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Lactate is a glycolysis end product, and its levels are markedly associated with disease severity, morbidity, and mortality in sepsis. It modulates key functions of immune cells, including macrophages. In this investigation, transcriptomic analysis was performed using lactic acid, sodium lactate, and hydrochloric acid-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDM), respectively, to identify lactate-associated signaling pathways. After 24 h of stimulation, 896 differentially expressed genes (DEG) indicated were up-regulation, whereas 792 were down-regulated in the lactic acid group, in the sodium lactate group, 128 DEG were up-regulated, and 41 were down-regulated, and in the hydrochloric acid group, 499 DEG were up-regulated, and 285 were down-regulated. Subsequently, clinical samples were used to further verify the eight genes with significant differences, among which Tssk6, Ypel4, Elovl3, Trp53inp1, and Cfp were differentially expressed in patients with high lactic acid, indicating their possible involvement in lactic acid-induced inflammation and various physiological diseases caused by sepsis. However, elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 3 (Elovl3) was negatively correlated with lactic acid content in patients. The results of this study provide a necessary reference for better understanding the transcriptomic changes caused by lactic acid and explain the potential role of high lactic acid in the regulation of macrophages in sepsis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

• A common carbon nitride delivers great 2eORR activity for H 2 O 2 production in presence of lactic acid as sacrificial agent. • Pyruvic acid is simultaneously produced from selective dehydrogenation of lactic acid. • Other hydroxycarboxylic acids are selectively dehydrogenated into corresponding aldehydic or keto acids. • In-depth experimental and theoretical investigations reveal the detailed reaction mechanism. Photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production is emerging as an alternative technology to contribute H 2 O 2 -based advanced oxidation applications. However, the present reaction systems rarely consider the selective oxidation of sacrificial agent along with oxygen reduction reaction. Herein, we design a reaction system by using hydroxycarboxylic acids as additives to boost photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. More importantly, hydroxycarboxylic acids could simultaneously be dehydrogenated into aldehydic/keto acids with high selectivity. Lactic acid as one of the typical hydroxycarboxylic acids reveals the feasibility of this hypothesis, delivering 6.56 mM/h of H 2 O 2 generation along with > 70 % pyruvic acid selectivity. The universality of this reaction system is demonstrated by using other hydroxycarboxylic acids. This works sheds new light on coupling H 2 O 2 generation with value-added chemicals production by mild photocatalytic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Photorefining of biomass is increasingly recognized as a pivotal technology for the simultaneous production of hydrogen and value-added chemicals. The intrinsic recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass puts high demands on the rational design of bifunctional photocatalyst. Herein, Ni 2 P/CdS with a strong interfacial effect in this work was designed to overcome lignocellulosic biomass photorefining. The strong interfacial effect between Ni 2 P and CdS not only improved the light absorbance, but also optimized the spatial redistribution of photogenerated electrons and holes. Therefore, Ni 2 P/CdS exhibited an unprecedented H 2 evolution activity (ca. 199.7 mmol·h−1·g−1) in the presence of lactic acid as the traditional sacrificial agent. Considerable H 2 generation was also achieved in the presence of lignin (ca. 322.8 μmol·h−1·g−1), cellulose (ca. 534.3 μmol·h−1·g−1) and hemicellulose (ca. 382.2 μmol·h−1·g−1) as the electron donor respectively. Theoretical calculation results indicated that establishing the interfacial effect between Ni 2 P and CdS optimized their work functions. This optimization fosters improved the redistribution between electrons and holes, as a result, photocatalytic hydrogen production from biomass solution was greatly enhanced. Significantly, Ni 2 P/CdS showed dual functionalities to produce H 2 and value-added compounds from raw biomass directly. This present work demonstrates the potential of raw biomass photorefining through astutely designing photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]