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Background Previous studies have confirmed a correlation between physical frailty and impairment of activities of daily living (ADL) in the elderly, but it is still unclear whether there is a correlation of psychological and social frailty in the elderly with their ADL impairment. Objective To investigate the multi-dimensional frailty of the elderly in rural areas and the correlation of dimensions with ADL impairment, so as to provide evidence for preventing disability rural older adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, older adults aged ≥60 years from 30 administrative villages in 2 cities of Guizhou Province were selected for the study from July to September 2021 (n=1 298) by using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The demographic characteristics, prevalence of chronic diseases and sleep quality of the subjects were collected by questionnaire, and the multi-dimensional frailty of the elderly was assessed by Chinese version of Tilburg debilitating scale, ADL scale was used to assess the impairment of ADL in the elderly, multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of multi-dimensional frailty and its dimensions on the impairment of ADL in the elderly, and the multifactor-adjusted population attributable risk percentage (PARc%) was calculated. Results Of the 1 298 older adults, 498 (38.37%) were with ADL impairment, 40 (3.08%) were with BADL impairment, 494 (38.06%) were with IADL impairment; 382 (29.43%) were with multi-dimensional frailty, 319 (24.58%) were with physical frailty, 567 (43.68%) were with psychological frailty, and 69 (5.32%) were with social frailty. After adjusting for confounding factors of age, gender, education level, marital status, and sleep quality, the results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that multi-dimensional frailty, physical frailty, and psychological frailty in older adults had effects on and ADL, BADL and IADL impairments (P

Abstract Among flowering plants, self‐incompatibility is considered the most efficient system for avoiding self‐fertilization. However, many self‐incompatible plants have also evolved floral mechanisms to reduce sexual conflict. In China, some studies of Bulbophyllum have been reported to be self‐incompatible and no fruit sets. However, we have observed relatively high fruit sets in Bulbophyllum funingense. Therefore, we speculated that if B. funingense is also self‐incompatible, and it might present a floral mechanism to avoid sexual conflict. Natural fruit sets, pollinia removal and deposition rates were determined and breeding system was tested in a hand‐pollination experiment. The pollination process and visiting frequency of pollinators and their behavior after escape from access were observed and recorded. Floral traits associated with pollination and pollinator size were measured. B. funingense was completely self‐incompatible, the fruit sets of cross‐pollination in 2 years were all more than 70%, and the natural fruit sets for 2 years were 1.70 ± 4.31% and 6.63 ± 5.29%, respectively. B. funingense did not produce strong odor or nectar, but produced a kind of secretions from its labellum that attracted flies. Calliphora vicina (Calliphoridae) was its only effective pollinator. When C. vicina licked the secretions, they were stuck in the access for a long time. Thus, when they escaped from access, they almost always flew quickly away from the inflorescence removing pollinia most of the times. In B. funingense, a floral mechanism improves pollinia transfer efficiency, reduces pollinia waste, promotes pollination success, reduces the incidence of self‐pollination, and avoids sexual conflict to a certain extent.

Southwest Yunnan of China is the homeland of famous Pu’er tea and preserved the largest area of ancient tea gardens in the world. The ancient tea gardens keeping a large number of shade trees have prevailed for hundreds of years persist and formed typical agroforestry systems. To assess the potential of the ancient tea gardens for in situ orchid conservation, in this study, three typical ancient tea gardens located at different elevations, JiNuo Mountain ancient tea garden (JNM, 1150 m asl.), JingMai Mountain ancient tea garden (JMM, 1345 m asl.), and LaoBanZhang ancient tea garden (LBZ, 1787 m asl.), were selected to investigate species diversity and composition, and conservation status of all orchids. Floral visitors, reproductive success, and seedling recruitment of selected epiphytic orchids were also investigated from 2019 to 2021. We identified 88 orchid species (85 epiphytic and 3 terrestrial orchids) in 33 genera in the three ancient tea gardens, including one critically endangered species (CR), four endangered species (EN) and 16 vulnerable species (VU). Although the orchid species diversity was not significantly different, the species composition varied greatly among the three ancient tea gardens. For the randomly selected 40 epiphytic orchid species, all species could set fruits naturally, and the natural fruit-sets ranged from 1.11 ± 6.0% to 62.07 ± 15.4% with great variations among species and years. For 60 epiphytic orchid species observed, seedling recruitment for 26 species (43.3%) were observed and confirmed. Among 42 insect visitors observed, 21 species including bees, flies and ants, were confirmed as effective pollinators to 16 epiphytic orchids. These results revealed that the ancient tea gardens maintained high species diversity of epiphytic orchids and provided pollinator services for reproductive success and suitable micro-environment for seed germination and seedling recruitment. We strongly suggested that the ancient tea gardens in the area could serve as important supplements for in situ conservation of epiphytic orchids.