Hanif, Muhammad Farhan, Naveed, Muhammad Sabir, Metwaly, Mohamed, Si, Jicang, Liu, Xiangtao, and Mi, Jianchun
In the evolving field of solar energy, precise forecasting of Solar Irradiance (SI) stands as a pivotal challenge for the optimization of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Addressing the inadequacies in current forecasting techniques, we introduced advanced machine learning models, namely the Rectified Linear Unit Activation with Adaptive Moment Estimation Neural Network (RELAD-ANN) and the Linear Support Vector Machine with Individual Parameter Features (LSIPF). These models broke new ground by striking an unprecedented balance between computational efficiency and predictive accuracy, specifically engineered to overcome common pitfalls such as overfitting and data inconsistency. The RELAD-ANN model, with its multi-layer architecture, sets a new standard in detecting the nuanced dynamics between SI and meteorological variables. By integrating sophisticated regression methods like Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Lightweight Gradient Boosting Machines (Light GBM), our results illuminated the intricate relationship between SI and its influencing factors, marking a novel contribution to the domain of solar energy forecasting. With an R2 of 0.935, MAE of 8.20, and MAPE of 3.48%, the model outshone other models, signifying its potential for accurate and reliable SI forecasting, when compared with existing models like Multi-Layer Perceptron, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Multilayer-LSTM, Gated Recurrent Unit, and 1-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network, while the LSIPF model showed limitations in its predictive ability. Light GBM emerged as a robust approach in evaluating environmental influences on SI, outperforming the SVR model. Our findings contributed significantly to the optimization of solar energy systems and could be applied globally, offering a promising direction for renewable energy management and real-time forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]