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Background: Efficient monitoring of glucose concentration in the human body necessitates the utilization of electrochemically active sensing materials in nonenzymatic glucose sensors. However, prevailing limitations such as intricate fabrication processes, lower sensitivity, and instability impede their practical application. Herein, ternary Cu-Co-Ni-S sulfides nanoporous network structure was synthesized on carbon fiber paper (CP) by an ultrafast, facile, and controllable technique through on-step cyclic voltammetry, serving as a superior self-supporting catalytic electrode for the high-performance glucose sensor., Results: The direct growth of free-standing Cu-Co-Ni-S on the interconnected three-dimensional (3D) network of CP boosted the active site of the composites, improved ion diffusion kinetics, and significantly promoted the electron transfer rate. The multiple oxidation states and synergistic effects among Co, Ni, Cu, and S further promoted glucose electrooxidation. The well-architected Cu-Co-Ni-S/CP presented exceptional electrocatalytic properties for glucose with satisfied linearity of a broad range from 0.3 to 16,000 μM and high sensitivity of 6829 μA mM - 1 cm - 2 . Furthermore, the novel sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity and storage stability, which could successfully evaluate the glucose levels in human serum. Notably, the novel Cu-Co-Ni-S/CP showed favorable biocompatibility, proving its potential for in vivo glucose monitoring., Conclusion: The proposed 3D hierarchical morphology self-supported electrode sensor, which demonstrates appealing analysis behavior for glucose electrooxidation, holds great promise for the next generation of high-performance glucose sensors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Severe vibration of the core of ultra-high voltage (UHV) shunt reactors under operating conditions often leads to the occurrence of suspension electrode, and such a suspended discharge defect will destroy the oil-paper insulation. It is necessary to investigate the influence of vibration on suspended discharge when determining the best operating condition of UHV shunt reactors. The vibration frequency of the suspension electrode and the phase difference between the applied voltage and the vibration are studied by simulation and experiment. The simulation results show that the phase difference between the voltage and the vibration parameters will lead to an increase in the surface maximum field strength. The distortion of the field intensity caused by several typical vibration frequencies of reactor vibration is ranked (in ascending order) thus: 100, 300, 50, and 200 Hz. There is a coupling relationship between the phase difference and the vibration frequency on the suspended discharge, which will lead to an inconsistency between the field intensity and each single factor. The partial discharge test results of the collision between the suspension electrode and the high-voltage electrode show that the discharge generated by vibration at 100 Hz is much higher than that at other frequencies, followed by those at 300 and 50 Hz, and the discharge generated by vibration at 200 Hz is very small. When the phase difference of voltage advance vibration is between 0° and 90°, the quantity of local discharge is large. When the phase difference is between 90° and 180°, the local discharge is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given its superior structure, the abundance of surface functional groups, and low cost, cotton fiber filtration paper can be used as the support for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction catalysts (OER) instead of copper foam (CF), nickel foam (NF), or carbon cloth (CC). Herein, the chemical plating method was used to create thin self-supporting electrodes based on cotton fiber filtration paper (FP). The Co-Ni-P amorphous nanospheres can be uniformly dispersed on the self-supporting FP due to its porous structure and oxygen functional groups. The Co-Ni-P/FP electrode has an overpotential as low as 125 mV for HER and 320 mV for OER at the current density of 10 mA cm−2. Additionally, according to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the Co atom added to the Ni-P nanosphere can lead to considerably more charge accumulation around the Co and Ni active sites, which greatly encourages the HER and OER processes. The novel porous support, FP, provides a fresh way the preparation of self-supporting electrodes. [Display omitted] • Filter paper is used to prepare the self-supporting electrode as the substrate. • The preparation method is simple and the properties are stable. • Rich oxygen-containing functional groups of FP promote deposition and dispersion. • Explore the excellent electrochemical performance of amorphous Co-Ni-P/FP by DFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of liquid biopsy, i. e., the possibility of obtaining health information by analysing circulating species (nucleic acids, cells, proteins, and vesicles) in peripheric biofluids, is pushing the field of sensors and biosensors beyond the limit to provide decentralised solutions for nonspecialists. In particular, among all the circulating species that can be adopted in managing cancer evolution, both for diagnostic and prognostic applications, microRNAs have been highly studied and detected. The development of electrochemical devices is particularly relevant for liquid biopsy purposes, and the screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) represent one of the building blocks for producing novel portable devices. In this work, we have taken miR-2115-3p as model target (it is related to lung cancer), and we have developed a biosensor by exploiting the use of a complementary DNA probe modified with methylene blue as redox mediator. In particular, the chosen sensing architecture was applied to serum measurements of the selected miRNA, obtaining a detection limit within the low nanomolar range; in addition, various platforms were interrogated, namely commercial and hand-made SPEs, with the aim of providing the reader with some insights about the optimal platform to be used by considering both the cost and the analytical performance., (© 2024 The Authors. ChemistryOpen published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Improving the performance of porous nickel-based material used widely in the energy field is necessary. Alloying and increasing the specific surface area are essential approaches. This study used rice paper (Chinese traditional calligraphy and painting paper) as biomass templates to prepare hierarchical porous Ni and Ni-Cu foils (Nip and NiCup) with a thickness of about 60 μm by impregnating and high-temperature reduction process. The Ni3S2/Nip electrodes were prepared by an in situ-grown Ni3S2 nanosheet array on the struts of Nip via a hydrothermal process. Two modification methods using Cu-added alloying and Ni-S nanosheet growing were compared to determine their effects on the microstructure, phase, and performance in methanol oxidation (MOR) and urea oxidation (UOR). The results showed that both alloying effects and morphology control can promote MOR and UOR. Compared to the current density value of Nip at 0.8 V, the values of the preferred Ni10Cup and nanosheet array Ni3S2/Nip increased by 24.5% and 27.3% for methanol oxidation and by 15.4% and 38.4% for urea oxidation, respectively. Adding Cu helped to improve electron transfer and facilitated the transition from Ni2+ to Ni3+. The large specific surface area of Ni3S2 nanosheets provided more active sites for the reaction. Compared to Ni10Cup, Ni3S2/Nip with a lower impedance value exhibits better electrocatalytic performance and stability, achieving peak current densities of 269.7 mA cm−2 (MOR) and 303.9 mA cm−2 (UOR) at 0.8 V, maintaining 91.2% (MOR) and 102.4% (UOR) of the initial peak current density after 2000 cycles. The foil electrodes obtained under both modification strategies can be used as anode material in portable cells, and might also be applied to the oxidation of other small organic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐carbon dioxide (Na‐CO2) batteries are regarded as promising energy storage technologies because of their impressive theoretical energy density and CO2 reutilization, but their practical applications are restricted by uncontrollable sodium dendrite growth and poor electrochemical kinetics of CO2 cathode. Constructing suitable multifunctional electrodes for dendrite‐free anodes and kinetics‐enhanced CO2 cathodes is considered one of the most important ways to advance the practical application of Na‐CO2 batteries. Herein, RuO2 nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon paper (RuCP) are rationally designed and employed as both Na anode host and CO2 cathode in Na‐CO2 batteries. The outstanding sodiophilicity and high catalytic activity of RuCP electrodes can simultaneously contribute to homogenous Na+ distribution and dendrite‐free sodium structure at the anode, as well as strengthen discharge and charge kinetics at the cathode. The morphological evolution confirmed the uniform deposition of Na on RuCP anode with dense and flat interfaces, delivering enhanced Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% and cycling stability near 1500 cycles. Meanwhile, Na‐CO2 batteries with RuCP cathode demonstrated excellent cycling stability (>350 cycles). Significantly, implementation of a dendrite‐free RuCP@Na anode and catalytic‐site‐rich RuCP cathode allowed for the construction of a symmetric Na‐CO2 battery with long‐duration cyclability, offering inspiration for extensive practical uses of Na‐CO2 batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Carbon quantum dots-graphite composite ink-based Screen-printed electrodes (CQDs/SPEs) were used to assemble a highly sensitive electrochemical aptasensor against chlorpyrifos (CPF). The aptasensor showed a broad linear range from 1 pM (0.445 ng/ml) to 500 nM (0.22 mg/ml) with a detection limit (LOD) 0.834 pM (0.37 ng/ml); sensitivity 21.39 μA pM−1 cm− 2 and with good linearity of R2 = 0.973. Moreover, the aptasensor's showed better selectivity among few other pesticides. Further, the aptasensor electrode showed high stability for five months when stored at 4 °C. In the final step, the aptasensor's ability to identify CPF in real samples was evaluated on spiked potato (Solanum tuberosum) extract samples. Potato extract spiked with CPF in the electrochemical aptasensing platform showed excellent linearity of R2 = 0.981. The developed aptasensor showed good response to without spiked potato extract with increasing volumes. Hence, the developed aptasensor demonstrated reasonable applicability in real food and agriculture samples. • Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide, is known for detrimental effects on environment raising global health concern. • Electrochemical based disposable screen printed aptasensor is developed for the detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide. • The CQDs/SPE aptasensor was fabricated using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) through drop cast method. • The aptasensor exhibited a wide linear range (1 pM-500 nM) with LOD (0.834 pM) and high sensitivity (21.39 μA pM−1 cm− 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrode thickness is a critical design parameter to engineer high performance redox flow cells by impacting the available surface area for reactions, current and potential distributions, and required pumping power. To date, redox flow cell assemblies employ repurposed off‐the‐shelf fibrous electrodes which feature a broad range of thicknesses. However, comprehensive guidelines to select the optimal electrode thickness for a given reactor architecture remain elusive. Here, we investigate the effect of the electrode thickness in the range of 200–1100 μm on the cell performance by stacking electrode layers in four different flow cell configurations – Freudenberg paper and ELAT cloth electrodes combined with flow‐through and interdigitated flow fields. We employ a suite of polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pressure drop measurements together with pore network modeling simulations to correlate the electrode thickness for various reactor designs to the electrochemical and hydraulic performance. We find that thicker electrodes (420 μm paper electrodes and 812 μm cloth electrodes) are beneficial in combination with flow‐through flow fields, whereas when using interdigitated flow fields, thinner electrodes (210 μm paper electrodes and 406 μm cloth electrodes) result in a better current density and pressure drop trade‐off. We hope our findings will aid researchers and technology practitioners in designing their electrochemical flow cells under convective operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas reactant transport plays a crucial role in various gas‐consumption reaction‐based electrochemical devices, but the pivotal performance limitation still centers on gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). To this end, natural cross‐cut wood to prepare GDEs for aluminum–air batteries is introduced by utilizing the ordered structure with microchannels. With cobalt–nitrogen co‐doped carbon nanotubes as the oxygen reduction reaction catalysts grown inside the channels of carbonized wood slice and wettability gradient modification, cherry‐based GDE achieves higher power density (267 vs. 236 mW cm−2) than the commercial carbon fiber paper‐based electrode. By bridging the identified characteristics of pore structure via deep‐learning image recognition technology with the permeability of other three typical kinds of (ash, pine, and oak) wood‐based GDEs, it is revealed that the ratio of effective porosity to the average pore size is key to the performance. This work demonstrates the feasibility of bio‐derived wood‐based materials for fabricating high‐performance GDEs and provides insights into pore structure for the rational design of structured electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential transfer is an essential link in equipotential live-line work (EPLW), which has a potential safety hazard. To ensure the safety of the linemen, this paper conducted experimental research on this process. First, to investigate the discharge characteristics of the potential transfer gap in EPLW, this paper developed a simplified experimental platform to examine the relationship between the transfer voltage and gap distance, as well as the electrode structure, during the potential transfer process. Second, to explore the discharge development process of potential transfer, this paper built a discharge observation experimental platform to observe the discharge process and explore the effects of gap distance and type of the floating electrode on the discharge development process and potential transfer current. The research results are valuable for practical projects and linemen safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates, for the first time, the stability of synthetic diamond as a passive layer within neural implants. Leveraging the exceptional biocompatibility of intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond, a comprehensive review of material aging analysis in the context of in-vivo implants is provided. This work is based on electric impedance monitoring through the formulation of an analytical model that scrutinizes essential parameters such as the deposited metal resistivity, insulation between conductors, changes in electrode geometry, and leakage currents. The evolution of these parameters takes place over an equivalent period of approximately 10 years. The analytical model, focusing on a fractional capacitor, provides nuanced insights into the surface conductivity variation. A comparative study is performed between a classical polymer material (SU8) and synthetic diamond. Samples subjected to dynamic impedance analysis reveal distinctive patterns over time, characterized by their physical degradation. The results highlight the very high stability of diamond, suggesting promise for the electrode's enduring viability. To support this analysis, microscopic and optical measurements conclude the paper and confirm the high stability of diamond and its strong potential as a material for neural implants with long-life use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop emerging electrode materials and improve the performances of batteries, the machine learning techniques can provide insights to discover, design and develop battery new materials in high-throughput way. In this paper, two deep learning models are developed and trained with two feature groups extracted from the Materials Project datasets to predict the battery electrochemical performances including average voltage, specific capacity and specific energy. The deep learning models are trained with the multilayer perceptron as the core. The Bayesian optimization and Monte Carlo methods are applied to improve the prediction accuracy of models. Based on 10 types of ion batteries, the correlation coefficients are maintained above 0.9 compared to DFT calculation results and the mean absolute error of the prediction results for voltages of two models can reach 0.41 Vand 0.20 V, respectively. The electrochemical performance prediction times for the two trained models on thousands of batteries are only 72.9 ms and 75.7 ms. Besides, the two deep learning models are applied to approach the screening of emerging electrode materials for sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries. This work can contribute to a high-throughput computational method to accelerate the rational and fast materials discovery and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to address the problems of uneven brightness and small defects of low contrast on the surface of lithium-ion battery electrode (LIBE) coatings, this study proposes a defect detection method that combines background reconstruction with an enhanced Canny algorithm. Firstly, we acquire and pre-process the electrode coating image, considering the characteristics of the electrode coating process and defects. Secondly, background reconstruction and the difference method are introduced to achieve the rough localization of coating defects. Furthermore, the image with potential defects undergoes enhancement through improved Gamma correction, and the PSO-OTSU algorithm with adaptive searching is applied to determine the optimal segmentation. Finally, precise defect detection is accomplished using the improved Canny algorithm and morphological processing. The experimental results show that, compared with the maximum entropy method, the region growth method, and the traditional Canny algorithm, the algorithm in this paper has a higher segmentation accuracy for defects. It better retains defect edge features and provides a more accurate detection effect for defects like scratches, dark spots, bright spots, metal leakage, and decarburization, which are difficult to recognize on the background of coating areas of electrodes. The proposed method is suitable for the online real-time defect detection of LIBE coating defects in actual lithium-ion battery industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's healthcare landscape, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) plays a pivotal role in early diagnosis and treatment decisions. However, the quest for higher frequencies to achieve micron‐level resolutions poses technological challenges. This paper focuses on coils and capacitors, with special attention to air gap considerations for movable electrodes. The paper delves into the development of adjustable capacitors using high‐fired NP0 ceramic, tailored for 128‐MHz MRI systems. These capacitors boast impressive specs: a 3‐kV breakdown voltage (VBreakdown), a 3‐pF minimum capacitance (Cmin), a 30‐pF maximum capacitance (CMax), and a 1.5‐pF stepwise capacitance variation (Cvariation step). Notably, they enhance breakdown voltage while preserving frequency stability with MgTiCa ceramic between the fixed and mobile electrode, critical for adaptive blocks. Leveraging geometrical parameters analyzed through the ANSYS simulator, the authors meticulously designed an optimized 25–40 pF capacitor with a 15‐mm height and 1600 mm2 surface area. Post‐fabrication and sintering, extensive testing using a vector network analyzer across 10 MHz to 100 MHz validated performance against simulated expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in electrochemical detection in lateral flow assays (LFAs) has gained significant momentum in recent years. The primary impetus for this surge in interest is the pursuit of achieving lower limits of detection, especially given that LFAs are the most widely employed point-of-care biosensors. Conventionally, the strategy for merging electrochemistry and LFAs has centered on the superposition of screen-printed electrodes onto nitrocellulose substrates during LFA fabrication. Nevertheless, this approach poses substantial limitations regarding scalability. In response, we have developed a novel method for the complete integration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrodes into LFA strips. We employed a CO 2 laser to concurrently reduce graphene oxide and pattern nitrocellulose, exposing its backing to create connection sites impervious to sample leakage. Subsequently, rGO and nitrocellulose were juxtaposed and introduced into a roll-to-roll system using a wax printer. The exerted pressure facilitated the transfer of rGO onto the nitrocellulose. We systematically evaluated several electrochemical strategies to harness the synergy between rGO and LFAs. While certain challenges persist, our rGO transfer technology presents compelling potential for setting a new standard in electrochemical LFA fabrication., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The capacitive immunosensor, known for its label-free simplicity, has great potential for point-of-care diagnostics. However, the interaction between insulation and recognition layers on the sensing electrode greatly affects its performance. This study introduces a pioneering dual-layer strategy, implementing a novel combination of acrylic resin (AR) and nitrocellulose (NC) coatings on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). This innovative approach not only enhances the dielectric properties of the capacitive sensor but also streamlines the immobilization of recognizing elements. Particularly noteworthy is the superior reliability and insulation offered by the AR coating, surpassing the limitations of traditional self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modifications. This dual-layer methodology establishes a robust foundation for constructing capacitive sensors optimized specifically for liquid medium-based biosensing applications. The NC coating in this study represents a breakthrough in effectively immobilizing BSA, unraveling the capacitive response intricately linked to the quantity of adsorbed recognizing elements. The results underscore the prowess of the proposed immunosensor, showcasing a meticulously defined linear calibration curve for anti-BSA (ranging from 0 to 25 μg/ml). Additionally, specific interactions with anti-HAS and anti-TNF-α further validate the versatility and efficacy of the developed immunosensor. This work presents a streamlined and highly efficient protocol for developing label-free immunosensors for antibody determination and introduces a paradigm shift by utilizing readily available electrodes and sensing systems. The findings are poised to catalyze a significant acceleration in the advancement of biosensor technology, opening new avenues for innovative applications in point-of-care diagnostics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rational reuse of municipal sludge to produce electro-Fenton electrode can not only save resources, but also produce superior peroxide and degradation pollutants simultaneously. Herein, a novel electro-Fenton electrode derived from sludge biochar loaded on Ni foam (SBC@Ni) was constructed via high temperature pyrolysis and chemical coating for efficient H 2 O 2 evolution and pollutant degradation. Systematic experiments and density functional theory calculations (DFT calculation) explained that the production of graphite C and graphite N during high-temperature pyrolysis of municipal sludge can greatly enhance the oxygen reduction reaction of SBC@Ni electrode and promote the evolution of H 2 O 2 . And the hybrid heterojunctions, such as FeP, also played a key role in electrocatalytic processes. Notably, the electrode still exhibited excellent performance after 1000 linear scans and 12 h of continuous current stimulation, which demonstrated the excellent stability of the electrode. Moreover, SBC@Ni electrode can not only effectively oxidize 4-chlorophenol through the electro-Fenton effect, but also fully mineralize organic matter, indicating promising environmental application. The free radical quenching experiment also revealed that the ·OH is the main active species for 4-CP degradation in SBC@Ni electro-Fenton system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Multifunctional single-atom catalysts (SACs) have been extensively investigated as outstanding signal amplifiers in bioanalysis field. Herein, a type of Fe single-atom catalysts with Fe-nitrogen coordination sites in nitrogen-doped carbon (Fe-N/C SACs) was synthesized and demonstrated to possess both catalase and peroxidase-like activity. Utilizing Fe-N/C SACs as dual signal amplifier, an efficient bipolar electrode (BPE)-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay was presented for determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The cathode pole of the BPE-ECL platform modified with Fe-N/C SACs is served as the sensing side and luminol at the anode as signal output side. Fe-N/C SACs could catalyze decomposition of H 2 O 2 via their high catalase-like activity and then increase the Faraday current, which can boost the ECL of luminol due to the electroneutrality in a closed BPE system. Meanwhile, in the presence of the target, glucose oxidase (GOx)-Au NPs-Ab 2 was introduced through specific immunoreaction, which catalyzes the formation of H 2 O 2 . Subsequently, Fe-N/C SACs with peroxidase-like activity catalyze the reaction of H 2 O 2 and 4-chloro-1-naphthol (4-CN) to generate insoluble precipitates, which hinders electron transfer and then inhibits the ECL at the anode. Thus, dual signal amplification of Fe-N/C SACs was achieved by increasing the initial ECL and inhibiting the ECL in the presence of target. The assay exhibits sensitive detection of PSA linearly from 1.0 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.62 pg/mL. The work demonstrated a new ECL enhancement strategy of SACs via BPE system and expands the application of SACs in bioanalysis field., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) are considered as a sustainable technology for water desalination, wastewater treatment, and power generation. However, this neoteric technology suffers from different challenges, including sluggish oxygen reduction reaction and poor electron transfer from microbes to electrodes, ultimately leading to less power generation and desalination efficiency. This review delves into the intricate roles of both abiotic and biocatalysts in enhancing performance of MDCs through ion removal and charge transfer mechanisms. Detailed discussions highlight the comparative advantages and limitations of different catalyst types and insights into electrode modifications to optimise catalytic activity and biofilm formation. Further, recent advancements in electrode engineering, including surface coatings and integration of nanomaterial, geared towards enhancing efficiency of MDC and performance stability are discussed. Finally, future recommendations are provided, focusing on innovative catalyst designs, material integration, and considerations for scale-up and commercialisation, thereby offering a comprehensive roadmap for the continued advancement of MDC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Makarand M. Ghangrekar reports financial support was provided by Praj Industries Pvt. Ltd. Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Some studies have reported the removal of As (As) and fluoride (F - ) using different sacrificial anodes; however, they have been tested with a synthetic solution in a batch system without hydrated silica (SiO 2 ) interaction. Due to the above, concurrent removal of As, F - , and SiO 2 from natural deep well water was evaluated (initial concentration: 35.5 μg L -1 As, 1.1 mg L -1 F - , 147 mg L -1 SiO 2 , pH 8.6, and conductivity 1024 μS cm -1 ), by electrocoagulation (EC) process in continuous mode comparing three different configurations of sacrificial anodes (Al, Fe, and Al-Fe). EC was performed in a new reactor equipped with a small flow distributor and turbulence promoter at the entrance of the first channel to homogenize the flow. The best removal was found at j = 5 mA cm -2 and u = 1.3 cm s -1 , obtaining arsenic residual concentrations (C As ) of 1.33, 0.45, and 0.77 μg L -1 , fluoride residual concentration ( [Formula: see text] ) of 0.221, 0.495, and 0.622 mg L -1 , and hydrated silica residual concentration ( [Formula: see text] ) of 21, 34, and 56 mg L -1 , with costs of approximately 0.304, 0.198, and 0.228 USD m -3 for the Al, Fe and Al-Fe anodes, respectively. Al anode outperforms Fe and Al-Fe anodes in concurrently removing As, F - and SiO 2 . The residual concentrations of As and F - complied with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) (As < 10 μg L -1 and F -  < 1 mg L -1 ). The spectroscopic analyses of the Al, Fe, and Al-Fe aggregates showed the formation of aluminosilicates, iron oxyhydroxides and oxides, and calcium and sodium silicates involved in removing As, F - , and SiO 2 . It is concluded that Al would serve as the most suitable sacrificial anode., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) based on natural air diffusion electrode (NADE) promise efficient and affordable advanced oxidation water purification, but the sustainable operation of such reaction systems remains challenging due to severe cathode electrowetting. Herein, a novel floating cathode (FC) composed of a stable hydrophobic three-phase interface was established by designing a flexible catalytic layer of FC. This innovative electrode configuration could effectively prolong the service life of the cathode by mitigating the interference of H 2 bubbles from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the H 2 O 2 production rate reached 37.59 mg h -1 ·cm -2 and realize a long-term stable operation for 10 h. Additionally, an FC/carbon felt (CF) dual-cathode electro-Fenton system was constructed for in situ sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation. Efficient H 2 O 2 production on FC and Fe(III) reduction on CF were synchronously achieved, attaining excellent degradation efficiency for both SMX (ca. 100%) with 2.5 mg L -1 of Fe(Ⅱ) injection. For real wastewater, the COD removal of the FC/CF dual-cathode electro-Fenton system was stabilized at exceeding 75%. The practical application potential of the FC/CF dual-cathode electro-Fenton system was also demonstrated for the treatment of actual landfill leachate in continuous flow mode. This work provides a valuable path for constructing a sustainable dual-cathode electro-Fenton system for actual wastewater treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) synthesis by electrochemical two-electron oxygen reduction has garnered increasing interest as a wide range of potential applications. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) can effectively promote the H 2 O 2 production efficiency by overcoming the oxygen mass transfer limitations but strongly influenced by the electrowetting process along the long-term operation. In this study, the effect of trans-electrode pressure (TEP) of GDE cathode on the electrowetting process was further elucidated. We controlled the TEP values of four types of GDEs: two Ni-based GDEs and two carbon cloth GDEs prepared by hot-pressing or brushing carbon black. SBA-15 was further used to regulate the microstructure of one Ni-based GDE. It was found that an optimal range of TEP occurred for all tested GDEs in terms of the max. concentration, the yield efficiency, the energy consumption, and the stability because TEP may change the triple-phase interface and influence the anti-electrowetting effect. The porosity of hot-pressed Ni GDE can maintain the TEP window and thus enhance the production of H 2 O 2 , likely via creating oxygen-containing functional groups and a bimodal pore structure on the electrode, revealed with several characterization techniques including SEM, CA, XPS, Raman spectra, CV and EIS. The porous Ni GDE presented an efficient and stable production of H 2 O 2 for 10 cycles: yielding H 2 O 2 at 4393.2-4602.2 mmol m -2 h -1 with current efficiencies of 94.2-98.7%. The best accumulated H 2 O 2 concentration can reach up to 3.58 ωt% H 2 O 2 at 10 h. The results provide an important reference for the industrial scaleup of electro-production of H 2 O 2 with GDEs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Veterinary antibiotics have become an emerging pollutant in water and wastewater sources due to excess usage, toxicity and resistance to traditional water and wastewater treatment. The present study explored the degradation of a model antibiotic- Florfenicol (FF) using electrochemical oxidation (EO) with Ti-RuO 2 /IrO 2 anode. The anode material was characterized using SEM-EDS studies expressing stable structure and optimal interaction of the neighboring metal oxides with each other. The EDS results showed the presence of Ru, Ir, Ti, O and C elements with 6.44%, 2.57%, 9.61%, 52.74% and 28.64% atomic weight percentages, respectively. Optimization studies revealed pH 5, 30 mA cm -2 current density and 0.05 M Na 2 SO 4 for 5 mg L -1 FF achieved 90% TOC removal within 360 min treatment time. The degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics. LC-Q-TOF-MS studies revealed six predominant byproducts illustrating hydroxylation, deflourination, and dechlorination to be the major degradation mechanisms during the electrochemical oxidation of FF. Ion chromatography studies revealed an increase in Cl - , F - and NO 3 - ions as treatment time progressed with Cl - decreasing after the initial phase of the treatment. Toxicity studies using Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo showed the treated sample to be toxic inducing developmental disorders such as pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, spinal curvature and tail malformation at 96 h post fertilization (hpf). Compared to control, delayed hatching and coagulation were observed in treated embryos. Overall, this study sets the stage for understanding the effect of mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes on the degradation of veterinary antibiotic-polluted water and wastewater sources using electrochemical oxidation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Increasing multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbial around the world become a global problem, making it imperative to develop effective methods for bacterial inactivation in wastewater. In this study, we propose a multifunctional photoelectrochemical (PEC) system to successfully disinfect microbial cells and degrade orange (II) dyes. CoO x NP were synthesized by spin-coating onto hydrothermally synthesized TiO 2 nanorod arrays followed by electrodeposited NiFe-LDH to develop the NiFe-LDH/CoO x NP-TiO 2 NRs. Interestingly, spin-coated CoO x NP-TiO 2 NRs exhibited a 1.5-fold enhancement in photocurrent (1.384 mA/cm 2 ) than pristine TiO 2 NRs (0.92 mA/cm 2 ). A NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) cocatalysts layer further exhibits the maximum photocurrent density of 1.64 mA/cm 2 with IPCE of 84.5% at 1.0 V Ag/AgCl at 380 nm. Furthermore, NiFe-LDH/CoO x -TiO 2 NR photoanodes were effectually employed for photoelectrochemical bacteria disinfection and organic pollutant removals. With NiFe-LDH/CoO x -TiO 2 NR, 99% (120 min) bacterial inactivation and 99% (60 min) orange II dye decomposition efficiency was achieved. Superoxide radicals ( - O 2 • ), hydroxyl radicals (HO•), and holes (h + ) played a critical role in the PEC degradation systems. Due to the synergy between NiFe-LDH cocatalyst and CoO x interlayer, surface water oxidation reactions were accelerated over NiFe-LDH/CoO x NP-TiO 2 NRs. The charge transport process in NiFe-LDH/CoO x NP-TiO 2 NRs photoanode-based PEC system was proposed in detail., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Dimethyl 2-[2-(1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)hydrazinylidene]butanedioate (DIHB) and 8-(3-chlorophenyl)-2,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3,4-dione (HDIT) are promising candidates for anticancer agents, the first analytical procedures of which are presented in this paper. The commercially available unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used as a sensor for the individual and simultaneous differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) determination of these possible anticancer drugs. The findings concerning the electrochemical behaviour indicated that DIHB and HDIT display at GCE, as a sensor, the oxidation peaks at 1.18 and 0.98 V, respectively (vs. Ag/AgCl, 3.0 mol L -1 KCl) in the 0.125 mol L -1 acetate buffer of pH = 4.5, which were employed for their quantification. Various experimental parameters were carefully investigated, to achieve high sensitivity in voltammetric measurements. Finally, under the optimised conditions (t of 60 s, ΔE A of 75 mV, ν of 225 mV s -1 , and t m of 2 ms), the proposed DPV procedure with the GCE demonstrated broad linear sensing ranges (1-200 nmol L -1 -DIHB and 5-200 nmol L -1 -HDIT), boasting the detection limits of 0.18 nmol L -1 for DIHB and 1.1 nmol L -1 for HDIT. Moreover, the developed procedure was distinguished by good selectivity, repeatability of DIHB and HDIT signals and sensor reproducibility. The practical application of this method was demonstrated by analysing the urine reference material without any prior treatment. The results showed that this environmentally friendly approach, with a modification-free sensor, is suitable for the sensitive, selective and rapid quantification of DIHB and HDIT., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Non-invasive continuous health monitoring has become feasible with the advancement of biosensors. While monitoring certain biomarkers such as heart rate or skin temperature are now at a certain maturity, monitoring molecular biomarkers is still challenging. Progress has been shown in sampling, measurement, and interpretation of data toward non-invasive molecular sensors that can be integrated into daily wearable items. Toward this goal, this paper explores the potential of embroidered interdigitated transducer (IDT)-based sensors for non-invasive, continuous monitoring of human biomarkers, particularly glucose levels, in human sweat. The study employs innovative embroidery techniques to create flexible fabric-based sensors with gold-coated IDTs. In controlled experiments, we have shown the variation of glucose concentration in water can be wirelessly detected by tracking the resonant frequency of the embroidered sensors. The current sensors operate at 1.8 GHz to 2 GHz and respond to the change in glucose concentration with a sensitivity of 0.17 MHz/(mg/dL). The embroidered IDT-based sensors with wireless sensing will be a new measurement modality for molecular wearable sensors. The establishment of a wireless sensing mechanism for embroidered IDT-based sensors will be followed by an investigation of sweat for molecular detection. This will require adding functionalities for sampling and interpretation of acquired data. We envisage the embroidered IDT-based sensors offer a unique approach for seamless integration into clothing, paving the way for personalised, continuous health data capture.

The abuse and uncontrolled discharge of antibiotics present a severe threat to environment and human health, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable treatment technology. In this work, we employ a facile one-step electrodeposition method to prepare polyaniline/graphite oxide (PANI/GO) and samarium (Sm) co-modified Ti/PbO 2 (Ti/PbO 2 -PANI/GO-Sm) electrode for the degradation of amoxicillin (AMX). Compared with traditional Ti/PbO 2 electrode, Ti/PbO 2 -PANI/GO-Sm electrode exhibits more excellent oxygen evolution potential (2.63 V) and longer service life (56 h). In degradation experiment, under optimized conditions (50 mg L -1 AMX, 20 mA cm -2 , pH 3, 0.050 M Na 2 SO 4 , 25 °C), Ti/PbO 2 -PANI/GO-Sm electrode achieves remarkable removal efficiencies of 88.76% for AMX and 79.92% for chemical oxygen demand at 90 min. In addition, trapping experiment confirms that ·OH plays a major role in the degradation process. Based on theoretical calculation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer results, the heterocyclic portion of AMX molecule is more susceptible to ·OH attacks. Thus, this novel electrode offers a sustainable and efficient solution to address environmental challenges posed by antibiotic-contaminated wastewater., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The accelerating environmental impact of the textile industry, especially in water management, requires efficient wastewater treatment strategies. This study examines the effectiveness of various electrode pairs in the Electrocoagulation (EC) process for treating textile wastewater, focusing on removing of Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). A comprehensive analysis was conducted using thirty-six electrode pair combinations, consisting of six materials: Aluminium (Al), Zinc (Zn), Carbon (C), Copper (Cu), Mild Steel (MS), and Stainless Steel (SS). The results demonstrated that different electrode pairs yielded varying removal efficiencies for various pollutants, with the highest efficiencies being 92.09% for COD (Al-C pair), 99.66% for TSS (Al-Cu pair), 99.17% for turbidity (Al-MS pair), and 70.99% for TOC (SS-SS pair). However, no single electrode pair excelled in removing all pollutant categories. To address this, three Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods such as TOPSIS, VIKOR, and PROMETHEE II were used to assess the most effective electrode pair. The results indicated that the Al-Zn combination was the most efficient, exhibiting high removal efficiencies for various pollutants (99.32% for TSS, 98.88% for turbidity, 68.62% for COD, and 57.96% for TOC). This study demonstrates that the EC process can effectively treat textile effluent and emphasizes the importance of selecting suitable electrode materials. Furthermore, pollutant removal was optimal with the Al-Zn electrode pair, offering a balanced and efficient approach to textile wastewater treatment. Thus, MCDM methods offer a robust framework for assessing and optimizing electrode selection, providing valuable insights for sustainable environmental management practices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Nitrate reduction in bio-electrochemical systems (BESs) has attracted wide attention due to its low sludge yields and cost-efficiency advantages. However, the high resistance of traditional electrodes is considered to limit the denitrification performance of BESs. Herein, a new graphene/polypyrrole (rGO/PPy) modified electrode is fabricated via one-step electrodeposition and used as cathode in BES for improving nitrate removal from wastewater. The formation and morphological results support the successful formation of rGO/PPy nanohybrids and confirm the part covalent bonding of Py into GO honeycomb lattices to form a three-dimensional cross-linked spatial structure. The electrochemical tests indicate that the rGO/PPy electrode outperforms the unmodified electrode due to the 3.9-fold increase in electrochemical active surface area and 6.9-fold decrease in the charge transfer resistance (R ct ). Batch denitrification activity tests demonstrate that the BES equipped with modified rGO/PPy biocathode could not only achieve the full denitrification efficiency of 100% with energy recovery (15.9 × 10 -2  ± 0.14 A/m 2 ), but also favor microbial attach and growth with improved biocompatible surface. This work provides a feasible electrochemical route to fabricate and design a high-performance bioelectrode to enhance denitrification in BESs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This paper presents the synthesis of visible light-responsive ternary nanocomposites composed of cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O), tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ), and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) with varying weight percentages (wt.%) of the Cu 2 O. The resulting Cu 2 O/WO 3 /TiO 2 (CWT) nanocomposites exhibited band gap energy ranging from 2.35 to 2.90 eV. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies confirmed a reduced recombination rate of photoexcited charge carriers in the CWT nanocomposites, facilitated by a direct Z-scheme heterojunction. The 0.50CWT nanocomposite demonstrated superior photodegradation activity (2.29 × 10 -2  min -1 ) against Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye under visible light activation. Furthermore, the 0.50CWT nanocomposite exhibited excellent stability with 80.51% RB5 photodegradation retention after five cycles. The 0.50CWT electrode achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 66.32 F/g at 10 mA/g current density, with a capacitance retention of 95.17% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles, affirming its stable and efficient supercapacitor performance. This was supported by well-defined peaks in cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves, indicating pseudocapacitive properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Indoor formaldehyde poses a significant carcinogenic risk to human health, making its removal imperative. Electro-Fenton degradation has emerged as a promising technology for addressing this concern. In the electro-Fenton system, ·OH is identified as the primary active species responsible for formaldehyde removal. Hence, its generation and utilization are pivotal for the system's effectiveness and economy. Experimental and quantum chemical methods were employed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of nitrogen doping on various aspects influencing ·OH generation and utilization. Results indicate that nitrogen doping synergistically enhances the generation and utilization of ·OH, leading to an improved formaldehyde removal efficiency in nitrogen-doped cathodic systems. The dominant nitrogen type influencing ·OH generation and utilization varies across different stages. Pyridinic nitrogen facilitates H 2 O 2 adsorption through hydrogen bonding, while pyrrolic and graphitic nitrogen contribute to formaldehyde adsorption and catalyze the conversion of H 2 O 2 to ·OH. Both pyridinic nitrogen and pyrrolic nitrogen boost the degradation of formaldehyde by ·OH. In comparison to the unmodified system, the modified system with NAC-GF/700C as cathode exhibits remarkable improvements. The formaldehyde removal efficiency has increased twofold, and energy consumption reduced by 73.45%. Furthermore, the system demonstrates excellent cyclic stability. These advancements can be attributed to the activation temperature, which leads to the appropriate types and high content of nitrogen elements in NAC-GF/700C. The research represents an important step towards more economical and efficient electro-Fenton technology for indoor formaldehyde removal., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The sensing modified electrode was prepared using glucose oxidase immobilized onto vanadium pentoxide xerogel with glass/FTO as support electrode to evaluate the possibility to construct a V 2 O 5 /GOx Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor biosensor. Previously, our studies exhibited a sensitivity of V 2 O 5 of 58.1 mV/pH. The use of Nafion® onto V 2 O 5 /GOx caused a decrease of mass loss after several cycles compared to the modified electrode without Nafion® during the EQCM and cyclic voltammetrics studies. Electrical characterization of V 2 O 5 /GOx demonstrated a tendency to stability after 200 s as a function of applied current. In presence of glucose and in different pH, the current decreased when the glucose concentration increased due to the lower active sites of enzyme. After ten voltammetric cycles, the total charge tends to structural stability. In pH = 5.0, the modified electrode based on V 2 O 5 /GOx Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor presented more tendency to sensitivity in different concentration of glucose., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Rapid and sensitive analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) is essential for preventing health risks to humans and animals. Hence, a signal-amplified electrochemical aptasensor without repetitive polishing and modification of working electrode was developed for BPA using Au-decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide (Au/MrGO)-based recognition probe (RP) and DNA nanospheres (DNS)-based signal probe (SP) cooperative signal amplification. The DNS served as a signal molecule carrier and signal amplifier, while Au/MrGO acted as a signal amplifier and excellent medium for magnetic adsorption and separation. Moreover, utilizing the excellent magnetic properties of Au/MrGO eliminates the need for repetitive polishing and multi-step direct modification of the working electrode while ensuring that all detection processes take place in solution and that used Au/MrGO can be easily recycled. The proposed aptasensor exhibited not only good stability and selectivity, but also excellent sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.13 fg/mL (S/N = 3). The aptasensor's practicality was proven by spiking recovery tests on actual water samples and comparing the results with those detected by HPLC. The excellent sensitivity and selectivity make this aptasensor an alternative and promising avenue for rapid detection of BPA in environmental monitoring., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The widespread use of antibiotics and the inefficiency of traditional degradation treatments pose threats to the environment and human health. Previous studies have reported the potential of bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) processes for antibiotic removal. However, some drawbacks, such as a strict pH range of 2-3 and iron sludge generation, limit their large-scale application. Thus, to overcome the narrow pH range of traditional BEF processes, a photo-BEF (PBEF) system was established using a novel FeMn-layered double hydroxide (LDH)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) (FM/CN) composite cathode. The performance of the PBEF system was investigated by degrading tetracycline (TC) under low-power LED lamp irradiation. The results indicated that the pH range of the PBEF system could be expanded to 3-11 using an FM/CN cathode, which exhibited a TC removal efficiency of 63.0%-75.9%. The highest TC removal efficiency was achieved at pH 7. The efficient mineralization of TC by the PBEF system can be high, up to 67.6%. In addition, the TC removal mechanism was discussed in terms of reactive oxygen species, TC degradation intermediate analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Strong oxidative hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were the dominant reactive oxidizing species in the PBEF system, followed by ·O 2 - and h + . Three pathways of TC degradation were proposed based on the analysis of intermediates, and the reactive sites attacked by electrophilic reagents were explored using DFT modeling. In addition, the overall toxicity of TC degradation intermediates effectively decreased in the PBEF system. This work offers deep insights into the TC removal mechanisms and performance of the PBEF system over a wide pH range of 3-11., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this work, we report a supercapacitor electrode material based on nano-flower like cobalt molybdate decorated on porous activated carbon derived from waste onion peels (β-CoMoO 4 -POAC). The obtained POAC exhibits highly porous structure and after the hydrothermal treatment with salts of cobalt and molybdenum, we observed a uniform distribution of β-cobalt molybdate (β-CoMoO 4 ) as nano-flowers on the surface of POAC. The chemical composition, morphology and porosity of the materials were thoroughly analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area measurement. Due to its flower like and highly porous morphology, β-CoMoO 4 @POAC exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1110.72 F/g at a current density of 1 mA/cm 2 with superior cyclic retention of 96.03% after 2000 cycles. The best electrochemical performance exhibited by β-CoMoO 4 @POAC is mainly due to its high surface area and porous nature of the material which assists in active transport of ions. This study reveals the exceptional electrochemical properties of β-CoMoO 4 @POAC which could be considered as a potential material for advanced energy storage devices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Electro-fermentation (EF) has been extensively studied for recovering hydrogen and phosphorus from waste activated sludge (WAS), while was limited for the further application due to the low hydrogen yield and phosphorus recovery efficiency. This study proposed an efficient strategy for hydrogen and vivianite recovery from the simulated sludge fermentation liquid by sacrificial iron anode in EF. The optimum hydrogen productivity and the utilization efficiency of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) reached 45.2 mmol/g COD and 77.6% at 5 d in pH 8. Phosphate removal efficiency achieved at 90.8% at 2 d and the high crystallinity and weight percentage of vivianite (84.8%) was obtained. The functional microbes, i.e., anaerobic fermentative bacteria, electrochemical active bacteria, homo-acetogens and iron-reducing bacteria were highly enriched and the inherent interaction between the microbial consortia and environmental variables was thoroughly explored. This work may provide a theoretical basis for energy/resource recovery from WAS in the further implementation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Acetaminophen (AC) can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in the body, and has antipyretic and analgesic effects. In this paper, a two-step microwave impregnation method was used to prepare anthraquinone (AQ)-doped carbon composite, which were applied to the surface modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) for the determination of acetaminophen (AC) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that anthraquinone was successfully modified on the surface of activated carbon. The peak current of AC increased with its concentration in the range of 0.1 μM to 700 μM (R 2  = 0.998) and a detection limit of 0.05 μM was obtained with 20%AQ doped carbon electrochemical sensor (20%AQ-C/GCE). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test results indicated that the charge transfer resistance (R ct ) of 20%AQ-C/GCE is only the one-fourth of that of bare GCE. The proposed 20%AQ-C/GCE sensor has good stability, reproducibility and selectivity for the detection of AC. The sensor is also suitable for the detection of real samples, indicating its good practicality., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.)

Dissolve organic matters (DOM) usually showed negative effect on the removal of inorganic arsenic (As) in groundwater by electrochemical approaches, yet which parts of sub-component within DOM played the role was lack of evidence. Herein, we investigated the effects of land-source humic-like acid (HA) on groundwater As(III) removal using air cathode iron electrocoagulation, based on the parallel factor analysis of three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix and statistical methods. Our results showed that the land-source HA contained five kinds of components and all components presented significantly negative correlations with the removal of both As(III) and As(V). However, the high aromatic fulvic-like acid and low aromatic humic-like acid components of land-source HA presented the opposite correlations with the concentration of As(III) during the reaction. The high aromaticity fulvic-like components of land-source HA (Sigma-Aldrich HA, SAHA) produced during the reaction facilitated the oxidation of As(III) due to its high electron transfer capacities and good solubility in wide pH range, but the low aromaticity humic-like ones worked against the oxidation of As(III). Our findings offered the novel insights for the flexible activities of DOM in electron Fenton system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Metallic electrodes are widely used in many applications, the analysis of their frequency-domain behavior is an important subject, particularly in applications related to earthing/grounding systems, from dc up into the MHz range. In this paper, a numerical evaluation of the frequency-dependent complex impedance of the hemispherical ground electrode is implemented. A closed-form solution for non-zero frequencies is still a difficult task to achieve as evidenced in a previous paper dedicated to the subject and, therefore, numerical approaches should be an alternative option. The aim of this article is to present a solution based on a numerical method using finite element analysis. In typical commercial FE tools, electric currents exhibit azimuthal orientation and, as such, the magnetic field has a null azimuthal component but non-null axial and radial components. On the contrary, a dual problem is considered in this work, with a purely azimuthal magnetic field. To overcome the difficulty of directly using a commercial FE tool, a novel formulation is developed. An innovative 2D formulation, the ι-form, is developed as a modification of the H-formulation applied to axisymmetric magnetic field problems. The results are validated using a classical 3D H-formulation; comparisons showed very good agreement. The electrode complex impedance is analyzed considering two different cases. Firstly, the grounding system is constituted by a hemispherical electrode surrounded by a remote concentric electrode; in the second case, the grounding system is constituted by two identical thin hemispherical electrodes. Computed results are presented and discussed, showing how the grounding impedance depends on the frequency and, also, on the radius of the remote concentric electrode (first case) or on the distance between the two hemispherical electrodes (second case). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of renewable energy sources is geographically limited. In the process of long-distance transmission, the direct current flowing from a ground electrode into the ground will cause a higher step voltage, which will bring serious security risks to the surrounding industry and life. Accurate calculation of the complex soil electrical model around the grounding electrode is crucial for site selection. Existing simulation software like CDEGS results in significant errors, particularly in complex karst topography. Therefore, constructing a finite element model that accurately reflects the characteristics of geotechnical soil near the DC grounding electrode is an essential but unresolved problem. This paper establishes a soil electrical model for karst topography and explores the impact of cave-type caverns and underground rivers on the step voltage distribution of DC grounding electrodes. These research findings can guide the site selection of DC transmission projects in karst topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electro-Fenton (EF) based on gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) reveals promising application prospective towards recalcitrant organics degradation because such GDEs often yields superior H 2 O 2 generation efficiency and selectivity. However, the low efficiency of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ cycle with GDEs is always considered to be the limiting step for the EF process. In this study, activated carbon fiber (ACF) was firstly employed as co-catalyst to facilitate the performance of antibiotic cefaclor (CEC) decomposition in EF process. It was found that the addition of ACF co-catalyst achieved a rapid Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ cycling, which significantly enhanced Fenton's reaction and hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) generation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that the functional groups on ACF surface are related to the conversion of Fe 3+ into Fe 2+ . Moreover, DMSO probing experiment confirmed the enhanced • OH production in EF + ACF system compared to conventional EF system. When inactive BDD and Ti 4 O 7 /Ti anodes were paired to EF system, the addition of ACF could significantly improve mineralization degree. However, a large amount of toxic byproducts, including chlorate (ClO 3 - ) and perchlorate (ClO 4 - ), were generated in these EF processes, especially for BDD anode, due to their robust oxidation capacity. Higher mineralization efficiency and less toxic ClO 4 - generation were obtained in the EF + ACF process with Ti 4 O 7 /Ti anode. This presents a novel alternative for efficient chloride-containing organic removal during wastewater remediation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Transition-metal-oxide@heteroatom doped porous carbon composites have attracted considerable research interest because of their large theoretical adsorption capacity, excellent electrical conductivity and well-developed pore structure. Herein, Mn 3 O 4 -loaded phosphorus-doped porous carbon composites (Mn 3 O 4 @PC-900) were designed and fabricated for the electrosorption of La 3+ in aqueous solutions. Due to the synergistic effect between Mn 3 O 4 and PC-900, and the active sites provided by Mn-O-Mn, C/PO, C-P-O and Mn-OH, Mn 3 O 4 @PC-900 exhibits high electrosorption performance. The electrosorption value of Mn 3 O 4 @PC-900 was 45.34% higher than that of PC-900, reaching 93.02 mg g -1 . Moreover, the adsorption selectivity reached 87.93% and 89.27% in La 3+ /Ca 2+ and La 3+ /Na + coexistence system, respectively. After 15 adsorption-desorption cycles, its adsorption capacity and retention rate were 50.34 mg g -1 and 54.12%, respectively. The electrosorption process is that La 3+ first accesses the pores of Mn 3 O 4 @PC-900 to generate an electric double layer (EDL), and then undergoes further Faradaic reaction with Mn 3 O 4 and phosphorus-containing functional groups through intercalation, surface adsorption and complexation. This work is hoped to offer a new idea for exploring transition-metal-oxide @ heteroatom doped porous carbon composites for separation and recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) by capacitive deionization., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Zinc sulfide/graphitic Carbon Nitride binary nanosheets were synthesized by using a novel sonochemical pathway with high electrocatalytic ability. The as- obtained samples were characterized by various analytical methods such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to evaluate the properties of ZnS@CNS synthesized by this new route. Subsequently, the electrical and electrochemical performance of the proposed electrodes were characterized by using EIS and CV to establish an electroactive ability of the nanocomposites. The complete properties like structural and physical of ZnS@CNS were analyzed. As-prepared binary nanocomposite was applied towards the detection of anticancer drug (flutamide) by various electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry. The glassy carbon electrode modified with a ZnS@CNS composite demonstrates a remarkable electrocatalytic efficiency for detecting flutamide in a pH 7.0 (PBS). The composite modified electrode shows synergistic effect of ZnS and CNS catalyst. The electrochemical sensing performance of the linear range was improved significantly due to high electroactive sites and rapid electron transport pathways. Crucially, the electrochemical method was successfully demonstrated in biological fluids which reveals its potential real-time applicability in the analysis of drug., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hydrometallurgy is a primary method for recovering cathode electrode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Most of the current research materials are pure cathode electrode materials obtained through manual disassembly. However, the spent LIBs are typically broken as a whole during the actual industrial recycling which makes the electrode materials combined with the collector fluid. Therefore, the competitive leaching between metal collector fluid and electrode material was examined. The pyrolysis characteristics of the electrode materials were analyzed to determine the pyrolysis temperature. The electrode sheet was pyrolyzed and then crushed for competitive leaching. The effect of pyrolysis was analyzed by XPS. The competitive leaching behavior was studied based on leaching agent concentration, leaching time and leaching temperature. The composition and morphology of the residue were determined to prove the competitive leaching results by XRD-SEM. TG results showed that 500 °C was the suitable pyrolysis temperature. XPS analysis demonstrated that pyrolysis can completely remove PVDF. Li and Co were preferentially leached during the competitive leaching while the leaching rates were 90.10% and 93.40% with 50 min leaching at 70 °C. The Al and Cu had weak competitive leachability and the leaching rate was 29.10% and 0.00%. XRD-SEM analysis showed that Li and Co can be fully leached with residual Al and Cu remaining. The results showed that the mixed leaching of electrode materials is feasible based on its excellent selective leaching properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Ceftazidime (CAZ) is an emerging organic pollutant with a long-lasting presence in the environment. Although some PbO 2 materials exhibit degradation capabilities, inefficient electron transport in the substrate layer and the problem of electrode stability still limit their use. Here, an interfacial design in which TiO 2 nanotube arrays generate Ti 3+ self-doping oxide substrate layers and highly active 3D Sb-SnO 2 nanoflowers-like interlayers was used to prepare PbO 2 anodes for efficient degradation of CAZ. Interestingly, after implementing Ti 3+ self-doping in the PbO 2 anode base layer and introducing 3D nanoflowers-like structures, the capacity for •OH generation increased significantly. The modified electrode exhibited 5-fold greater •OH generation capacity compared to the unmodified electrode, and a 2.7-fold longer accelerated electrode lifetime. The results indicate that interfacial engineering of the base and intermediate layers of the electrodes can improve the electron transfer efficiency, promote the formation of •OH, and extend the anode lifetime of the activated CAZ system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)