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In this research, thermal modeling has been done to investigate the effect of nanofluid on the performance of the linear parabolic collector. Therminol vapor/liquid phase fluid (VP-1) has been used as a base fluid; iron oxide nanoparticles have been used to produce mono-nanofluid; and iron oxide multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite has been used as nanoparticles to produce hybrid nanofluid. The fluid flow inside the absorber tube of the collector is assumed to be turbulent. The results show that when hybrid nanofluid and mono-nanofluid are used, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the collector are higher than those for the conditions of using the base fluid, but their amount is slightly lower with the use of hybrid nanofluid than when the working fluid is mono-nanofluid. According to the obtained results, the highest energy efficiency of the linear parabolic collector using nanofluid and mono-nanofluid is 70.2% and 70.4%, respectively, and the highest exergy efficiency is 35.7% and 35.9%, respectively. Despite this, the friction coefficient of mono-nanofluid compared to hybrid nanofluid was obtained on average about 9% higher. The results showed that the criterion for evaluating the performance of the collector (hydrodynamic thermal efficiency) when hybrid nanofluid is used is more than when mono-nanofluid is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the influence of coal rock shape, hardness, working environment and other factors in the cutting process of cantilever roadheader, the cutting head will produce irregular and violent vibration. As the rotary table of key stress components, its operation process stability, dynamic reliability and life affect the cutting efficiency and cutting stability of cantilever roadheader. In order to study the vibration characteristics of the rotary table in the cutting process, firstly, based on the theory of spatial force analysis and calculation, the spatial mechanical model of the rotary table of the cantilever roadheader is established. By solving the balance equation of the rotary table force system, the variation law of the load at the hinge ear of the rotary table with the cutting pitch angle and the horizontal angle is obtained. Secondly, based on the path transfer analysis method of working condition, the vibration data of cutting head, cutting cantilever, cutting lifting and rotary hydraulic cylinder under stable cutting condition are taken as input signals. By constructing the transfer path analysis model of rotary table working condition, the synthetic vibration of rotary table in cutting process is simulated, and the main vibration source of rotary table is determined. Then, the vibration contribution and contribution degree of each vibration excitation point to the hinge ear of rotary table are studied. By building a cutting test bench, the vibration response of rotary table in cutting process is tested to verify the correctness of the theoretical model.Thirdly, based on the frequency domain analysis method of random vibration fatigue life, combined with the S-N curve of the rotary table, the PSD curve at the maximum stress of the rotary table is obtained by modal excitation method, and the load data is imported into ANSYS nCode software to obtain the life cloud diagram and damage cloud diagram of the rotary table, and then the fatigue life of the rotary table under symmetrical cyclic load is solved. Finally, based on the response surface optimization analysis method, the maximum stress and maximum deformation of the rotary table are taken as the optimization objectives, and the aperture of each hinge ear of the rotary table is taken as the optimization variable. Based on Design Expert, a second-order regression model is established to realize the multi-objective optimization design of the key stress parts of the rotary table in the cutting process. The simulation results show that under the same cutting conditions, the maximum stress of the optimized rotary table is reduced by 15.82% year-on-year, and the maximum deformation is reduced by 24.70% year-on-year. The optimized rotary table structure can better adapt to the cutting process, which is beneficial to improve the service life of the rotary table and enhance its operation stability. The research results are beneficial to enrich the relevant research theory in the field of rotary table vibration of cantilever roadheader, and are beneficial to improve the service life of the rotary table and the efficiency of tunneling and mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Polyurethane has been widely studied as a lightweight reinforcing material. This paper uses two types of hollow glass microspheres to modify polyurethane in different proportions to prepare a variety of lightweight cores for reinforcing carbon fiber tubes. A quasi‐static lateral compression test was performed on the reinforced carbon fiber tube to analyze the effect of reinforcement materials on mechanical properties, failure modes and crashworthiness. The results show that BR20 reinforcement material has the best effect on enhancing the mechanical properties and crashworthiness of the structure, and its energy absorption is 3.5 times higher than that of carbon fiber tubes. Hollow glass microspheres can improve the reinforcing effect of polyurethane. Lightweight cores prepared from different types of hollow glass microspheres show different failure modes during lateral compression (polyurethane and BR60 show better ductility, and BR20 shows shear failure). The BR20 and BR60 are mixed in different proportions, the reinforced polyurethane foam reinforced carbon fiber tube can have little difference in the energy absorption. The addition of BR20 and BR60 showed a large difference in the force‐displacement curve during the compression stage. A qualitative analysis is conducted based on the effect of the total energy absorption of the structure on the reinforcement materials. The lightweight core is prepared by hollow glass microspheres and polyurethane. Reinforcement materials enhance the lateral compression performance. Reinforcement materials enhance the crashworthiness performance. Reinforcement materials affect failure modes. The proportion of BR20 and BR60 affects the performance of the lightweight core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, breast cancer in women is the fifth leading cause of cancer death. There is an urgent need to explore the molecular mechanism of breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. Method: TCGA database analysis was used to analyze genes expression in breast cancer and normal samples and the association between gene expression and prognosis. Immunohistochemical staining, qPCR and western blotting was sued to detected gene expression. The cell function tests were conducted to investigate the effects of TEX19 and CDK4 with abnormal expression on cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle, and colony formation. Bioinformatics analysis methods combined with CHX tracking experiment and Co-IP experiment were performed to screen and verify the downstream molecule and regulatory mechanism of TEX19. Besides, subcutaneous tumorigenesis model in nude mice was constructed. Results: TEX19 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer, and the TEX19 level was related to tumor invasion and prognosis. TEX19 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, increased cell apoptosis, and blocked the cell cycle in the G2 phase. Besides, TEX19 suppressed the growth of tumors in the body. Mechanically, TEX19 upregulated the level of CDK4 protein, which depended on the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2. Specifically, TEX19 knockdown and SKP2 protein overexpression destroyed the stability of CDK4 protein and enhanced the ubiquitination of CDK4 protein. Additionally, CDK4 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, and colony formation of breast cancer cells, and alleviated the promotion of TEX19 overexpression on the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cell. Conclusion: TEX19 and CDK4 were upregulated in breast cancer, and TEX19 increased the level of CDK4 protein by influencing SKP2-mediated ubiquitination of CDK4, thereby promoting the progression of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, visible‐light‐induced metal‐free three‐component amidoheteroarylation of alkenes with quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones and N‐sulfonylaminopyridinium salts is developed. This protocol involves a radical relay process in which the N‐centered radicals undergo chemoselective addition to alkenes to form an alkyl radical that selectively combines with heteroarenes, leading to the formation of C−C and C−N bonds in one step under mild reaction conditions. The involved high efficiency and selectivity, wide substrate scope, and excellent functional‐group compatibility demonstrate the practicability of the developed protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 variants capable of breakthrough infections have attracted global attention. These variants have significant mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and the membrane (M) protein, which may imply an enhanced ability to evade immune responses. In this study, an examination of co-mutations within the spike RBD and their potential correlation with mutations in the M protein was conducted. The EVmutation method was utilized to analyze the distribution of the mutations to elucidate the relationship between the mutations in the spike RBD and the alterations in the M protein. Additionally, the Sequence-to-Sequence Transformer Model (S2STM) was employed to establish mapping between the amino acid sequences of the spike RBD and M proteins, offering a novel and efficient approach for streamlined sequence analysis and the exploration of their interrelationship. Certain mutations in the spike RBD, G339D-S373P-S375F and Q493R-Q498R-Y505, are associated with a heightened propensity for inducing mutations at specific sites within the M protein, especially sites 3 and 19/63. These results shed light on the concept of mutational synergy between the spike RBD and M proteins, illuminating a potential mechanism that could be driving the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into Schwann‐like cells (SCLCs) has the potential to promote the structural and functional restoration of injured axons. However, the optimal induction protocol and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different induction protocols in promoting the differentiation of rat BMSCs into SCLCs and to explore their potential mechanisms. BMSCs were induced using two distinct methods: a composite factor induction approach (Protocol‐1) and a conditioned culture medium induction approach (Protocol‐2). The expression of Schwann cells (SCs) marker proteins and neurotrophic factors (NTFs) in the differentiated cells was assessed. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were also measured. During induction, changes in miR‐21 and Sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2 (SPRY2) mRNA were analyzed. Following the transfection of BMSCs with miR‐21 agomir or miR‐21 antagomir, induction was carried out using both protocols, and the expression of SPRY2, ERK1/2, and SCs marker proteins was examined. The results revealed that NTFs expression was higher in Protocol‐1, whereas SCs marker proteins expression did not significantly differ between the two groups. Compared to Protocol‐1, Protocol‐2 exhibited enhanced cell proliferation and fewer apoptotic and necrotic cells. Both protocols showed a negative correlation between miR‐21 and SPRY2 expression throughout the induction stages. After induction, the miR‐21 agomir group exhibited reduced SPRY2 expression, increased ERK1/2 expression, and significantly elevated expression of SCs marker proteins. This study demonstrates that Protocol‐1 yields higher NTFs expression, whereas Protocol‐2 results in stronger SCLCs proliferation. Upregulating miR‐21 suppresses SPRY2 expression, activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and promotes BMSC differentiation into SCLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) with unique optical properties and abundant catalytic sites are promising in photocatalysis. However, their light‐induced instability and the difficulty of utilizing the photogenerated carriers for photocatalysis pose significant challenges. Here, MAg24 (M=Ag, Pd, Pt, and Au) NCs doped with diverse single heteroatoms have been encapsulated in a metal–organic framework (MOF), UiO‐66‐NH2, affording MAg24@UiO‐66‐NH2. Strikingly, compared with Ag25@UiO‐66‐NH2, the MAg24@UiO‐66‐NH2 doped with heteroatom exhibits much enhanced activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production, among which AuAg24@UiO‐66‐NH2 presents the best activity up to 3.6 mmol g−1 h−1, far superior to all other counterparts. Moreover, they display excellent photocatalytic recyclability and stability. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrate that MAg24 NCs encapsulated into the MOF create a favorable charge transfer pathway, similar to a Z‐scheme heterojunction, when exposed to visible light. This promotes charge separation, along with optimized Ag electronic state, which are responsible for the superior activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) with unique optical properties and abundant catalytic sites are promising in photocatalysis. However, their light‐induced instability and the difficulty of utilizing the photogenerated carriers for photocatalysis pose significant challenges. Here, MAg24 (M=Ag, Pd, Pt, and Au) NCs doped with diverse single heteroatoms have been encapsulated in a metal–organic framework (MOF), UiO‐66‐NH2, affording MAg24@UiO‐66‐NH2. Strikingly, compared with Ag25@UiO‐66‐NH2, the MAg24@UiO‐66‐NH2 doped with heteroatom exhibits much enhanced activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production, among which AuAg24@UiO‐66‐NH2 presents the best activity up to 3.6 mmol g−1 h−1, far superior to all other counterparts. Moreover, they display excellent photocatalytic recyclability and stability. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrate that MAg24 NCs encapsulated into the MOF create a favorable charge transfer pathway, similar to a Z‐scheme heterojunction, when exposed to visible light. This promotes charge separation, along with optimized Ag electronic state, which are responsible for the superior activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The high activity barriers of Li 2 S nucleation and deposition limit the redox reaction kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), meanwhile, the significant shuttle effect of LiPSs hampers the advancement of Li-S batteries (LSBs). In this work, a NiSe 2 /CoSe 2 -rGO (NiSe 2 /CoSe 2 -G) sulfur host with bifunctional catalytic activity was prepared through a hard template method. Electrochemical experiment results confirm that the combination of NiSe 2 and CoSe 2 not only facilitates the bidirectional catalytic function during charge and discharge processes, but also increases the active sites toward LiPSs adsorption. Simultaneously, the highly conductive rGO network enhances the electronic conductivity of NiSe 2 /CoSe 2 -G/S and provides convenience for loading NiSe 2 /CoSe 2 catalysts. Benefitting from the exceptional catalytic-adsorption capability of NiSe 2 /CoSe 2 and the presence of rGO, the NiSe 2 /CoSe 2 -G/S electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical properties. At 1C, it demonstrates a low capacity attenuation of 0.087 % per cycle during 500 cycles. The electrode can maintain a discharge capacity of 927 mAh/g at a sulfur loading of 3.3 mg cm−2. The bidirectional catalytic activity of NiSe 2 /CoSe 2 -G offers a prospective approach to expedite the redox reactions of active S, meanwhile, this work also offers an ideal approach for designing efficient S hosts for LSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescent ferroelectrics are holding exciting prospect for integrated photoelectronic devices due to potential light‐polarization interactions at electron scale. Integrating ferroelectricity and long‐lived afterglow emission in a single material would offer new possibilities for fundamental research and applications, however, related reports have been a blank to date. For the first time, we here achieved the combination of notable ferroelectricity and afterglow emission in an organic‐inorganic hybrid material. Remarkably, the presented (4‐methylpiperidium)CdCl3 also shows noticeable antiferroelectric behavior. The implementation of cationic customization and halogen engineering not only enables a dramatic enhancement of Curie temperature of 114.4 K but also brings a record longest emission lifetime up to 117.11 ms under ambient conditions, realizing a leapfrog improvement of at least two orders of magnitude compared to reported hybrid ferroelectrics so far. This finding would herald the emergence of novel application potential, such as multi‐level density data storage or multifunctional sensors, towards the future integrated optoelectronic devices with multitasking capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescent ferroelectrics are holding exciting prospect for integrated photoelectronic devices due to potential light‐polarization interactions at electron scale. Integrating ferroelectricity and long‐lived afterglow emission in a single material would offer new possibilities for fundamental research and applications, however, related reports have been a blank to date. For the first time, we here achieved the combination of notable ferroelectricity and afterglow emission in an organic‐inorganic hybrid material. Remarkably, the presented (4‐methylpiperidium)CdCl3 also shows noticeable antiferroelectric behavior. The implementation of cationic customization and halogen engineering not only enables a dramatic enhancement of Curie temperature of 114.4 K but also brings a record longest emission lifetime up to 117.11 ms under ambient conditions, realizing a leapfrog improvement of at least two orders of magnitude compared to reported hybrid ferroelectrics so far. This finding would herald the emergence of novel application potential, such as multi‐level density data storage or multifunctional sensors, towards the future integrated optoelectronic devices with multitasking capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, efforts have been made to include tides in both operational ocean models as well as climate and earth system models. The accuracy of the barotropic tides is often limited by the model topography, which is in turn limited by model horizontal resolution. In this work, we explore the reduction of barotropic tidal errors in an ocean general circulation model (Modular Ocean Model version 6; MOM6) using sub‐grid scale topography representation. We follow the methodology from Adcroft (2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.03.002), which utilizes statistics from finer resolution topographic data sets to represent sub‐grid scale features with a light computational cost in a structured finite volume formulation. The geometric effect from sub‐grid scale topography can be introduced to the model with only a few parameters at each grid cell. The porous barriers, which are implemented at the walls of the grid cells, are used to modify transport between grid cells. Our results show that the globally averaged tidal error in lower‐resolution simulations is significantly reduced with the use of porous barriers. We argue this method is a potentially useful tool to improve simulations of tides (and other flows) in low‐resolution simulations. Plain Language Summary: In recent years, significant attention has been given to simulating tides in diverse ocean and climate models, because of the roles of tides in impacting sea levels. In order to better predict future sea level changes, it is therefore essential to improve the accuracy of surface tides simulated in numerical ocean models. One known source of errors that could impact the accuracy of modeled tides stems from the accuracy of ocean topography in the models, which relies on how many grid boxes (i.e., model resolution) are used to represent the complicated seafloor elevations. The model's resolution, however, is often constrained by the efficiency of computations. Our objective in this study is to enhance the portrayal of ocean topography at a given resolution to minimize tidal errors. To achieve this, we employ a technique known as "porous barriers," which uses approximations to mimic the effects of ocean topography that would be omitted in the models, without imposing significant computational burdens. Our findings demonstrate that this technique of porous barriers can substantially reduce tidal errors in our ocean model. We also expect a wider application of this technique to numerous other physical processes within the ocean. Key Points: The accuracy of tides in ocean models is affected by the representation of topography, which is constrained by model horizontal resolutionThe geometric effect of the sub‐grid scale topographic features can be approximated in the model with the porous barriersThe porous barriers can significantly reduce globally averaged errors for barotropic tides [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unhealthy aging poses a global challenge with profound healthcare and socioeconomic implications. Slowing down the aging process offers a promising approach to reduce the burden of a number of age-related diseases, such as dementia, and promoting healthy longevity in the old population. In response to the challenge of the aging population and with a view to the future, Norway and the United Kingdom are fostering collaborations, supported by a "Money Follows Cooperation agreement" between the 2 nations. The inaugural Norway–UK joint meeting on aging and dementia gathered leading experts on aging and dementia from the 2 nations to share their latest discoveries in related fields. Since aging is an international challenge, and to foster collaborations, we also invited leading scholars from 11 additional countries to join this event. This report provides a summary of the conference, highlighting recent progress on molecular aging mechanisms, genetic risk factors, DNA damage and repair, mitophagy, autophagy, as well as progress on a series of clinical trials (eg, using NAD+ precursors). The meeting facilitated dialogue among policymakers, administrative leaders, researchers, and clinical experts, aiming to promote international research collaborations and to translate findings into clinical applications and interventions to advance healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to introducing and investigating the bounded variation capacity and the perimeter in the abstract Wiener space X, thereby discovering some related inequalities. Functions of bounded variation in an abstract Wiener space X have been studied by many scholars. As the continuation of this research, we define the corresponding BV capacity cap H ⁡ (⋅) (now called abstract Wiener BV capacity) and investigate its properties. We also investigate some properties of sets of finite γ-perimeter, with γ being a Gaussian measure. Subsequently, the isocapacitary inequality associated with cap H ⁡ (⋅) is presented and we are able to show that it is equivalent to the Gaussian isoperimetric inequality. Finally, we prove that every set of finite γ-perimeter in X has mean curvature in L 1 ⁢ (X , γ) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective isomerization of terminal olefins to afford new internal olefins is an atom economic reaction that is usually catalysed by metal catalysts. Here, we present a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3]-catalysed isomerization of olefins. Linear α-olefins are converted to 2-olefins in high yields with unsatisfactory stereoselectivity under the applied reaction conditions. At the same time, the biorelevant phenylpropenoid products can be obtained with high regio- and stereoselectivity from the isomerization of allylbenzenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence suggests the potential relationship between vitamin D deficiency and risk of cognitive impairment or dementia. To what extent the excess risk of dementia conferred by vitamin D deficiency is less clear. Objective: We summarized the current evidence from several aspects and further quantified these associations. Methods: We collected relevant prospective cohort studies by searching PubMed, Embase and Cochrane up to July 2023. The pooled relative risks (RR) were evaluated by random-effects models. Dose-response analyses were conducted by the method of two-stage generalized least squares regression. Results: Of 9,267 identified literatures, 23 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analyses, among which 9 and 4 literatures were included in the dose-response analyses for the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vitamin D deficiency exhibited a 1.42 times risk for dementia (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21–1.65) and a 1.57-fold excess risk for AD (95% CI = 1.15–2.14). And vitamin D deficiency was associated with 34% elevated risk with cognitive impairment (95% CI = 1.19–1.52). Additionally, vitamin D was non-linearly related to the risk of dementia (pnonlinearity = 0.0000) and AD (pnonlinearity = 0.0042). The approximate 77.5–100 nmol/L 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was optimal for reducing dementia risk. And the AD risk seemed to be decreased when the 25(OH)D level >40.1 nmol/L. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was a risk factor for dementia, AD, and cognitive impairment. The nonlinear relationships may further provide the optimum dose of 25(OH)D for dementia prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-agent cooperation, pooling innovative resources, helps to develop key technologies and major projects in enterprises. However, the multi-agent cooperation of enterprises makes the cooperative relationship unstable, and behaviours such as moral hazard, spillover of technology or information are more likely to occur, thereby increasing the risk of enterprises. In this research an enterprise R&D cooperative evolutionary game model is built to investigate the influence of Network externalities on enterprise R&D cooperation in innovation networks. Furthermore, the evolution of innovative network structure of game results is simulated by means of computer technology so that the effects of network externalities on corporation degree, agglomeration and network structure are analyzed. The results show that Network externalities led to a decrease of cooperated partners, a decline in cooperation degree and agglomeration of enterprises, and a shrinking enterprise R&D cooperation tendency. The influence of network externalities shows significant structural differences in the three types of enterprise networks: the degree of enterprise cooperation and agglomeration fluctuates greatly in the scale-free network, but slightly in the small-world network and the random network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cavernous sinus invasion (CSI) plays a pivotal role in determining management in pituitary adenomas. The study aimed to develop a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to diagnose CSI in multiple centers. Methods: A total of 729 cases were retrospectively obtained in five medical centers with (n = 543) or without CSI (n = 186) from January 2011 to December 2021. The CNN model was trained using T1-enhanced MRI from two pituitary centers of excellence (n = 647). The other three municipal centers (n = 82) as the external testing set were imported to evaluate the model performance. The area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic-curve values (AUC-ROC) analyses were employed to evaluate predicted performance. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was used to determine models' regions of interest. Results: The CNN model achieved high diagnostic accuracy (0.89) in identifying CSI in the external testing set, with an AUC-ROC value of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88–0.97), better than CSI clinical predictor of diameter (AUC-ROC: 0.75), length (AUC-ROC: 0.80), and the three kinds of dichotomizations of the Knosp grading system (AUC-ROC: 0.70–0.82). In cases with Knosp grade 3A (n = 24, CSI rate, 0.35), the accuracy the model accounted for 0.78, with sensitivity and specificity values of 0.72 and 0.78, respectively. According to the Grad-CAM results, the views of the model were confirmed around the sellar region with CSI. Conclusions: The deep learning model is capable of accurately identifying CSI and satisfactorily able to localize CSI in multicenters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: FoxO1 is an important target in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, FoxO1‐specific agonists and their effects on AD have not yet been reported. This study aimed to identify small molecules that upregulate the activity of FoxO1 to attenuate the symptoms of AD. Methods: FoxO1 agonists were identified by in silico screening and molecular dynamics simulation. Western blotting and reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to assess protein and gene expression levels of P21, BIM, and PPARγ downstream of FoxO1 in SH‐SY5Y cells, respectively. Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunoassays were performed to explore the effect of FoxO1 agonists on APP metabolism. Results: N‐(3‐methylisothiazol‐5‐yl)‐2‐(2‐oxobenzo[d]oxazol‐3(2H)‐yl) acetamide (compound D) had the highest affinity for FoxO1. Compound D activated FoxO1 and regulated the expression of its downstream target genes, P21, BIM, and PPARγ. In SH‐SY5Y cells treated with compound D, BACE1 expression levels were downregulated, and the levels of Aβ1‐40 and Aβ1‐42 were also reduced. Conclusions: We present a novel small‐molecule FoxO1 agonist with good anti‐AD effects. This study highlights a promising strategy for new drug discovery for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the biological effects of arctigenin on B16-F10 melanoma cells in vitro and to explore its mechanism. B16-F10 melanoma cells in vitro were treated with the blank control solution and arctigenin solution of different concentrations, respectively. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using the CCK-8 assay and cell loss assay, and the effect of arctigenin on melanoma cell proliferation was evaluated. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of BCL-2 protein and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cells of different groups and to explore the mechanism of action of arctigenin. The proliferation rate of B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with arctigenin solutions was significantly lower than that of the blank control group (P <.05), and the proliferation rate decreased with increasing concentration of arctigenin. The apoptosis rate of B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with arctigenin solutions was significantly higher than that of the blank control group (P <.05), and the apoptosis rate increased with increasing concentration of arctigenin. The expression levels of BCL-2 and VEGF in B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with arctigenin solutions were significantly lower than those in the blank control group (P <.05), and the expression levels decreased as the concentration of arctigenin increased. Arctigenin can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of melanoma cells, and the mechanism may be associated with decreasing the expression of BCL-2 and VEGF in melanoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviors of droplets impinging on superhydrophobic surfaces have received much attention from industry and academia due to potential applications such as anti-icing, spray cooling, and self-cleaning. Previous studies have shown that the superhydrophobic surfaces can significantly reduce contact time and thus effectively suppress surface icing and condensation phenomena. In this paper, the bouncing behaviors of droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces decorated with cross ridges were investigated using numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. The effect of cross-ridge structures with different pinch angles and droplets with different Weber numbers on droplet bouncing behaviors was investigated using the volume-of-fluid method. The results showed that the solid–liquid contact time was shortest when the angle between the two ridges was 75°. Compared to droplet bouncing on a smooth surface, the contact time was reduced by up to 30% for complete bouncing behaviors and up to 68% for broken bouncing behaviors. As the angle decreased, the ratio of spreading areas between child droplet sizes increased exponentially. The momentum of the smaller child droplet decreased until it was no longer generated. A theoretical analysis based on energy conservation was also performed. A theoretical equation was proposed to predict the maximum spreading coefficient. The maximum error was less than 10% for the experimental and numerical results compared to the predicted results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The woven lattice truss sandwich panels (WLTSPs) have been studied much, and this article proposes a new structure (curved woven lattice truss sandwich [CWLTS] panels). CWLTS were designed, made, and tested. The foam‐filling technique was applied to strengthen the CWLTS. Curving and foam‐filling effects to the deformation, damage, failure, and energy absorption under cylindrical and plated loadings were revealed by three‐point bending experiments. Under cylindrical loading, foam‐filling can effectively increase the load capacity, especially the CWLTS‐A. The load‐bearing capacity of the plated loading is greater than that of the cylindrical loading, and the phenomenon is significantly improved after foam filling, except for the central angle of 60° and the CWLTS‐A of 44.05°. Foam‐filling changes failure from core‐shearing to face fracture. For foam‐filled panels, the change in loading pattern results in energy absorption increase of 2.45 times for CWLTS‐B and 2.86 times for CWLTS‐A. Plated loading approximately doubles the peak load and energy absorption with two plastic hinges. The effect of foam filling on the mean crush force of the CWLTS plated loading is greater. The mechanical and energy absorption properties of the CWLTS can be improved by changing the loading mode and using foam filling, effectively increasing the applicability. Highlights: Curved woven lattice truss sandwich panels were designed, made, and tested.Foam‐filling method greatly improves the bearing capacity of the CWLTS panels.Plated loading much increases the bearing capacity and energy absorption.The impact of curvature on mechanical performances is not immediately apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite demonstrating exceptional inversion production for synthetic data, the application of deep learning (DL) inversion methods to invert realistic magnetotelluric (MT) measurements, which are inevitably contaminated by noise in acquisition, poses a significant challenge. Hence, to facilitate DL inversion for realistic MT measurements, this work explores developing a noise-robust MT DL inversion method by generating targeted noisy training datasets and constructing a physics-informed neural network. Different from most previous works that only considered the noise of one fixed distribution and level, we propose three noise injection strategies and compare their combinations to mitigate the adverse effect of measurement noise on MT DL inversion results: (1) add synthetic relative noise obeying Gaussian distribution; (2) propose a multiwindow Savitzky–Golay (MWSG) filtering scheme to extract potential and possible noise from the target field data and then introduce them into training data; (3) create an augmented training dataset based on the former two strategies. Moreover, we employ the powerful Swin Transformer as the backbone network to construct a U-shaped DL model (SwinTUNet), based on which a physics-informed SwinTUNet (PISwinTUNet) is implemented to further enhance its generalization ability. In synthetic examples, the proposed noise injection strategies demonstrate impressive inversion effects, regardless of whether they are contaminated by familiar or unfamiliar noise. In a field example, the combination of three strategies drives PISwinTUNet to produce considerably faithful reconstructions for subsurface resistivity structures and outperform the classical deterministic Occam inversions. The experimental results show that the proposed noise-robust DL inversion method based on the noise injection strategies and physics-informed DL architecture holds great promise in processing MT field data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While undergoing structural deformation, DNA experiences changes in the interactions between its internal base pairs, presenting challenges to conventional elastic methods. To address this, we propose the Discrete Critical State (DCS) model in this paper. This model combines surface discrete frame theory with gauge theory and Landau phase transition theory to investigate DNA's structural deformation, phase transitions, and chirality. Notably, the DCS model considers both the internal interactions within DNA and formulates an overall equation using unified physical and geometric parameters. By employing the discrete frame, we derive the evolution of physical quantities along the helical axis of DNA, including geodesic curvature, geodesic torsion, and others. Our findings indicate that B-DNA has a significantly lower free energy density compared to Z-DNA, which is in agreement with experimental observations. This research reveals that the direction of base pairs is primarily governed by the geodesic curve within the helical plane, aligning closely with the orientation of the base pairs. Moreover, the geodesic curve has a profound influence on the arrangement of base pairs at the microscopic level and effectively regulates the configuration and geometry of DNA through macroscopic-level free energy considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the modification of red clay with calcium carbonate. The pore distribution was obtained using a combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The influence of calcium carbonate content, density, confining pressure, and shear strain on the pores was studied. Introducing pore classification to assess the extent of the damage under different conditions and the relationship between different types of pores. The results show that the content of added calcium carbonate has little effect on pore distribution when the density is low (1.4 and 1.5 g/cm3). The content of calcium carbonate has an influence on pore distribution when the density is high (1.6 g/cm3). With the density increases, the number of macropores and mesopores between soil particles decreases, while the small pores increase. The confining pressure results in the preferential drainage of free water from macropores. The porosity decreases as the confining pressure increases. Under the same confining pressure, as the shear strain increases, the large pores decrease while the small pores increase. Based on the analysis of damage degree, the shear strain is positively linearly related to the damage degree of intragranular mesopores, which forms a convex function relationship with intragranular macropores and intergranular mesopores (except under a confining pressure of 100 kPa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Since 2002, the Chinese Ministry of Education has conducted reform in the physical education (PE) curriculums of schools in China, with a focus on shifting from sports skills to regular participation in physical activity (PA) and promoting health. The aim of the study, therefore, is to examine the effects of school PE on the exercise habits of children and adolescents in China over time. METHODS: Data based on 5941 observations of 3708 individuals aged 6 to 17 were collected from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) for the period 2004 to 2015. The data were analyzed using the fixed‐effect Logit model and the random‐effect Tobit model. RESULTS: The likelihood of exercising outside of school is 20.2% higher for students who have school PE than those who do not. Our study found that increasing the duration of PE at school by 100%, increases the duration of out‐of‐school PA by 22.3%. The variety of the types of sports schools offer encourages students to participate in out‐of‐school physical activity. The likelihood of students exercising outside of school increases by 5.6% when 1 more exercise type is provided in school PE. In addition, soccer, basketball, badminton, and volleyball education increases students' participation in after‐school exercises. Soccer and basketball education, in particular, improves the duration of after‐school PA. CONCLUSIONS: To form exercise habits in children and adolescents, we encourage the promotion of a variety of physical activities in schools, especially team sports such as soccer and basketball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study published in the Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences suggests a correlation between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). PFASs are man-made chemicals found in many consumer products and have been linked to various health issues. The study analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples from eight patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus and found a correlation between high levels of PFASs, specifically perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and cognitive impairment. While this is a small-scale study, further research is needed to validate these findings and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The study emphasizes the importance of reducing exposure to PFASs to protect brain health. [Extracted from the article]

The increasing use of fluorine‐containing bioactive molecules necessitates efficient strategies for fluorinated group installation. Despite the impressive development of photoinduced radical fluoroalkylation as a powerful tool for introducing fluorine, the persistent issues, including the recyclability and reaction specificity of homogeneous photocatalysts, still leave great room for further advancement in a sustainable and general fashion. Herein, we report a conceptually different approach toward multiple types of fluoroalkylations by using recoverable and versatile graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) nanosheets as a heterogeneous photocatalyst. This photocatalytic system enables diverse intermolecular fluoroalkylations of alkenes with fluoroalkanesulfinates and intramolecular fluoroalkyl migrations of alkenyl triflates. Detailed characterizations and mechanism studies substantiate the stability of this organic semiconductor and the crucial role of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabidiol (CBD), a natural component extracted from Cannabis sativa L. exerts neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease characterized by impaired cognition and accumulation of amyloid-B peptides (Aβ). Interactions between the gut and central nervous system (microbiota-gut-brain axis) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorder AD. At present investigations into the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective action of CBD in AD are not conclusive. The aim of this study was thus to examine the influence of CBD on cognition and involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis using a senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model. Data demonstrated that administration of CBD to SAMP8 mice improved cognitive function as evidenced from the Morris water maze test and increased hippocampal activated microglia shift from M1 to M2. In addition, CBD elevated levels of Bacteriodetes associated with a fall in Firmicutes providing morphologically a protective intestinal barrier which subsequently reduced leakage of intestinal toxic metabolites. Further, CBD was found to reduce the levels of hippocampal and colon epithelial cells lipopolysaccharide (LPS), known to be increased in AD leading to impaired gastrointestinal motility, thereby promoting neuroinflammation and subsequent neuronal death. Our findings demonstrated that CBD may be considered a beneficial therapeutic drug to counteract AD-mediated cognitive impairment and restore gut microbial functions associated with the observed neuroprotective mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baccatin III is a crucial precursor in the biosynthesis pathway of paclitaxel. Its main sources are extraction from Taxus or chemical synthesis using 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB) as substrate. However, these preparation approaches exhibit serious limitations, including the low content of baccatin III in Taxus and the complicated steps of chemical synthesis. Heterologous expression of 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-O-acetyltransferase (TcDBAT) in microbial strains for biotransformation of 10-DAB is a promising alternative strategy for baccatin III production. Here, the promotion effects of glycerol supply and slightly acidic conditions with a low-temperature on the catalysis of recombinant TcDBAT strain were clarified using 10-DAB as substrate. Taxus needles is renewable and the content of 10-DAB is relatively high, it can be used as an effective source of the catalytic substrate 10-DAB. Baccatin III was synthesized by integrating the extraction of 10-DAB from renewable Taxus needles and in situ whole-cell catalysis in this study. 40 g/L needles were converted into 20.66 mg/L baccatin III by optimizing and establishing a whole-cell catalytic bioprocess. The method used in this study can shorten the production process of Taxus extraction for baccatin III synthesis and provide a reliable strategy for the efficient production of baccatin III by recombinant strains and the improvement of resource utilization rate of Taxus needles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated parental antecedents of children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy. Parents of 110 five- to six-year-old Chinese kindergarten children were recruited. One parent of each child completed the questionnaire on demographics, parental attitudes, home environment, home activity, parental involvement in school, and children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy. The results indicated that parents' attitudes could exert direct impacts on their children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy when demographic variables and parental practices were controlled for. Parents' attitudes toward their own learning were also indirectly correlated with their children's learning interests via their attitudes toward their children's learning. Moreover, parental practices explained the relationship between parental attitudes and children's learning interests, albeit slightly differently across literacy and numeracy. Home activity and parental involvement in school significantly mediated the relationship between parental attitudes and children's learning interests in numeracy, while in literacy, only home learning activity was a significant mediator. These findings have important implications for guiding parents in cultivating the kindergarten children's learning interests in numeracy and literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterised by intracellular iron overload, increased lipid peroxidation and abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species.It has been implicated in the progression of several diseases including cancer, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases and liver disease. The etiology of endometriosis (EMS) is still unclear and is associated with multiple factors, often accompanied by various forms of cell death and a complex microenvironment. In recent decades, the role of non-traditional forms of cell death, represented by ferroptosis, in endometriosis has come to the attention of researchers. This article reviews the transitional role of iron homeostasis in the development of ferroptosis, the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, and focuses on summarising the links between iron death and various pathogenic mechanisms of EMS, including oxidative stress, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The possible applications of ferroptosis in the treatment of EMS, future research directions and current issues are discussed with the aim of providing new ideas for further understanding of EMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The work proposes an optimization algorithm combining grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to compute the hyperparameters of support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to improve the classification accuracy of SVM classifiers. • This paper proposes a boundary data extraction method combining classification and regression algorithms for the classification boundary of adaptive sampling methods. • Combining the above two methods this paper proposes an optimized adaptive sampling method and establishes a calculation process to achieve the improvement of the calculation accuracy of the adaptive sampling method. The risk-informed safety margin characterization (RISMC) method utilizes a probabilistic safety margin (PSM) comparison between a load and capacity distribution, rather than a deterministic comparison between two values. The RISMC method can be effective in exploiting the potential safety margins and improving the economics of nuclear power plants (NPPs). However, the high computational cost of the coupling calculation involved in RISMC significantly limits its application. This paper presents an optimized adaptive sampling (OAS) method to efficiently calculate the PSM of NPP accidents. The OAS method uses the support vector machine (SVM) method to predict the limit surface and grey wolf optimization combined with particle swarm optimization to tune the SVM hyperparameters. Additionally, OAS uses the Gaussian regression algorithm to modify the limit surface. The OAS method was firstly tested on three synthetic test functions and then generalized to station blackout (SBO) accidents of China Pressurized Reactor (CPR1000). The SBO results showed that the OAS method reduces the relative error between calculated and true values to about 1 % and improves the calculation efficiency by 5 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis, distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other types of cell death, is a novel iron-dependent regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides and redox imbalance with distinct morphological, biochemical, and genetic features. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis, the disruption of antioxidative stress pathways and lipid peroxidation are crucial in ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and heart failure. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that regulate ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases will enhance the prevention and treatment of these diseases. This review discusses the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its regulation in cardiovascular diseases, the application of ferroptosis modulators in cardiovascular diseases, and the role of traditional Chinese medicines in ferroptosis regulation to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and identify new prevention and treatment options. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic Suspended Passive Shutdown Subassembly (HS-PSS) is a passive nuclear safety technology employed in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR). During Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR) operation, this component is often subjected to stress cycles caused by flow-induced vibration (FIV), which may lead to material failure and potentially threaten the reactor's safety. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and evaluate the FIV behavior of the HS-PSS in fast reactors. Different from the conventional used before, HS-PSS is a new type of control rod assembly with no existing studies on FIV. In this study, we established a full-scale experiment for FIV of the HS-PSS in different flow conditions and with various movable component positions (600 mm, 800 mm, 1200 mm). Modal experiments were conducted to determine the natural frequencies. FIV test results show that the highest amplitude occurs when the movable component is 800 mm, with a noticeable acceleration response near the first natural frequency. To explain the experimental observations, numerical simulations have been conducted to analyze the HS-PSS flow field characteristics. The simulations have considered different positions of the movable component at a fixed flow rate of 16.281 m3/h and different flow rates with the movable component positioned at 800 mm. The results indicate significant changes in the flow distribution within the HS-PSS and the hydraulic forces applied to the inlet surface of the movable component when the movable component is set at 800 mm. The experimental and numerical analysis results of this study have provided valuable insights for analyzing and assessing the FIV behavior of the HS-PSS in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors. • A test bench was constructed to study the flow-induced vibration of a Hydraulic Suspended Passive Shutdown Subassembly. • Experiments have discovered the location of special movable parts that respond significantly to vibrations. • The flow field simulation results are consistent with the experimental phenomena, explaining the cause of the vibration response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 210–205 Ma Habake pluton was formed in a continental collision setting. • The final closure of the Paleo-Tethys in the West Kunlun orogenic belt occurred after 209 Ma. • The parent rocks of rare metal-mineralized pegmatites are all S-type granites and contain >150 ppm Li. Recent discoveries of rare metal pegmatite deposits in the West Kunlun region are believed to be related to Triassic granites. However, the tectonic background of the mineralization in this region is currently unclear. Additionally, the mineralization potential of the granite must be determined to assess whether further exploration is warranted. This paper reports whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, and zircon U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions for the Habake granitic pluton. The zircon U–Pb dating revealed that these rocks formed in the Late Triassic (210–205 Ma). The two-mica granites are strongly peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline series rocks, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.71294 ∼ 0.71428, εNd(t) values of −7.79 ∼ -8.15, and εHf(t) values of −1.77 ∼ −32.22; these values are similar to those of Triassic BaryanHar Group graywacke rocks. The other granites are weakly peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline series rocks, with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70820 ∼ 0.70823 and 0.70942 ∼ 0.71041, εNd(t) of −3.81 ∼ -4.11 and −5.33 ∼ -5.40, and εHf(t) of −0.90 to +7.02 and −1.39 to −7.68, indicating that the granodiorite and biotite granite were respectively derived from partial melting of the juvenile crust and older lower crust in continental collision stage. Our new data show that the end of the continental collision between the South Kunlun Terrane (SKT) and Tianshuihai terrane (TST) likely occurred after 209 Ma. After analysis of the ore-forming parent rocks of the rare metal pegmatites, the graywacke-derived Habake two-mica granites, has lower Li contents that too low(<150 ppm), indicating that they did not form the rare metal pegmatites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since 2020, China has actively promoted HPV vaccination for eligible adolescent girls through various pilot programmes. This study investigated parental willingness and hesitancy towards the government-sponsored, free human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for eligible adolescent girls in Shenzhen, Southern China. Methods: From June to August 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with parents of girls entering Grade 7, employing an adapted Vaccine Hesitancy Scale to assess vaccine hesitancy and logistic regression to identify factors influencing willingness to accept the free domestic vaccines. Results: Although only 3.4% of the 2856 respondents had their daughters vaccinated against HPV prior to the survey, 91.7% were willing to utilise the governmental vaccination services. Parents with children in public schools (χ2 = 20.08, p < 0.001), those with more secure medical insurance (χ2 = 4.97, p = 0.026), and parents who had received an HPV vaccine themselves (χ2 = 28.829, p < 0.001) showed more reluctance towards the free vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy was presented in a mere 2.1% but was a significant predictor of vaccine refusal, even after adjusting for multiple factors (adjusted OR = 15.98, 95% CI: 9.06, 28.20). Notably, about four-fifths of parents of unvaccinated daughters harboured concerns about the safety and efficacy of the domestic vaccine. Conclusions: Although parents show a strong inclination to utilise the government vaccination services, their vaccine hesitancy, driven by safety concerns and a preference for imported vaccines, remains a significant barrier for rolling out vaccination coverage. This study highlights the need for multifaceted intervention strategies that address these issues to enhance HPV vaccine uptake effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing stable and efficient photocatalysts for H2O2 production is of great importance and is challenging. In this study, the synthesis of three photoactive cyclooctatetrathiophene (COTh)‐based porous aromatic frameworks (COTh‐PAFs) in an alternating donor‐acceptor (D−A) fashion is presented. In combination with a triazine‐derived electron acceptor, PAF‐363 exhibits high efficiency for the photosynthesis of H2O2 with production rates of 11733 μmol g−1 h−1(with sacrificial agent) and 3930 μmol g−1 h−1 (without sacrificial agent) from water and oxygen under visible light irradiation. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the charge transfer positions and the O2 adsorption sites in PAF‐363 are both concentrated on COTh fragments, which facilitate the H2O2 production through the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway. This work highlights that the rational design of COTh‐PAFs with consideration of D−A direction, charge transfer positions, and O2 adsorption sites provides a feasible access to efficient H2O2 production photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing stable and efficient photocatalysts for H2O2 production is of great importance and is challenging. In this study, the synthesis of three photoactive cyclooctatetrathiophene (COTh)‐based porous aromatic frameworks (COTh‐PAFs) in an alternating donor‐acceptor (D−A) fashion is presented. In combination with a triazine‐derived electron acceptor, PAF‐363 exhibits high efficiency for the photosynthesis of H2O2 with production rates of 11733 μmol g−1 h−1(with sacrificial agent) and 3930 μmol g−1 h−1 (without sacrificial agent) from water and oxygen under visible light irradiation. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the charge transfer positions and the O2 adsorption sites in PAF‐363 are both concentrated on COTh fragments, which facilitate the H2O2 production through the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway. This work highlights that the rational design of COTh‐PAFs with consideration of D−A direction, charge transfer positions, and O2 adsorption sites provides a feasible access to efficient H2O2 production photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the core pathogenesis of yin-yang poisoning recorded in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and clarifies the characteristics of "yin poisoning" and "yang poisoning" as considered during the Han and Tang dynasties. It is found that the classification criteria for the two are based on the manifestation of syndromes rather than the cold and heat of the pathogenesis. By analyzing the syndrome of yin-yang poisoning in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and combining the records with people's understanding of the efficacy of various medicinals in Shengma Biejia Decoction during the Han and Tang dynasties, it is demonstrated that the core pathogenesis is stagnation, mainly reflected in three aspects: accumulation of toxins, stagnation of qi and blood, and stagnation of yang qi. Among these, the degree and location of stagnation of yang qi are the reasons for the difference between yin poisoning and yang poisoning. The disease of yang poisoning is characterized by sufficient yang qi in the body, obstruction of pathogenic factors on the surface, and intense competition between vital qi and evil qi. Therefore, yang stagnation on the surface is more severe and leads to heat symptoms. The disease of yin poisoning is characterized by deficient yang qi in the body, an inability to resist pathogen, and the deepening of evil qi. The yang qi is suppressed by depression and is relatively mild, making it unable to circulate and warm the body, resulting in cold symptoms. Therefore, when treating yang poisoning, ZHANG Zhongjing used medicinals that were pungent, warm and dispersed to relieve the yang depression on the surface. If the yang depression was dispersed, the heat would naturally dissipate. When treating yin poisoning, only internal medicine is used to relieve internal yang qi stagnation, and when yang qi is extended, cold will naturally disappear. In summary, we aimed to enhance our understanding of the efficacy of Shengma Biejia Decoction from the perspectives of promoting the dispersion of toxins, promoting blood circulation, and promoting yang stagnation, in order to provide new ideas for the clinical use of this formula and expand its application scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemically catalyzed production of fructose syrup from high concentrations of glucose is crucial for the food industry and biorefining. In this work, a single crystal catalyst was synthesized via protective desilication of zeolite while incorporating indium. Glucose was isomerized in methanol at concentrations as high as 33 wt % before being hydrolyzed with water. The final fructose production was 54.9 %, with 89.1 % selectivity and 93.3 % sugar recovery, the highest isomerization rate at the highest concentration ever reported. Indium was present in the single‐crystal catalyst as oxide nanoparticles and boundary framework atoms, and it achieved intelligent cooperation in the production of fructose syrup in methanol by catalyzing isomerization and selective glycosidation, minimizing degradation due to fructose accumulation and eliminating side reactions. This study contributed to the advancement of the industrial practice of chemically catalyzed glucose isomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemically catalyzed production of fructose syrup from high concentrations of glucose is crucial for the food industry and biorefining. In this work, a single crystal catalyst was synthesized via protective desilication of zeolite while incorporating indium. Glucose was isomerized in methanol at concentrations as high as 33 wt % before being hydrolyzed with water. The final fructose production was 54.9 %, with 89.1 % selectivity and 93.3 % sugar recovery, the highest isomerization rate at the highest concentration ever reported. Indium was present in the single‐crystal catalyst as oxide nanoparticles and boundary framework atoms, and it achieved intelligent cooperation in the production of fructose syrup in methanol by catalyzing isomerization and selective glycosidation, minimizing degradation due to fructose accumulation and eliminating side reactions. This study contributed to the advancement of the industrial practice of chemically catalyzed glucose isomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cytologic evaluation of the upper urinary tract (UUT) can be challenging due to instrumentation artefacts. This study retrospectively reviewed UUT specimens using The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytopathology, second edition (TPS 2.0), compared it with the original reporting system (ORS) and correlated it with histopathologic follow‐up. Methods: An institutional database was reviewed for the UUT biopsy/resection histopathologic specimens, and we included 52 UUT cytology specimens pertinent to these cases in the study. These specimens were blindly reviewed and reclassified using TPS 2.0. The correlation between TPS 2.0, ORS and histopathologic follow‐up was assessed. Results: The UUT cytology specimens corresponded to 21 (40.4%) high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), 27 (51.9%) low‐grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) and 4 (7.7%) benign cases on follow‐up. For HGGC cases, the associated TPS categories included unsatisfactory (n = 1, 4.8%), negative for HGUC (NHGUC; n = 3, 14.3%), atypical urothelial cells (AUC; n = 6, 28.6%), suspicious for HGUC (SHGUC; n = 3, 14.3%) and HGUC (n = 8, 38.1%), while ORS categorised the specimens as unsatisfactory (n = 1, 4.8%), negative for malignant cells (NFMC; n = 3, 14.3%), AUC (n = 5, 23.8%), low‐grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC; n = 0, 0%), SHGUC (n = 5, 23.8%) and HGUC (n = 7, 33.3%). The risks of high‐grade malignancy among cytologic categories were similar between ORS and TPS (p > 0.05). The majority of LGUC were classified as AUC similarly by ORS and TPS (55.6% vs. 59.3%). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated comparable performance between TPS 2.0 and ORS for UUT cytology specimens. Cytological diagnosis of UUT specimens remains challenging, especially for LGUC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of dwindling freshwater resources, it is imperative to comprehensively evaluate crop productivity and soil resource sustainability when considering the use of saline water for irrigation (SWI). This study aimed to investigate the effects of SWI on soil salinity variation and sustainability of flat sowing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through a comprehensive 15-year field experiment conducted in the North China Plain, encompassing six levels of irrigation water salinity (EC iw of 1.3, 3.4, 7.1, 10.6, 14.1, and 17.7 dS m−1, respectively). The results of the 15-year SWI revealed an increase in soil salinity within the cotton root zone, with increases of 5%, 20%, 39%, 67%, 116%, and 156%, respectively, observed across the six treatments. In treatments with higher EC iw values (14.1 and 17.7 dS m−1), salt accumulation extended to a depth of 3.0 m. Long - term SWI has a risk of causing soil sodicity and alkalinity. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and pH in the treatments with EC iw ≥ 7.1 dS m−1 increased significantly (P < 0.05) after cotton harvest in the 15th year of continuous SWI. Cotton yield performance exhibited a distinct response to varying levels of EC iw. The treatment with an EC iw of 3.4 dS m−1 yielded the highest average cotton yield of 3419 kg ha−1, while cotton yields in treatments with an EC iw of 14.1 and 17.7 dS m−1 were more than 13% and 20%, respectively, lower than the maximum yield (P < 0.05). The sustainability index of cotton yield was at its lowest (0.68) in the treatments with an EC iw of 7.1 dS m−1, with values between 0.72 and 0.75 in the other treatments. Additionally, long-term SWI resulted in changes in cotton quality, including a decrease in micronaire value and an increase in elongation index. A quadratic correlation analysis identified a threshold EC iw of 6.8 dS m−1 for optimum cotton yield. In summary, it is recommended that the EC iw should not exceed 6.8 dS m−1 to ensure the sustainability and safety of long-term SWI for cotton production in this research region. [Display omitted] • The impact of EC iw on soil salt and cotton yield was evaluated in a 15-year experiment. • Salt accumulated in 0-1.0 m depth was positively related to EC iw. • Irrigation with high EC iw (14.1 and 17.7 dS m−1) resulted in salt accumulation to a depth of 3.0 m. • The sustainability index of yield varied from 0.68 to 0.75 under the six treatments. • A threshold EC iw of 6.8 dS m−1 was determined to be the safe limit for irrigation with saline water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a significant endeavour in recent years to utilize artificial intelligence technology for solving various partial differential equations (PDEs). Nevertheless, the vanilla PINN model structure encounters challenges in accurately approximating solutions at hard-to-fit regions with, for instance, "stiffness" points characterized by fast-paced alterations in timescale. To this end, we introduce a novel model architecture based on PINN, named loss-attentional physics-informed neural networks (LA-PINN), which equips each loss component with an independent loss-attentional network (LAN). Feeding the squared errors (SE) on every training point into LAN as the input, the attentional function is then built by each LAN and provides different weights to diverse point SE s. A point error-based weighting approach that utilizes the adversarial training between multiple networks in the LA-PINN model is proposed to dynamically update weights of SE during every training epoch. Additionally, the weighting mechanism of LA-PINN is analysed and also be validated by performing several numerical experiments. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method displays superior predictive performance compared to the vanilla PINN and holds a swift convergence characteristic. Moreover, it can advance the convergence of those hard-to-fit points by progressively increasing the growth rates of both the weight and the update gradient for point error. • A novel PINN architecture that pays attention to all point errors and dynamically weights them during training. • A framework that leverages multi-network collaboration through adversarial training to facilitate the convergence of the model. • The proposed method has fast convergence characteristics with high accuracy in solving several benchmark PDEs. • Enhance the convergence in the "stiffness" region, a consistent challenge when solving PDEs using PINNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Tourmaline in muscovite is of schorl type and tourmaline in barren and ore-bearing pegmatite are of oxy-schorl and fluor-elbaite. • Local fluid/melt composition may have influenced the tourmaline trace element compositions. • Fluid exsolution occurred in ore-bearing pegmatite with high Li contents. • B-isotope variation among tourmaline types linked to melt-fluid-tourmaline fractionation. The Bailongshan in the West Kunlun Orogen (northern Tibet) is a newly-discovered super-large rare-metal (Li-Rb(-Be-Ta-Nb)) pegmatite deposit. Tourmaline occurs widely in muscovite granites and pegmatites at Bailongshan, but comprehensive study is yet to be done on the geochemical evolution of tourmaline from the magmatic to the hydrothermal stages. Here, we present a systematic study of in-situ major, trace elemental and boron isotopic variations of tourmaline from Bailongshan deposit, and discuss the tourmaline genesis and how boron isotopes change during the magmatic to hydrothermal stage. Three types of tourmaline have been identified at Bailongshan deposit, including disseminated tourmaline in the muscovite granite, medium-coarse-grained euhedral tourmaline in the barren pegmatite, and multicolored medium-coarse-grained tourmaline in the ore-bearing pegmatite. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS geochemical analyses reveal that the tourmaline samples belong mainly to alkali group, with the tourmalines from the muscovite granite and the barren pegmatite falling into the schorl solid-solution series and the ore-bearing pegmatite falling into elbaite. There is a major chemical change from Fe-rich compositions with moderate Al in the Y-sites (muscovite granite and barren pegmatite) to Li-rich compositions with high YAl and relatively high F (ore-bearing pegmatite). Most trace element contents vary over several orders of magnitude with median concentrations of 0.1–10 μg/g. High concentrations are found for Ga, Zn, Be, Sc, Sn and Li (several tens to thousands of μg/g), whereas low concentrations (<0.1 μg/g) are found for V, Rb, U, Th, W, and Hf. The tourmalines from muscovite granite and barren pegmatite yielded δ11B = -8.9 to −7.5 ‰ and −8.7 to −6.0 ‰, respectively, whilst the tourmaline in the ore-bearing pegmatite show a wider δ11B range (-8.8 to −5.2 ‰). The B isotopic values indicate a source of the continental crust in a post-collisional setting. The estimated δ11B value of parental granitic magma is −10.0 ‰. The overlap in δ11B values between muscovite granite and barren pegmatite indicates a little isotopic fractionation between tourmaline and melt. Rayleigh fractionation results in the observed δ11B decrease from zone I (-6.9 ‰) to zone V (-8.0 ‰). After the barren-pegmatite-hosted tourmaline formation, the δ11B value of boron-rich magma would have been about −11.5 ‰. The intragrain δ11B variation of tourmaline in the ore-bearing pegmatite is 2.7 ‰, much larger than that from the other zones, indicating the rim of the tourmaline crystallized from fluid exsolved. We calculated the boron-isotope fractionation (between fluid and melt) to be 4.2–5.7 ‰ at 600–450 °C. Chemical variations in tourmaline are continuous in the muscovite granite and barren pegmatite, consistent with fractional crystallization, whereas the tourmaline from the ore-bearing pegmatite may have formed during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition. The boron isotopic variations could be attributed to fractionation between melt-tourmaline, melt-fluid and tourmaline-fluid and Rayleigh fractionation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current groundwater models face significant challenges in their implementation due to heavy computational burdens. To overcome this, our work proposes a cost-effective emulator that efficiently and accurately forecasts the impact of abstraction in an aquifer. Our approach uses a deep neural operator (DeepONet) framework to learn operators that map between infinite-dimensional function spaces via deep neural networks. The goal is to infer the distribution of hydraulic heads in a confined aquifer in the presence of a pumping well. We successfully tested the DeepONet framework on multiple problems, including forward time-dependent problems, an inverse analysis, and a nonlinear system. Additionally, we propose a novel extension of the DeepONet-based architecture to generate accurate predictions for varied hydraulic conductivity fields and pumping well locations that are unseen during training. Our emulator's predictions match the target data with excellent performance, demonstrating that the proposed model can act as an efficient and fast tool to support a range of tasks that require repetitive forward numerical simulations or inverse simulations of groundwater flow problems. Overall, our work provides a promising avenue for developing cost-effective and accurate groundwater models. • We propose, for the first time, a neural operator (DeepONet) as a surrogate model to efficiently and accurately emulate the impact of abstraction in the distribution of hydraulic heads in confined, heterogeneous aquifers. • The proposed method can efficiently learn solutions of both the forward and inverse operator. • By proposing a modification to the original formulation of DeepONet, we have achieved precise predictions for varied groundwater head distributions, accommodating the random positioning of wells in the heterogeneous aquifer. • Our experiments demonstrate DeepONet's capability in tackling tasks demanding repetitive forward numerical simulations, even in time-dependent and nonlinear setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Change in the physicochemical and gelling properties of MP upon LF-MFT was studied. • LF-MFT held a superior gel quality by inhibiting oxidation and denaturation than AT. • Particularly, LF-MFT-4 could inhibit the oxidation and denaturation of MP. • LF-MFT-4 helped in holding water by protecting the structure and gelling properties. The impact of low-frequency alternating magnetic field thawing (LF-MFT) on the physicochemical and gelling properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MP) was studied. Results showed that compared to atmosphere thawing (AT), LF-MFT helped in inhibiting the oxidation and denaturation of protein during thawing, thereby maintaining a superior MP gel (P < 0.05). In particular, LF-MFT-4 (LF-MFT at 4 mT) could decrease the oxidation of MP, which might be due to having a higher content of total sulfhydryl and less carbonyl of MP than other thawing treatments. The denaturation of MP was reduced since LF-MFT-4 led to less aggregation and degradation than AT. The gelling properties were also retained, and a compact and homogeneous network structure was formed after LF-MFT-4, resulting in excellent water retention. These findings suggested that LF-MFT-4 improved the gelling properties of MP by inhibiting its oxidation and denaturation, demonstrating a potential application of LF-MFT in meat thawing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]