1. Real‐World Vehicular Source Indicators for Exhaust and Non‐Exhaust Contribution to PM2.5 During Peak and Off‐Peak Hours Using Tunnel Measurement.
- Author
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Fang, Tiange, Fu, Jiaqi, Gao, Yutong, Song, Ainan, Zhang, Yanjie, Zhang, Qijun, Wu, Lin, Peng, Jianfei, Wang, Ting, and Mao, Hongjun
- Subjects
EMERGING contaminants ,FISHER discriminant analysis ,ELECTRIC vehicle industry ,PRINCIPAL components analysis ,PARTICULATE matter ,ELECTRIC vehicles ,MICRO air vehicles - Abstract
The benefit of real‐world applicable indicators in resolving robust traffic‐related source contributions was investigated using tunnel measurement. PM2.5/CO was introduced as a metric to present evidence in non‐exhaust identification indirectly in terms of PM2.5 accumulation and dilution scenarios, and the rates (hourly variation of the difference between PM2.5 and PM2.5/CO) were 0.59−1.88 and −0.79 to −0.65, corresponding to peak and off‐peak hours, respectively. Real‐world PAHs indicators were examined, among which the exhaust indicators showed stable applicability from BghiP, and the non‐exhaust indication noted by BkF and DahA in peak hours were largely weakened in off‐peak hours, showing noticeable profile mixing between exhaust, brake and tyre wear. Source contributions were resolved by principal component analysis (PCA) with support of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on inter‐group centroid diagnosis. The rate of vehicular non‐exhaust (brake and tyre wear) contribution lifted 10.3 times in peak hours compared with off‐peak hours, and its emission factor was noticeably enhanced 16 times, from 0.03 mg/(km·veh) to 0.48 mg/(km·veh). Guided by global vehicle electrification, the contribution of non‐exhaust in vehicular emissions were estimated to increase with larger ratio of emission factor between non‐exhaust and exhaust, and the growing market share of electric vehicles, under each mode of regenerative braking. The monetary impact of non‐exhaust caused by electric vehicles was calculated reaching the exhaust when electric vehicles increase to 50% in busy commuting megacities. The results provide applicable indicators for accurate source apportionment and support data for the refined control of non‐exhaust emission under rapid vehicle electrification. Plain Language Summary: Vehicle emitted non‐exhaust has garnered considerable global attention as source of heavy metals, microplastics and emerging pollutants. Real‐world applicable indicators were gained to characterize the benefits of robust and dynamic apportionment between exhaust and non‐exhaust emissions. This study estimated the contributions of non‐exhaust to total vehicle emissions for varying levels of emission factor ratios between non‐exhaust and exhaust and market share of electric vehicle. Key Points: PM2.5/CO can be used as a metric to present evidence of non‐exhaust identification indirectly in typical traffic environmentAccurate indicators were determined and applicability for recognizing exhaust and non‐exhaust was examined under heavy and low trafficFuture contribution of non‐exhaust to total vehicle emissions was predicted by emission factor ratios and electric vehicle percentages [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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