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Diagnosing immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions (IDHRs) can pose a significant challenge and there is an urgent need for safe and reliable tests. Evidence has emerged that the basophil activation test (BAT), an in vitro assay that mirrors the in vivo response, can be a complementary test for many drugs. In this position paper, members of Task Force (TF) "Basophil activation test in the evaluation of Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions" from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) present the data from a survey about the use and utility of BAT in IDHRs in Europe. The survey results indicate that there is a great interest for using BAT especially for diagnosing IDHRs. However, there are still main needs, mainly in the standardization of the protocols. Subsequently consensus‐based recommendations were formulated for: (i) Technical aspects of BAT in IDHRs including type of sample, management of drugs, flow cytometry protocols, interpretation of the results; and (ii) Drug‐specific aspects that should be taken into account when performing BAT in relation to betalactams, neuromuscular blocking agents, fluoroquinolones, chlorhexidine, opioids, radio contrast media, chemotherapeutics, biological agents, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, COVID vaccine, and excipients. Moreover, aspects in the evaluation of pediatric population have also been considered. All this indicates that BAT offers the clinician and laboratory a complementary tool for a safe diagnostic for IDHRs, although its place in the diagnostic algorithm depends on the drug class and patient population (phenotype, geography, and age). The standardization of BAT is important for generalizing this method beyond the individual laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global impact of drug shortages on healthcare systems is a concerning issue that needs urgent attention. These shortages not only jeopardize patient care, public health, and healthcare delivery but also pose distinct challenges for pediatric populations due to their specific medication requirements and vulnerabilities. It is imperative to address this issue to safeguard the health and wellbeing of this specific age group. This review Gaimed to conduct a systematic analysis of strategies for addressing drug shortages in pediatric care from 2014 to 2024. The search included five databases: PubMed, Reaxys, Embase, Scopus, and Science Direct, using the keywords "drug shortage" and "pediatric". The final protocol was developed following the guidelines outlined in the " The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews". In total, 234 publications were identified. After screening the search results and applying inclusion and exclusion measures, a total of 27 original research papers were included. The primary finding indicates that a comprehensive approach rooted in risk management can significantly mitigate drug shortages in pediatric settings. This approach should address underlying causes such as manufacturer and delivery challenges and focus on prevention through enhanced forecasting and vigilant shortage monitoring. The most prevalent response involved seeking alternative treatment options. It is imperative to implement institutional and national guidelines, foster communication, and provider education, and minimize waste to effectively mitigate drug shortages in pediatric settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedle has made excellent contribution in the era of biomedical sector. This paper presents a reservoir-based out-of-plane silicon carbide (SiC) microneedle which has two lumens for delivering drug. The total height of the designed microneedle is 451 µm where the conical tip area is about 69.39 µm2. The additional part of this microneedle is a reservoir which is trapezium in shape having a height of 150 µm. This work use COMSOL Multiphysics software for the structural analysis and Ansys Workbench software to investigate the fluid analysis. The flow analyses are performed by releasing drugs from the reservoir where different viscosity based sample drugs are included. Although reservoir-based microneedles are existing, however, there is no system to control the fluid in those microneedles. Thus, this work proposes a controllable microneedle which able to control the drug flow by using a valve. For both the case of valveless and with a valve, the drug velocities are determined. As paracetamol has highest viscosity among other drugs, it provides lowest velocities. Conversely, the flow of aspirin shows high velocity of 6.51E-2 m/s without a valve and 4.26E-2 m/s with a valve. To analyze the skin insertion performance, a skin model including six layers is designed. The simulation results ensure that the proposed microneedle can penetrate the human skin successfully with less stress and deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic triggered global efforts to control and manage the virus impact. Scientists and researchers have been strongly involved in developing effective strategies that can help policy makers and healthcare systems both to monitor the spread and to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been applied in several fronts of the fight. Foremost is diagnostic assistance, encompassing patient triage, prediction of ICU admission and mortality, identification of mortality risk factors, and discovering treatment drugs and vaccines. Objective: This systematic review aims to identify original research studies involving actual patient data to construct ML- and AI-based models for clinical decision support for early response during the pandemic years. Methods: Following the PRISMA methodology, two large academic research publication indexing databases were searched to investigate the use of ML-based technologies and their applications in healthcare to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The literature search returned more than 1000 papers; 220 were selected according to specific criteria. The selected studies illustrate the usefulness of ML with respect to supporting healthcare professionals for (1) triage of patients depending on disease severity, (2) predicting admission to hospital or Intensive Care Units (ICUs), (3) search for new or repurposed treatments and (4) the identification of mortality risk factors. Conclusion: The ML/AI research community was able to propose and develop a wide variety of solutions for predicting mortality, hospitalizations and treatment recommendations for patients with COVID-19 diagnostic, opening the door for further integration of ML in clinical practices fighting this and forecoming pandemics. However, the translation to the clinical practice is impeded by the heterogeneity of both the datasets and the methodological and computational approaches. The literature lacks robust model validations supporting this desired translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1960s, efforts have been made to develop new technologies to eliminate the risk of thrombosis in medical devices that come into contact with blood. Preventing thrombosis resulting from the contact of a medical device, such as an implant, with blood is a challenge due to the high mortality rate of patients and the high cost of medical care. To this end, various types of biomaterials coated with polymer-drug layers are being designed to reduce their thrombogenicity and improve their hemocompatibility. This review presents the latest developments in the use of polymer-drug systems to produce anti-thrombogenic surfaces in medical devices in contact with blood, such as stents, catheters, blood pumps, heart valves, artificial lungs, blood vessels, blood oxygenators, and various types of tubing (such as for hemodialysis) as well as microfluidic devices. This paper presents research directions and potential clinical applications, emphasizing the importance of continued progress and innovation in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug‐associated acute kidney injury (D‐AKI) constitutes approximately 19%–26% of all acute kidney injury (AKI) cases in hospitalized patients. Notably, there is often a deficiency in optimal drug management after D‐AKI diagnosis, with only about half of the patients experiencing discontinuation of nephrotoxins and one‐fifth avoiding further nephrotoxin administration. Nephrotoxin stewardship involves the application of coordinated care management strategies to ensure the safe utilization of nephrotoxins and renally eliminated medications. The purpose of this paper is to review nephrotoxin stewardship strategies and highlight contemporary considerations for estimating kidney function and the use of novel biomarkers as part of the stewardship program. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKDEPI) 2021 serum creatinine formula is now recommended for estimating kidney function for adults in most clinical situations in the United States. It is time to reevaluate how healthcare professionals think of estimating kidney function for drug dosing with the use of the non‐indexed, race‐free, CKDEPI 2021 equation. In addition, widespread use of serum cystatin C (CysC) is anticipated so estimated glomerular filtration rate equations that incorporate serum CysC will need to be further evaluated for drug dosing recommendations and how the use of serum CysC can complement serum creatinine‐based equations. Lastly, novel kidney stress/damage biomarkers should be viewed as a piece of a complex scenario of D‐AKI prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis and should be interpreted along with other diagnostic criteria in relation to the clinical condition of the patient. These contemporary considerations for drug dosing and D‐AKI management are important components of nephrotoxin stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common reason for mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally. This study aimed to suggest a new gene list for the treatment of CAD by a systematic review of bioinformatics analyses of pharmacogenomics impacts of potential genes and variants. Methods: PubMed search was filtered by the title including Coronary Artery Disease during 2020–2023. To find the genes with pharmacogenetic impact on the CAD, additional filtrations were considered according to the variant annotations. Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs), Gene-miRNA Interactions (GMIs), Protein-Drug Interactions (PDIs), and variant annotation assessments (VAAs) performed by STRING-MODEL (ver. 12), Cytoscape (ver. 3.10), miRTargetLink.2., NetworkAnalyst (ver 0.3.0), and PharmGKB. Results: Results revealed 5618 publications, 1290 papers were qualified, and finally, 650 papers were included. 4608 protein-coding genes were extracted, among them, 1432 unique genes were distinguished and 530 evidence-based repeated genes remained. 71 genes showed a pharmacogenetics-related variant annotation in at least (entirely 6331 annotations). Variant annotation assessment (VAA) showed 532 potential variants for the final report, and finally, the concluding PGs list represented 175 variants. Based on the function and MAF, 57 nonsynonymous variants of 29 Pharmacogenomics-related genes were associated with CAD. Conclusion: Conclusively, evaluating circulating miR33a in individuals’ plasma with CAD, and genotyping of rs2230806, rs2230808, rs2487032, rs12003906, rs2472507, rs2515629, and rs4149297 (ABCA1 variants) lead to precisely prescribing of well-known drugs. Also, the findings of this review can be used in both whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis in the prognosis and diagnosis of CAD.

In our paper, we encompass the topic of socioeconomic disparities intrinsic to drug pricing and look at ways to ensure that every individual in the United States can access antibiotics equally and equitably. In the United States, a multitude of individuals find themselves struggling with high, out-of-pocket costs for necessary antibiotics or medications.  These issues are generally caused by factors surrounding monopolistic drug markets, high costs for development, and the severity of disease that an individual is facing. We explore these challenges from a plethora of perspectives, such as; the role of specialty pharmacies, limited distribution networks, and the usage of psychotropic medications among youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). High prices and restricted access of certain antibiotics for conditions like Hepatitis C highlight the systemic and intrinsic issues within the pharmaceutical industry and how it affects individuals who suffer from this disease or diseases similar to it. On a similar topic to that, ongoing shortages of ADHD medications continue to show the consistent and heavy impact of supply constraints amongst the pharmaceutical industry in the United States. We discuss potential solutions, including but not limited to, accelerating the approval of basic drugs, implementing ceiling prices to prevent high costs, and better integrating health-system specialty pharmacies. By concentrating on the need for policy reforms within the United States and collaboration amongst the various stakeholders that remain involved with drug pricing disparities, this study aims to offer a varied approach in reducing drug pricing disparities and making necessary medications accessible to every individual in the United States, regardless of socioeconomic or health status.

The current 2019–2021 marine pharmacology literature review provides a continuation of previous reviews covering the period 1998 to 2018. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2019–2021 was published by researchers in 42 countries and contributed novel mechanism-of-action pharmacology for 171 structurally characterized marine compounds. The peer-reviewed marine natural product pharmacology literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral mechanism-of-action studies for 49 compounds, 87 compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities that also affected the immune and nervous system, while another group of 51 compounds demonstrated novel miscellaneous mechanisms of action, which upon further investigation, may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Thus, in 2019–2021, a very active preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline provided novel mechanisms of action as well as new lead chemistry for the clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline targeting the therapy of several disease categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a prevalent and challenging malignancy globally, characterized by its numerous causal factors and generally unfavorable prognosis. In the relentless pursuit of effective treatment modalities, natural products have emerged as a promising and relatively non-toxic alternative, garnering significant interest. The integration of natural products with contemporary medical research has yielded encouraging therapeutic outcomes in the management of HCC. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the causal factors underlying HCC, and the diverse treatment options available, and highlights the advancements made by natural products in anti-HCC research. Particularly, we provide an outline of the various types of natural products, their corresponding nomenclature, target molecules, and mechanisms of action that exhibit anti-HCC activities. Natural products are anticipated to play a pivotal role in future comprehensive treatment plans for liver cancer, potentially offering patients improved survival rates and an enhanced quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-mode high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is increasingly used for the analysis of ionic and highly hydrophilic drugs, which are difficult to separate by conventional single-mode HPLC. In the former case, chromatographic separation is achieved using one of the several commercially available mixed-mode stationary phases, typically combinations of reversed and ion-exchange phases. Moreover, mixed-mode stationary phases can be used as solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents. This review focuses on the recent applications of mixed-mode stationary phases in the chromatographic analysis of bioactive compounds, such as drugs, herbicides, and pesticides. Specifically, we briefly summarize HPLC methods utilizing mixed-mode stationary phases and SPE pretreatment procedures utilizing mixed-mode sorbents developed in the last decade, thus providing a reference work for overcoming the difficulties in analyzing ionized or hydrophilic drugs by conventional reversed-phase chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigates the factors contributing to self-medication among elderly patients in TIU (Tishk International University) and Erbil Infirmary House, utilizing a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. Methods: The sample includes elderly patients aged 60 years and above with diverse backgrounds, employing a mixed-methods approach consisting of qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. The study identifies several factors contributing to self-medication, such as limited access to healthcare, financial constraints, long waiting times, lack of trust in healthcare professionals, family influence, and positive past experiences with self-medication. The study emphasizes the necessity for targeted interventions to address self-medication in the elderly. This includes improving healthcare access, reducing financial barriers, enhancing healthcare professionals' communication skills, and educating patients on the risks and benefits of selfmedication. Collaboration between providers and the elderly population is crucial for creating a safe environment for appropriate medication use. Results: The study reveals significant differences in self-medication behavior among the elderly based on demographic factors. Males were more likely to engage in self-medication, and the prevalence was higher among single elderly individuals. Primary education was more prevalent than high school or college education. There was no significant difference in self-medication prevalence between those without medical insurance and those with insurance. The presence of drug information significantly influenced self-medication practices. Conclusion: Further research is needed to explore the long-term consequences of self-medication and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies in mitigating associated risks. Addressing self-medication among elderly patients is essential to ensure their health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to analyze drug-related news articles from 2021 to 2023 using topic modeling techniques to understand the main themes and trends during this period. The article data were collected from the news data analysis system, Big Kinds. The research process included data preprocessing, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, and interpretation of the results. After conducting topic modeling and visualization, the analysis of the topics revealed that there was not a significant difference in the themes of drug-related articles between 2021 and 2022. However, in 2023, new topics emerged, such as the explosive increase in articles related to drug offenders and the prevention of drug use among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a myriad of potential medicinal plants worldwide. Researchers have found some, while others are still unexplored. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (family: Lamiaceae), commonly known as the cat's whiskers plant, is a well-known herbal plant with many medicinal uses. All the parts of O. stamineus, such as the leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds, have their uses. More than 140 pure compounds were identified and isolated from different extracts of O. stamineus, particularly leaf extracts and stem oils. Flavonoids are the most abundant phytoconstituents found in O. stamineus leaf extract. Several pharmacological activities have been studied and validated using extracts as well as pure compounds. Multiple phytoconstituents attributed to these pharmacological activities such as diuretics, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiepileptic, etc., have been discovered. Considering the purported benefits of O. stamineus, the present review critically evaluates and discusses the pharmacognosy, taxonomy, ethnobotany, pharmacological activities, and phytochemistry of O. stamineus and provides updated information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced anaphylaxis in children is less common than in adults and primarily involves beta-lactams and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiological studies show variable prevalence, influenced by age, gender, and atopic diseases. The pathophysiology includes IgE-mediated reactions and non-IgE mechanisms, like cytokine release reactions. We address drug-induced anaphylaxis in children, focusing on antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, neuromuscular blocking agents, and monoclonal antibodies. Diagnosis combines clinical criteria with in vitro, in vivo, and drug provocation tests. The immediate management of acute anaphylaxis primarily involves the use of adrenaline, coupled with long-term strategies, such as allergen avoidance and patient education. Desensitization protocols are crucial for children allergic to essential medications, particularly antibiotics and chemotherapy agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) are widely used techniques in separation science. HPLC employs a liquid mobile phase to separate components based on their interactions with a stationary phase, making it versatile and applicable to various sample types. It offers different modes of separation and is known for its robustness. On the other hand, UPLC is an advanced version of HPLC that utilizes smaller particle sizes and higher pressures, resulting in improved resolution, sensitivity, and speed. UPLC is particularly useful in fields requiring rapid separations and high sensitivity. Both techniques offer various detection methods and can be combined with sample preparation techniques to enhance analysis. HPLC and UPLC find applications in pharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, food and beverage industries, forensic analysis, clinical diagnostics, and more. They provide high-resolution separations, rapid analysis, and versatile detection capabilities. The choice between the two techniques depends on specific analytical requirements and constraints. Overall, HPLC and UPLC continue to contribute significantly to scientific research, quality control, and industrial processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers Santé - Médecine Thérapeutique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vitamin C is one of the most well-known and most frequently used substances found in various pharmaceutical preparations. Patients consider it a safe compound with multidirectional beneficial effects, while chemists have been presenting various possibilities for its determination for many years. The aim of this review is to present the current range of drugs and dietary supplements containing vitamin C available in Poland, divided into appropriate categories, taking into account doses, forms, and other ingredients. The second goal is to summarize the main analytical methods for determining the content of ascorbic acid. A review of the available preparations showed disproportions between a small group of drugs and a very large group of dietary supplements, which turned out to be significantly diversified in various aspects. In turn, the review of analytical methods clearly indicates the dominant share of spectroscopic ones and the fact that researchers focus primarily on improving basic, commonly known techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global impact of drug shortages on healthcare systems is a concerning issue that needs urgent attention. These shortages not only jeopardize patient care, public health, and healthcare delivery but also pose distinct challenges for pediatric populations due to their specific medication requirements and vulnerabilities. It is imperative to address this issue to safeguard the health and wellbeing of this specific age group. This review Gaimed to conduct a systematic analysis of strategies for addressing drug shortages in pediatric care from 2014 to 2024. The search included five databases: PubMed, Reaxys, Embase, Scopus, and Science Direct, using the keywords “drug shortage” and “pediatric”. The final protocol was developed following the guidelines outlined in the " The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews”. In total, 234 publications were identified. After screening the search results and applying inclusion and exclusion measures, a total of 27 original research papers were included. The primary finding indicates that a comprehensive approach rooted in risk management can significantly mitigate drug shortages in pediatric settings. This approach should address underlying causes such as manufacturer and delivery challenges and focus on prevention through enhanced forecasting and vigilant shortage monitoring. The most prevalent response involved seeking alternative treatment options. It is imperative to implement institutional and national guidelines, foster communication, and provider education, and minimize waste to effectively mitigate drug shortages in pediatric settings.

The issue of environmental pollution has received considerable critical attention in recent years. It is necessary to develop the green and efficient corrosion inhibitors. In this paper, the inhibition of doxazosin mesylate (DM) and terazosin hydrochloride (TH), as green corrosion inhibitors, were explored systematically by electrochemical impedance, polarization curves, SEM, AFM and contact angle. The effect of different heterocyclic amounts on the corrosion inhibition efficiency for Q235 steel in 1 M HCl was also discussed. It was found that DM showed the better performance than TH, with the best corrosion inhibition efficiency of 96.4 % at 1 mg/L. The FTIR and XPS analysis of the corroded Q235 steel surface revealed that the two drugs formed adsorption films on the steel surface and the types of adsorption were chemical and physical adsorption. Finally, the mechanism of the two drugs was analyzed in detail by isothermal adsorption simulations, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence and associated overdose death rates from opioid use disorder (OUD) have dramatically increased in the last decade. Despite more available treatments than 20 years ago, treatment access and high discontinuation rates are challenges, as are personalized medication dosing and making timely treatment changes when treatments fail. In other fields such as depression, brief measures to address these tasks combined with an action plan—so-called measurement-based care (MBC)—have been associated with better outcomes. This workgroup aimed to determine whether brief measures can be identified for using MBC for optimizing dosing or informing treatment decisions in OUD. Methods: The National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (NIDA CCTN) in 2022 convened a small workgroup to develop consensus about clinically usable measures to improve the quality of treatment delivery with MBC methods for OUD. Two clinical tasks were addressed: (1) to identify the optimal dose of medications for OUD for each patient and (2) to estimate the effectiveness of a treatment for a particular patient once implemented, in a more granular fashion than the binary categories of early or sustained remission or no remission found in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Discussion: Five parameters were recommended to personalize medication dose adjustment: withdrawal symptoms, opioid use, magnitude (severity and duration) of the subjective effects when opioids are used, craving, and side effects. A brief rating of each OUD-specific parameter to adjust dosing and a global assessment or verbal question for side-effects was viewed as sufficient. Whether these ratings produce better outcomes (e.g., treatment engagement and retention) in practice deserves study. There was consensus that core signs and symptoms of OUD based on some of the 5 DSM-5 domains (e.g., craving, withdrawal) should be the basis for assessing treatment outcome. No existing brief measure was found to meet all the consensus recommendations. Next steps would be to select, adapt or develop de novo items/brief scales to inform clinical decision-making about dose and treatment effectiveness. Psychometric testing, assessment of acceptability and whether the use of such scales produces better symptom control, quality of life (QoL), daily function or better prognosis as compared to treatment as usual deserves investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition performance of a novel corrosion inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole drug (1-ABT), was comprehensively evaluated through a range of experimental and computational techniques. The effectiveness of 1-ABT as a corrosion inhibitor was investigated using weight loss measurements, electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and quantum chemical/molecular dynamics studies. Experimental findings revealed a positive relationship between the inhibition effectiveness of 1-ABT and its concentration, while displaying a negative correlation with temperature. Notably, the highest achieved inhibition efficiency of approximately 98 % was observed at a concentration of 400 ppm. The adsorption behavior of 1-ABT on the metal surface was found to conform to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating monolayer formation. The thermodynamic analysis further supported the physiochemisorption nature of the adsorption process. XPS analysis and theoretical investigations confirmed the adsorption of 1-ABT molecules onto the steel surface, with the interaction between the N atoms of 1- ABT and the vacant d-orbitals of Fe atoms playing a significant role. SEM examinations provided additional evidence, demonstrating a notable reduction in the corrosion rate in the presence of 1-ABT. These findings contribute to the understanding of the corrosion inhibition mechanisms and highlight the potential of 1-ABT as an effective inhibitor for mitigating corrosion in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contemporary debates about drug pricing feature several widely held misconceptions, including the relationship between incentives and innovation, the proportion of total healthcare spending on pharmaceuticals, and whether the economic evaluation of a medicine can be influenced by things other than clinical efficacy. Main body: All citizens should have access to timely, equitable, and cost-effective care covered by public funds, private insurance, or a combination of both. Better managing the collective burden of diseases borne by today's and future generations depends in part on developing better technologies, including better medicines. As in any innovative industry, the expectation of adequate financial returns incentivizes innovators and their investors to develop new medicines. Estimating expected returns requires that they forecast revenues, based on the future price trajectory and volume of use over time. How market participants decide what price to set or accept can be complicated, and some observers and stakeholders want to confirm whether the net prices society pays for novel medicines, whether as a reward for past innovation or an incentive for future innovation, are commensurate with those medicines' incremental value. But we must also ask "value to whom?"; medicines not only bring immediate clinical benefits to patients treated today, but also can provide a broad spectrum of short- and long-term benefits to patients, their families, and society. Spending across all facets of healthcare has grown over the last 25 years, but both inpatient and outpatient spending has outpaced drug spending growth even as our drug armamentarium is constantly improving with safer and more effective medicines. In large part, this is because, unlike hospitals, drugs typically go generic, thus making room in our budgets for new and better ones, even as they often keep patients out of hospitals, driving further savings. Conclusion: A thorough evaluation of drug spending and value can help to promote a better allocation of healthcare resources for both the healthy and the sick, both of whom must pay for healthcare. Taking a holistic approach to assessing drug value makes it clear that a branded drug's value to a patient is often only a small fraction of the drug's total value to society. Societal value merits consideration when determining whether and how to make a medicine affordable and accessible to patients: a drug that is worth its price to society should not be rendered inaccessible to ill patients by imposing high out-of-pocket costs or restricting coverage based on narrow health technology assessments (HTAs). Furthermore, recognizing the total societal cost of un- or undertreated conditions is crucial to gaining a thorough understanding of what guides the biomedical innovation ecosystem to create value for society. It would be unwise to discourage the development of new solutions without first appreciating the cost of leaving the problems unsolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of multiple drugs for Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) have been reported and achieved a certain degree of efficacy, however, the difference in safety and efficacy of them for IPF is not yet well understood. The aim of this network meta-analysis is to assess their safety and efficacy in the treatment of IPF and differences in this safety and efficacy comprehensively. Methods: The PubMed, EMbase, CENTRAL and MEDLINE were retrieved to find out the RCTs of drugs in the treatment of IPF. The retrieval date is from construction to November 10, 2022. Stata 14.0 and RevMan 5.3 was used for statistical analysis. Registration number: CRD42023385689. Results: Twenty-four studies with a total of 6208 patients were finally included, including RCTs of 13 drugs. The results of safety showed that there' s no difference in the incidence of SAEs of 13 drugs treated with IPF compared to placebo (P>0.05), and it's also found that Warfarin had a higher all-cause mortality for IPF than placebo (OR = 5.63, 95% CI [1.54 to 20.55]). SUCRA' s scatterplot showed that Pirfenidone, Nintedanib, Sildenafil and Imatinib were lower than placebo, and Warfarin, Ambrisentan and N-acetylcysteine were higher than placebo. The results of effectiveness showed that Nintedanib (MD = -0.08, 95% CI [-0.12 to -0.04]) improved FVC (L)absolute change from baseline in patients better than placebo, and Nintedanib (OR=1.81, 95% CI [1.23 to 2.66]), Pirfenidone (OR=1.85, 95%CI [1.26 to 2.71]) and Pamrevlumab (OR=4.11, 95% CI [1.25 to 13.58]) improved the proportion of patients with a decline in FVC ≥10% predicted better than placebo. SUCRA' s scatterplot showed that Pamrevlumab, Pirfenidone and Nintedanib were lower than placebo, and Warfarin and Ambrisentan were higher than placebo. Conclusion: Compared with other drugs, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone can significantly slow the decline of lung function in patients with IPF, and the safety is higher. Therefore, they can be further promoted in clinical practice. Warfarin and Ambrisentan shouldn't be used clinically for IPF as the safety and efficacy of them are poor compared to other drugs and placebo. Pamrevlumab may become important drugs for the treatment of IPF in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With substance use rates increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), an understanding of the accessibility and effectiveness of rehabilitative services for people who use alcohol and other drugs (AOD) is critical in the global efforts to diagnose and treat substance use disorders (SUD). This scoping review seeks to address the gaps in knowledge related to the types of research that have been conducted regarding inpatient or residential SUD treatment in SSA, the settings in which the research was conducted, and the study countries. Methods: A search of three databases, PubMED, Scopus, and African Index Medicus, was conducted for publications related to the treatment of SUD in inpatient or residential settings in SSA. Articles were screened at the title/abstract level and at full text by two reviewers. Articles eligible for inclusion were original research, conducted in SSA, published in English, included populations who received or were currently receiving treatment for SUD in inpatient or residential settings, or documented demand for SUD services. Results: This scoping review included 82 studies originating from 6 countries in SSA. Three themes emerged within the literature: access and demand for inpatient and residential SUD treatment, quality and outcomes of SUD treatment, and descriptions of the services offered and staffing of these facilities. Barriers to access include financial barriers, limited availability of services, and geographic concentration in cities. Women were shown to access residential and inpatient SUD treatment at lower rates than men, and certain racial groups face unique language and financial barriers in accessing services. Studies indicate mixed success of inpatient and residential SUD treatment in sustained SUD remission for patients. Conclusion: There are significant gaps in the literature, driven by a lack of longitudinal studies focused on patient outcomes following treatment and the use of a narrow definition of treatment success. Both structural and non-structural barriers, such as stigma and discrimination, are barriers to access. Further research is needed to evaluate approaches to mitigate these barriers and expand access to residential and inpatient SUD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaginal discharge is a common problem among many women and causes unpleasant odor and discomfort. Therefore, the study was conducted on a group of these women to find out the microbial content causing this problem and to conduct a drug sensitivity test. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find out the microbial content causing this problem and to conduct a drug sensitivity test. Methodology: Specimens were collected from 92 non-pregnant women, aged (20-60) years, from the city of AL-Najaf in Iraq. 78 (84.78%). Results: Samples were positive, and the largest percentage of microbial content was for fungi represented by yeasts of Candida spp. in the rate of 54%. C. albicans was the most prevalent kind by 15%. The remainder is made up of non-Candida albicans kinds. Which is C. glabrata, C. Ciferrii, C. Guilliermondii, C. Tropicals, C. krusi . This was followed by gram-positive bacteria at a rate of 28%, This percentage was distributed between Streptococcus pyogenes by 15% and the rest for other types of bacteria Staphylococcus spp. While Gram-negative bacteria accounted for the least percentage of the total positive specimens, at 18%, distributed between Klebsiella spp.13% and E. coli, 5%. As for the drug sensitivity test, C. glabrate, C. ciferrii and C. Krusi showed resistance to fluconazole (MIC= 8) and were sensitive to Voriconazole. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed various drug sensitivity. Conclusion: This study showed that there are two main causes of vaginal infections: first: an overgrowth of Candida yeasts, and second: some types of bacteria, which are similar to those that cause urinary tract infections, as these bacteria are transmitted between the vagina and the urinary canal due to the closeness of the two areas to each other in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]