ALS/MND patients and caregivers. The aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review and present a comprehensive overview of psychosocial interventions designed for individuals and families affected by ALS/MND, while also pinpointing research gaps. Methods: This scoping review utilized Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework to investigate psychosocial interventions designed for individuals with ALS/MND and their families. The study adhered to the PRISMA-ScR checklist for reporting. Results: A total of 27 articles describing 25 interventions met the inclusion criteria. The predominant interventions observed in the research encompassed education-related strategies, closely followed by behavior therapy, counseling, social support interventions, and psychotherapy interventions. Across the majority of the studies, findings indicated promising feasibility and acceptability of these interventions. Notably, a significant proportion of quantitative investigations yielded one or more statistically significant effects, while qualitative studies consistently reported favorable outcomes, including enhancements in well-being and heightened awareness of individual circumstances. Conclusions: Given the progressive and debilitating nature of this condition, coupled with the absence of a cure, the adoption of a psychosocial approach can prove beneficial for both ALS/MND patients and their families. However, high-quality RCTs with a large sample size are recommended to examine and confirm the effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment satisfaction is one of the main factors of assessing care quality in patients with chronic diseases. Some factors may influence treatment satisfaction and improve or impair clinical outcomes. This study aimed to determine the relationship between fear of hypoglycemia and satisfaction with treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antidiabetic drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in one of the hospitals of Qazvin Province, Iran, in 2021. The research sample was 390 patients with type 2 diabetes who used oral antidiabetic drugs, selected through convenience sampling. The data were collected using the hypoglycemic fear survey (HFS) and the diabetes medication satisfaction (DiabMedSat) questionnaire. Then, the obtained data were analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression in SPSS software, version 26. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Patients' Mean±SD age was 53.4±11.49 years, and most (57.4%) were female. Treatment satisfaction score was lower in females (β=-0.12, P<0.007) and patients with diabetes complications (β=-0.138, P<0.005). Patients with college education had higher treatment satisfaction (β=0.173, P<0.001). Patients with very severe (β=-0.29, P<0.001) or severe hypoglycemia (β=-0.157, P<0.034) experienced lower treatment satisfaction than those with mild hypoglycemia. Low treatment satisfaction scores were associated with fear of hypoglycemia (β=-0.39, P<0.001). Conclusion: In this study, fear of hypoglycemia was associated with a decreased level of satisfaction with treatment. As a consequence, patients with type 2 diabetes must be assessed for hypoglycemia fears and their adverse effects. Also, to prevent complications caused by not taking antihyperglycemic drugs, nursing managers and clinical nurses are recommended to prepare appropriate programs to implement psychological interventions to reduce the fear of hypoglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nurses primarily focus on caring for others, but they also require care and support to enhance their own resilience. Thus, this study aims to determine the effects of psychological interventions on nurses' resilience support and to define the influence of moderating variables that can affect these effects. The literature search was conducted in 10 electronic databases, and 5 randomized controlled trials and 10 non-randomized controlled trials were finally selected for analysis (a total of 852 participants). Statistical analyses of the effect sizes and homogeneity of the intervention programs were conducted using RevMan 5.3 from the Cochrane Library and the R program. Publication bias in the retrieved studies was tested using contour-enhanced funnel plots. The meta-analysis found that psychological interventions were effective in improving nurses' resilience immediately after the intervention (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.86, Z = 4.18, p < 0.001) and in the short term within three months (SMD = 1.52, 95% CI 0.74 to 2.31, Z = 3.80, p < 0.001). Interventions using emotion regulation, relaxation, and self-compassion were particularly effective, and the intervention period was effective in both a short period of 1 day and a long period of more than 12 weeks. In addition, the optimal one-session time was 121–150 min, and offline interventions were more effective than online interventions. Furthermore, the effect size was affected by the intervention time for one session (QB = 12.02, df = 3, p = 0.007) and the on/offline intervention method (QB = 5.85, df = 1, p = 0.015). These findings may inform the development of targeted interventions and resilience support systems for nurses. However, in the future, more rigorous studies, such as randomized controlled trials, should be conducted to ensure strict control over the variables and to establish a stronger evidence base for the effectiveness of these interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]