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Urbanization and the release of carbon emission are two significant features of contemporary economic and social progress in China. However, there are few studies that consider how urbanization policy goals affect carbon emission. This paper aims to study the nonlinear effects of urbanization policy goals on carbon emission in 13 cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. In this paper, a multi-dimensional spatial disturbance grey model is proposed. Based on matrix perturbation theory, this paper explores the spatial perturbation bounds of the novel model and verifies that the spatial property of the model is consistent with the viewpoint of the First Law of Geography. Then, the novel model is used to predict the urban carbon emission under different urbanization policy goal scenarios. The results showed that the novel model has spatial regional correlation in spatial region prediction. With the development of urbanization level, carbon emissions show a downward trend in more than 50% of cities from 2022 to 2025. In addition, the improvement of urbanization policy goals will promote the carbon peak time of most cities. The carbon emission intensity will exhibit an inverted U-shaped trend distribution in space. The research results are conducive to providing scientific guidance for the formulation of new-type urbanization policies and helping to achieve the dual carbon goals. • A multi-dimensional spatial disturbance grey model is proposed. • The novel grey model is consistent with the viewpoint of the First Law of Geography. • The spatial distribution of carbon intensity showed an inverted U-shaped pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcareous interbeds control the migration of oil and water in marine strata. However, in China, the origins of such calcareous interbeds have not been investigated in detail. In this paper, we present a study of calcareous interbeds in marine strata of the Zhujiang Formation in the Wenchang Oil Field, which is located in the southeast of Hainan Province, China. The lithological characteristics, types and features of diagenesis, and formation of the calcareous interbeds were investigated using core, thin-section, scanning electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence observations, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope data. The calcareous interbeds consist of mixed sediments, which are dominated by bioclastic limestones containing terrigenous clasts, along with subordinate calcareous sandstone. The interbeds are densely cemented. The bioclasts are dominantly brachiopods, pleopods, and foraminifera, with minor amounts of echinodermata, bivalves, red algae, ostracods, and bryozoa. Diagenesis involved calcitic cementation, associated with relatively weak compaction. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data indicate the pore water that formed the carbonate cement was mostly sourced from seawater and minor amounts of meteoric water. The degree of carbonate cementation was significantly related to the bioclast content. On the basis of our study, a genetic model for the macroscopic and microscopic formation of calcareous interbeds is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality will be important policies to constrain China's economic and social development in the future. Based on the theory of computable general equilibrium, CGE model of carbon emission was constructed in this paper to simulate the influence of different scenarios of carbon emission reduction on economic and social development. The major contribution is to subdivide the energy sector according to primary energy and secondary energy, and construct the macro SAM table and micro SAM table of 21 energy sectors in 2017 to quantitatively simulate the impact of carbon emission reduction policies on China's economy and society, and put forward some policy suggestions based on this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance is a financial innovation that directs capital allocation towards green industries. How will this affect regional carbon emissions? Based on the data on green finance and carbon emissions of 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2019, this paper employs a multivariate linear regression model and a spatial econometric model to empirically study the impact of green finance on carbon emissions. The results find that (1) green finance significantly reduces provincial carbon emissions, specifically through promoting a cleaner energy structure and an advanced industrial structure, as well as improving the quality of green innovation. (2) Heterogeneity exists between regions. In eastern regions and areas characterized by high levels of marketization and minimal fiscal pressure, the role of green finance in promoting provincial carbon emission reduction is more pronounced. (3) Spatial econometric analysis found that green finance has a significant spatial spillover effect on carbon reduction in adjacent regions. Specifically, the flow of green resources and green ideas between provinces facilitates the formation of regional radiation, while green competition generates a siphon effect on neighboring regions. These findings provide some meaningful policy implications to achieve China's dual-carbon goal by promoting green finance. • Green finance has significantly reduced China's provincial carbon emissions. • The upgrading of energy structure and industrial structure is a positive channel to reduce carbon emissions. • Green innovation strengthens the carbon reduction effect of green finance, but reveals the potential "greenwashing". • Green finance has a significant spatial spillover effect on carbon reduction in adjacent regions. • Policymakers should develop flexible, dynamic and coordinated green finance development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The bitumen in wall rocks and the Danzhai paleo-oil reservoir both originate from the Lower Cambrian source rock. • The paleo-oil reservoir and the ore sulfur both derive from seawater sulfate in the strata. The metallogenic metals are mainly sourced from the underlying strata and basement. • Bitumen Re-Os and sphalerite Rb-Sr isotopes yield isochron ages of 424±160 Ma and 398±4.7 Ma, respectively. • Hydrocarbons supply a large amount of reduced sulfur for mineralization through TSR reaction. The Niujiaotang MVT Pb-Zn ore field is located at the southwestern end of the West Hunan-East Guizhou (WHEG) metallogenic belt, which overlaps spatially with the Majiang paleo-oil reservoir. The Pb-Zn mineralization is closely associated with oil-gas accumulation processes. However, the genetic link between the paleo-oil reservoir and the Pb-Zn deposits remains unclear. In this paper, we present new findings of bitumen (paleo-oil reservoir) and its features in the deposits, and apply various isotopic geochemical methods and 2D seismic data to elucidate the source rock and coupling relationship of the paleo-oil reservoir and the Pb-Zn deposits. This study reveals that the ore has a simple mineral composition, mainly comprising sphalerite, pyrite, and dolomite. Solid bitumen occurs widely in the ore and the host dolostone, and coexists with minerals from the mineralization stage. Laser Raman spectroscopy shows that the bitumen in the wall rocks of the Chengong deposit and the Danzhai paleo-oil reservoir are both overmature, and their carbon isotope compositions (δ13C PDB = –29.17 ‰ – –31.20 ‰, average –30.10 ‰, n = 6) and initial 187Os/188Os ratio (1.08±0.19) suggest that they have the Lower Cambrian source rock similar to the Majiang paleo-oil reservoir. The δ34S value of pyrite in the bitumen from the wall rocks in the Chengong deposit ranges from +28.15 ‰ to +44.12 ‰ (average +33.28 ‰, n = 18), which is consistent with the sulfur isotope composition of the ore sulfide reported previously, indicating that they both derived from sulfate in the Middle-Upper Cambrian strata. Bitumen Re-Os and sphalerite Rb-Sr isotopic dating indicate that oil reservoir accumulation in the ore-hosting strata preceded Pb-Zn mineralization, occurring at 424±160 Ma (MSWD = 1.3) and 398±4.7 Ma (MSWD = 0.66), respectively. The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of sphalerite is 0.709983±0.000027, which, after comparison and in combination with previous studies, suggests that the metallogenic metals mainly originated from the underlying strata and basement. 2D seismic data show that the Zaolou fault (F 2) that controls the mineralization is a deep fault that extends to the basin basement, and acts as a migration pathway for hydrocarbon fluids and ore-forming materials. We propose that liquid hydrocarbons played a significant role in Pb-Zn mineralization, acting as reductants to reduce sulfate through the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) reaction and provide abundant reduced sulfur (H2S/HS−) for Pb-Zn mineralization. Finally, we present a comprehensive model of hydrocarbon accumulation and mineralization in the Niujiaotang ore field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy (RE) plays a crucial role in global energy transformation, and a thorough study of the potential impact of RE on regional carbon emissions is of great significance. This is particularly relevant to China, which needs to clarify its path to carbon reduction. Using the sample data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2021, this paper uses the Granger causality test to verify the causal relationship between carbon emission intensity (CEI) and other factors. It builds a mediation effect model on this basis to explore the direct impact effect and indirect transmission path of renewable energy utilization (REU) on CEI. The results show that REU has a one-way causal relationship with CEI. REU can directly and indirectly reduce CEI by improving social wealth and changing the direction of energy investment. In addition, REU indirectly increases CEI through the transmission paths of investment in the energy industry - social affluence and industrial level-social affluence. The CEI is indirectly reduced through the conduction paths of (social affluence-Urbanization rate), (Investment in the energy industry-Urbanization rate), (Industrial level-Urbanization rate), and (Industrial level-Investment in the energy industry). These conclusions will assist policymakers in exploring targeted pathways for low-carbon power development, providing a reference for strategic and sustainable carbon reduction policies. [Display omitted] • Enrich the view of renewable energy's indirect impact on carbon emissions. • Renewable energy's carbon emission reductions go beyond replacing fossil fuels. • Constructed a mediating effect model between renewable energy and carbon emissions. • Renewable energy can promote or inhibit carbon emissions through various pathways. • Research helps develop more effective renewable energy sustainability strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background that China will achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2060, analyzing the impact of carbon neutral target constraints on the welfare of urban and rural residents is an important part of the design of a carbon emission reduction policy mechanism, in this paper, the dynamic recursive CGE(Computable general equilibrium) model is used to simulate the changes in welfare level, income consumption, and CO2 emissions of residents and their urban-rural heterogeneity under the policy of imposing a carbon tax on the fossil energy industry from 2022 to 2060. The results show that: compared with the BAU scenario, by 2060, first the income and consumption of residents will decrease slightly. Second, the target constraint of carbon neutrality makes the equivalent variation and compensate variation of urban and rural residents' welfare decrease slightly, and the equivalent variation and compensate variation of urban residents decrease more than those of rural residents. The following conclusions are drawn: first, the carbon-neutral target constraint makes the welfare of urban and rural residents decline slightly, but it will not have a strong impact on residents' income and consumption. Second, this constraint has a greater impact on the income, consumption and savings of urban residents than those of rural residents. [Display omitted] • A five-layer nested dynamic recursive CGE model is established to analyze residents' welfare. • Carbon taxes are incorporated into production decisions as a policy cost for energy companies. • The heterogeneity of the impact of carbon tax policy constraints on the welfare of urban and rural residents was analyzed. • The government needs to improve the intensive and diversified energy supply in rural areas to reduce the urban-rural gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]