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Colorectal cancer (CRC)-a malignant growth in the colon or rectum-is the second largest cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Early detection may increase therapy choices. Deep learning can improve early medical detection to reduce the risk of unintentional death from an incorrect clinical diagnosis. Histopathological examination of colon cancer is essential in medical research. This paper proposes a deep learning-based colon cancer detection method using stainnormalized images. We use deep learning methods to improve detection accuracy and efficiency. Our solution normalizes image stain variations and uses deep learning models for reliable classification. This research improves colon cancer histopathology analysis, which may enhance diagnosis. Our paper uses DenseNet-121, VGG-16, GoogLeNet, ResNet-50, and ResNet-18 deep learning models. We also analyze how stain normalization (SN) improves our model on histopathology images. The ResNet-50 model with SN yields the highest values (9.94%) compared to the other four models and the nine models from previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits a significant death rate that consistently impacts human lives worldwide. Histopathological examination is the standard method for CRC diagnosis. However, it is complicated, time-consuming, and subjective. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems using digital pathology can help pathologists diagnose CRC faster and more accurately than manual histopathology examinations. Deep learning algorithms especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are advocated for diagnosis of CRC. Nevertheless, most previous CAD systems obtained features from one CNN, these features are of huge dimension. Also, they relied on spatial information only to achieve classification. In this paper, a CAD system is proposed called "Color-CADx" for CRC recognition. Different CNNs namely ResNet50, DenseNet201, and AlexNet are used for end-to-end classification at different training–testing ratios. Moreover, features are extracted from these CNNs and reduced using discrete cosine transform (DCT). DCT is also utilized to acquire spectral representation. Afterward, it is used to further select a reduced set of deep features. Furthermore, DCT coefficients obtained in the previous step are concatenated and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) feature selection approach is applied to choose significant features. Finally, machine learning classifiers are employed for CRC classification. Two publicly available datasets were investigated which are the NCT-CRC-HE-100 K dataset and the Kather_texture_2016_image_tiles dataset. The highest achieved accuracy reached 99.3% for the NCT-CRC-HE-100 K dataset and 96.8% for the Kather_texture_2016_image_tiles dataset. DCT and ANOVA have successfully lowered feature dimensionality thus reducing complexity. Color-CADx has demonstrated efficacy in terms of accuracy, as its performance surpasses that of the most recent advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]