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The Ca2+/Mg2+/Zr4+-substituted Gd3Ga5O12 (SGGG) crystal is widely used as magneto-optical substrate, such as preparation of YIG series thin films by liquid phase epitaxy. Adaptation of the two is the most common problem in substrate applications. It’s important to summarize the behavior of growth for SGGG. In this work, we thoroughly investigated various physical parameters from different positions, lattice constants, quality and dislocations, all of which are crucial factors for the substrate. For this purpose, the SGGG crystal was grown by Czochralski (Cz) method with chemical formula of Ca0.47Gd2.53Mg0.20Zr0.76Ga3.94O12. These results serve as a reference to guide the growth process. For laser host materials, the hardness and the phonon energy are vital parameters. The Mohs hardness is 6.86, and the fitted Meyer index is about 2.05, suggesting that the SGGG single crystal exhibits relatively strong bruise resistance. The maximal phonon energy is 728 cm−1, according to the Raman spectrum, meaning that a relatively low thermal radiation from acoustic vibration. Furthermore, the energy gap is 3.30 eV, which can provide guidance on research in electronic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoreactive CD4 + T helper cells are critical players that orchestrate the immune response both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in other neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases. Ubiquitination is a posttranslational protein modification involved in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including CD4 + T cell differentiation and function. However, only a limited number of E3 ubiquitin ligases have been characterized in terms of their biological functions, particularly in CD4 + T cell differentiation and function. In this study, we found that the RING finger protein 213 (RNF213) specifically promoted regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation in CD4 + T cells and attenuated autoimmune disease development in an FOXO1-dependent manner. Mechanistically, RNF213 interacts with Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) and promotes nuclear translocation of FOXO1 by K63-linked ubiquitination. Notably, RNF213 expression in CD4 + T cells was induced by IFN-β and exerts a crucial role in the therapeutic efficacy of IFN-β for MS. Together, our study findings collectively emphasize the pivotal role of RNF213 in modulating adaptive immune responses. RNF213 holds potential as a promising therapeutic target for addressing disorders associated with Treg cells., (© 2024. The Author(s).)