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Groundwater, a fundamental asset, isn't effectively accessible in some parts of the world. The current research work pointed toward obtaining precise maps of potential groundwater zones. This study aimed for potential groundwater modeling and extracting the precise maps using four new advanced hybrid ML models (Dagging-HP, Bagging-HP, AdaBoost-HP, Decorate-HP) and one single model Hyperpipes (HP) in the Doji Watershed, situated in the eastern part of Golestan province, Iran. Among the selected models, the AdaBoost-HP model is the most efficient, with an AUC - ROC of 0.972, accuracy (0.922), sensitivity (0.906), and specificity (0.938), which gives the most promising values, when determining the collinearity between the 14 training factors, which are, in descending order of significance, LULC, Distance to stream (DtS), Topography wetness index (TWI), HAND, Distance to the road (DtR), Geomorphology, Topography position index (TPI), Lithology, Drainage density (DD), Elevation, Slope, Rainfall, and Clay (%). The AUC-ROC approach was employed to assess the model's performance along with Accuracy, Specificity, and Sensitivity. This model revealed that 7.37% has very high groundwater potential in the eastern and south-western parts of the study, whereas 36.8% has a very low groundwater potential in the north-western and south-eastern parts of the study. It can be said from this assessment that results obtained from this investigation are better and more reliable, which gives essential encouragement for further study put on this method for groundwater potential mapping of other areas of the world along with other areas of hydrogeological investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of cholangitis after ERCP implantation in malignant obstructive jaundice patients remains unknown. To develop models based on artificial intelligence methods to predict cholangitis risk more accurately, according to patients after stent implantation in patients' MOJ clinical data. This retrospective study included 218 patients with MOJ undergoing ERCP surgery. A total of 27 clinical variables were collected as input variables. Seven models (including univariate analysis and six machine learning models) were trained and tested for classified prediction. The model' performance was measured by AUROC. The RFT model demonstrated excellent performances with accuracies up to 0.86 and AUROC up to 0.87. Feature selection in RF and SHAP was similar, and the choice of the best variable subset produced a high performance with an AUROC up to 0.89. We have developed a hybrid machine learning model with better predictive performance than traditional LR prediction models, as well as other machine learning models for cholangitis based on simple clinical data. The model can assist doctors in clinical diagnosis, adopt reasonable treatment plans, and improve the survival rate of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upgrading lignin-derived monomeric products presents a compelling prospect for synthesizing value-added products. Despite the potential benefits, the conversion of lignin-derived phenols into hydroxytyrosol (HT), a potent natural antioxidant predominantly sourced from olives, remains underexplored. Herein, we envisioned three novel one-pot cascade biocatalytic approaches for converting lignin-derived catechol and phenol into HT by integrating four or five main reactions: C–C coupling, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, deamination and reduction. By co-expressing the corresponding enzymes in recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) resting cells, we achieved HT conversions of 65.4% and 89.0% from 10 mM catechol using recombinant E. coli (CFK-RTA) resting cells, which co-expressed tyrosine phenol-lyase (FnTPL), tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC), amine transaminase (ATA) and aldehyde reductase (yahK), and E. coli (RFK-EAL) resting cells, which co-expressed FnTPL, L -amino acid deaminase (LAAD), α-keto acid decarboxylase (ARO10) and yahK, respectively. Additionally, a 75.3% conversion of HT from 10 mM phenol was achieved with E. coli (CFK-EBC-RAL) resting cells co-expressing FnTPL, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase (HpaBC), LAAD, ARO10 and yahK. The highest HT titers of 20.6 mM (3.18 g L−1) and 18.5 mM (2.85 g L−1) were obtained from 30 mM catechol and phenol, respectively, by utilizing recombinant E. coli (RFK-EAL) and E. coli (CFK-EBC-RAL) resting cells in a fed-batch strategy. These cascade biocatalysis processes rely on biomass-derived phenol or catechol and inexpensive pyruvate as substrates, with NH4Cl serving as the amine donor, offering new and viable routes for the sustainable and environmentally friendly production of HT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and death. This study performed pseudo‐targeted lipidomics to identify differentially expressed plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemia, to provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Pseudo‐targeted lipidomic analyses of plasma lipids from 20 patients with hypercholesterolemia and 20 normal control subjects were performed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Differentially expressed lipids were identified by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify differentially expressed lipids with high diagnostic value. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database was used to identify enriched metabolic pathways. Results: We identified 13 differentially expressed lipids in hypercholesterolemia using variable importance of projection > 1 and p < 0.05 as threshold parameters. The levels of eight sphingomyelins and cholesterol sulfate were higher and those of three triacylglycerols and lysophosphatidylcholine were reduced in hypercholesterolemia. Seven differentially expressed plasma lipids showed high diagnostic value for hypercholesterolemia. Functional enrichment analyses showed that pathways related to necroptosis, sphingolipid signaling, sphingolipid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis were enriched. Conclusions: This pseudo‐targeted lipidomics study demonstrated that multiple sphingomyelins and cholesterol sulfate were differentially expressed in the plasma of patients with hypercholesterolemia. We also identified seven plasma lipids, including six sphingomyelins and cholesterol sulfate, with high diagnostic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to develop advanced bone substitutes for effective bone regeneration in substantial defects have led to the fabrication of tissue‐engineered scaffolds. These scaffolds, featuring hierarchical structures, specific chemical compositions, and functional qualities, are essential in mimicking native bone tissue. Inspired by the biomineralization process, hydrothermal treatment is used to synthesize micro‐/nano‐hydroxyapatite bioceramics functionalized with tea polyphenols (TP‐nwHA), closely resembling the structure of bone‐like apatite induced by hydroxyapatite bioceramics in vivo. The in vitro results demonstrate TP‐nwHA's superior biocompatibility, enhancing cell proliferation and adhesion. Furthermore, TP‐nwHA scaffolds significantly influence mesenchymal stem cells, promoting osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting osteoclastogenic differentiation. The upregulation of osteogenic proteins BMP2 and ITGB1, along with the downregulation of osteoclastic proteins FGF21 and IGFBP1, demonstrate the synergistic effect of the biomimetic structure and polyphenols on the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. In vivo, TP‐nwHA showe early angiogenic capabilities, leading to improved bone regeneration in critical‐size femoral bone defects in osteoporotic rats. Histological staining confirms the complete bridging of defects with new bone tissue in the TP‐nwHA group, and nanoindentation tests indicate the formation of mature mineralized bone tissue. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel strategy for fabricating bone‐mimicking constructs with potential applications in disease modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous studies highlight the genetic underpinnings of mental disorders comorbidity, particularly in anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. However, their shared genetic loci are not well understood. Our study employs Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization analyses, alongside multi-omics data, to uncover potential genetic targets for these conditions, thereby informing therapeutic and drug development strategies. Methods: We utilized the Consortium for Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression (LDSC) and Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to investigate genetic correlations among anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Utilizing GTEx V8 eQTL and deCODE Genetics pQTL data, we performed a three-step summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) and protein–protein interaction analysis. This helped assess causal and comorbid loci for these disorders and determine if identified loci share coincidental variations with psychiatric diseases. Additionally, phenome-wide association studies, drug prediction, and molecular docking validated potential drug targets. Results: We found genetic correlations between anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia, and under a meta-analysis of MR from multiple databases, the causal relationships among these disorders are supported. Based on this, three-step SMR and colocalization analyses identified ITIH3 and CCS as being related to the risk of developing depression, while CTSS and DNPH1 are related to the onset of schizophrenia. BTN3A1, PSMB4, and TIMP4 were identified as comorbidity loci for both disorders. Molecules that could not be determined through colocalization analysis were also presented. Drug prediction and molecular docking showed that some drugs and proteins have good binding affinity and available structural data. Conclusions: Our study indicates genetic correlations and shared risk loci between anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. These findings offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of their comorbidities and aid in drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we designed a metal-coordinated carrier-free nanodrug (USFe3+LA NPs) with near sphere shape by co-assembling of UA, SRF, Fe3+, low molecular weight protamine (LMWP), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) aptamer via a facile self-assembly method to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy monotherapy and achieve synergistic therapy. USFe3+LA NPs could inhibit tumor metastasis by inhibiting the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. In addition, USFe3+LA NPs could enhance immune response and sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors PD-L1 antibody. It was demonstrated that USFe3+LA NPs significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, showing that this nano-delivery system synergistically enhanced its anti-tumor effect. These nanodrugs will provide a new strategy for combined chemotherapy, CDT, ferroptosis, and immunotherapy. [Display omitted] The heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) pose challenges to efficient drug delivery and the antitumor efficacy of combined or synergistic therapies. Herein, a metal-coordinated carrier-free nanodrug (named as USFe3+ LA NPs) was developed for ferroptosis-mediated multimodal synergistic anti-HCC. Natural product ursolic acid (UA) was incorporated to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to sorafenib (SRF). Surface decoration of cell penetration peptide and epithelial cell adhesion molecule aptamer facilitated the uptake of USFe3+ LA NPs by HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, Fe3+ ions could react with intracellular hydrogen peroxide, generating toxic hydroxyl radical (·OH) for chemodynamical therapy (CDT) and amplified ferroptosis by cystine/glutamate antiporter system (System X c −), which promoted the consumption of glutathione (GSH) and inhibited the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Notably, these all-in-one nanodrugs could inhibit tumor metastasis and induced immunogenic cell death (ICD). Last but not least, the nanodrugs demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, augmenting the immune response against the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) by increasing cytotoxic T cell infiltration. In vivo studies revealed significant suppression of tumor growth and distant metastasis. Overall, our work introduced a novel strategy for applications of metal-coordinated co-assembled carrier-free nano-delivery system in HCC combination therapy, especially in the realms of cancer metastasis prevention and immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) enables efficient, safe, and intelligent vehicle control by autonomously adjusting speed and ensuring a safe following distance from the vehicle in front. This paper proposes a novel adaptive cruise system, namely the Safety-First Reinforcement Learning Adaptive Cruise Control (SFRL-ACC). This system aims to leverage the model-free nature and high real-time inference efficiency of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to overcome the challenges of modeling difficulties and lower computational efficiency faced by current optimization control-based ACC methods while simultaneously maintaining safety advantages and optimizing ride comfort. Firstly, we transform the ACC problem into a safe DRL formulation Constrained Markov Decision Process (CMDP) by carefully designing state, action, reward, and cost functions. Subsequently, we propose the Projected Constrained Policy Optimization (PCPO)-based ACC Algorithm SFRL-ACC, which is specifically tailored to solve the CMDP problem. PCPO incorporates safety constraints that further restrict the trust region formed by the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, facilitating DRL policy updates that maximize performance while keeping safety costs within their limit bounds. Finally, we train an SFRL-ACC policy and compare its computation time, traffic efficiency, ride comfort, and safety with state-of-the-art MPC-based ACC control methods. The experimental results prove the superiority of the proposed method in the aforementioned performance aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous alloys or metallic glasses (MGs) thin films have attracted extensive attention in various fields due to their unique functional properties. Here, we use in situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the thermal stability and crystallization behavior of Pd-Au-Si thin films prepared by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. Upon heating treatment inside a TEM, we trace the structural changes in the Pd-Au-Si thin films through directly recording high-resolution images and diffraction patterns at different temperatures. TEM observations reveal that the Pd-Au-Si thin films started to nucleate with small crystalline embryos uniformly distributed in the glassy matrix upon approaching the glass transition temperature T g = 625 K , and subsequently, the growth of crystalline nuclei into sub-10 nm Pd-Si nanocrystals commenced. Upon further increasing the temperature to 673 K , the thin films transformed to micro-sized patches of stacking-faulty lamellae that further crystallized into Pd 9 Si 2 and Pd 3 Si intermetallic compounds. Interestingly, with prolonged thermal heating at elevated temperatures, the Pd 9 Si 2 transformed to Pd 3 Si . Simultaneously, the solute Au atoms initially dissolved in glassy alloys and eventually precipitated out of the Pd 9 Si 2 and Pd 3 Si intermetallics, forming nearly spherical Au nanocrystals. Our TEM results reveal the unique thermal stability and crystallization processes of the PLD-prepared Pd-Au-Si thin films as well as demonstrate a possibility of producing a large quantity of pure nanocrystals out of amorphous solids for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients' medication adherence plays a critical role in the treatment and rehabilitation of disease. However, few tools are currently available that can be used to identify the reasons for their nonadherence with their medication regimens. It is possible to evaluate both the level of medication adherence of a patient as well as the reasons for it using the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ). The purpose of this study was to adapt the AAMQ for use in Chinese patients and a variety of asthma patients. A total of 242 asthma patients were recruited from Jinzhou in China. The Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire was translated and back-translated using the Brislin translation model. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and stability all play a large role in determining the reliability of a scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the scale's construct validity, and expert consultation was used to verify the scale's content validity. Statistics were deemed significant at p < 0.05. The Cronbach's α value of the Chinese version of the AAMQ was 0.866, and the coefficient values for the three domains ranged between 0.702 and 0.798. The split-half reliability and stability values were 0.794 and 0.772, respectively. The content validity index of the scale (S-CVI) was 0.923, and the content validity index of the level of scale entry was 0.857–1.000. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, the chi-square degreed of freedom were 1.484, and the model fitting indices were all within normal limits. The AAMQ had good reliability and validity for asthmatic patients. The results of the scale's assessment can be used as a criterion for medication adherence among asthmatic patients and to understand the causes. This study provides a reference for solving the problem of medication adherence among asthma patients and implementing targeted nursing measures. Gratitude is extended to all individuals collaborating in completing the survey and to the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optic neuritis (ON), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is often a precursor manifestation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Reduced corneal nerve fiber counts have been found in patients with NMOSD or MS. This study aimed to observe and compare the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in patients with three types of ON and controls without ON using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM). Data were analyzed for 77 eyes of 48 patients with ON, grouped according to seropositivity for anti-aquaporin-4 IgG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody, or no seropositivity, and 35 healthy eyes in the control group. Corneal parameters were quantified based on IVCM images. Visual function indicators were recorded, following which their correlations with IVCM parameters were analyzed. Significant differences in IVCM parameters were detected among the different groups. Reductions in corneal nerve fiber counts were negatively correlated with visual acuity. Corneal nerve fibers were significantly more damaged in the affected eye than in the unaffected eye in patients with ON. IVCM revealed corneal nerve fiber loss of varying degrees, depending on the type of ON. This indicates that, although ON primarily affects the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, such as the trigeminal nerve, which innervates the corneal subbasal nerve plexus may also be damaged in affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including RNA processing and DNA methylation/demethylation. How these regulations are controlled remains unclear. Here, through analysis of a suppressor for the OsEIN2 over‐expressor, we identified an RNA recognition motif protein SUPPRESSOR OF EIN2 (SOE). SOE is localized in nuclear speckles and interacts with several components of the spliceosome. We find SOE associates with hundreds of targets and directly binds to a DNA glycosylase gene DNG701 pre‐mRNA for efficient splicing and stabilization, allowing for subsequent DNG701‐mediated DNA demethylation of the transgene promoter for proper gene expression. The V81M substitution in the suppressor mutant protein mSOE impaired its protein stability and binding activity to DNG701 pre‐mRNA, leading to transgene silencing. SOE mutation enhances grain size and yield. Haplotype analysis in c. 3000 rice accessions reveals that the haplotype 1 (Hap 1) promoter is associated with high 1000‐grain weight, and most of the japonica accessions, but not indica ones, have the Hap 1 elite allele. Our study discovers a novel mechanism for the regulation of gene expression and provides an elite allele for the promotion of yield potentials in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma spp. are globally distributed and are considered significant fungal resources. This study presents the discovery of 11 new species of Trichoderma: T. caeruleum, T. gongcheniae, T. graminicola, T. graminis, T. hongkuii, T. parapeberdyi, T. neoguizhouense, T. neohongkuii, T. parahamatum, T. parahongkuii, and T. shaanxiensis. All of these new species were isolated from soils, except for T. caeruleum, T. graminicola, T. graminis, and T. neohongkuii, which were found as endophytes in Poaceae plants. The phylogenetic position of these novel species was determined by analysing the concatenated sequences of the second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit encoding gene (rpb2) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha encoding gene (tef1). The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that each new species formed a distinct lineage: T. gongcheniae, T. graminicola, T. graminis, T. neoguizhouense, T. parapeberdyi, and T. shaanxiensis belong to the Harzianum Clade, T. hongkuii, T. parahongkuii, and T. neohongkuii are new members of the Koningii Clade, T. parahamatum belongs to the Hamatum Clade, and T. caeruleum does not fall within any of the named clades. The study also provided a detailed description of the morphology and cultural characteristics of the newly discovered Trichoderma species. The discovery contributes to the advancement of knowledge about Trichoderma species resources in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have become a global research hotspot in recent years due to their eco‐friendliness, safety, abundant resources, and low cost. However, some significant challenges seriously affect their overall performance, thus hindering their further development and practical applications. Recently, multifunctional and adjustable 2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are extensively used for the modification of ZIBs, and fruitful achievements are achieved. In order to make a systematic understanding of these studies, it is highly desirable to provide an overview of MXenes based on their modification methods and action mechanisms. In this review, a basic introduction to ZIBs and MXenes is presented and the main modification approaches of MXenes in solving the issues of ZIBs are discussed in detail, including activation and composite strategies of the cathode, interface engineering, structural optimization, and zinc metal‐free anode strategy of the anode, solid‐state strategy of the electrolyte, and functionalized strategy of the separator. Importantly, the functions and related mechanisms of MXenes in various components of ZIBs are analyzed in depth. Finally, the pathways for MXenes in solving the issues of ZIBs are summarized, and their future directions are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of human‐induced warming climate, the atmosphere is expected to hold a greater amount of water vapor, leading to heavier precipitation on a global scale. However, the extent to which changes in extreme rainfall can be attributed to human influences varies at regional scales. Here we conduct attribution analyses on 40 extreme precipitation events in different seasons during 1998–2018 over the Pearl River Delta (PRD), by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and applying the pseudo global warming (PGW) method. The model was integrated with the factual and counterfactual conditions separately, with the latter derived from differences between the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) historical and historical‐natural runs. By comparing parallel experiments, extreme daily rainfall (>95th percentile) in PRD enhanced by 8%–9.5% for 0.9–1.1 K near‐surface warming (nearly Clausius‐Clapeyron, or CC scaling) in the May‐to‐September (MJJAS) and 12.4% at most for 0.6–0.8 K warming (∼2 × CC rate) in non‐MJJAS seasons; the probability of those extremes increased by 10%–30% during MJJAS (20%–40% in other seasons). While moisture‐related thermodynamic effects play a similar role in modulating rainfall, the wind circulation‐related dynamic effects act differently in different seasons. Changes in MJJAS extremes are related to stronger low‐level southerly winds, while non‐MJJAS rainfall is exacerbated by strengthened low‐level wind convergence and updrafts. Moisture budget analysis suggests that thermodynamic effects associated with the increased moisture amount account for the mean rainfall increase, whereas dynamic effects related to wind circulation changes are responsible for extreme precipitation, regardless of seasons. Key Points: Anthropogenic influences lead to around 20% or more increase in frequency of extreme rainfall events over the Pearl River Delta regionVery extreme rainfall in non‐rainy season tends to become more frequent and stronger than in rainy season under anthropogenic warmingBoth precipitable water and vertical motion have positive contributions to human‐induced increase in 95th percentile rainfall intensity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) are important nitrifiers whose activity regulates the availability of nitrite and dictates the magnitude of nitrogen loss in ecosystems. In oxic marine sediments, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and NOB together catalyze the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, but the abundance ratios of AOA to canonical NOB in some cores are significantly higher than the theoretical ratio range predicted from physiological traits of AOA and NOB characterized under realistic ocean conditions, indicating that some NOBs are yet to be discovered. Here we report a bacterial phylum Candidatus Nitrosediminicolota, members of which are more abundant than canonical NOBs and are widespread across global oligotrophic sediments. Ca. Nitrosediminicolota members have the functional potential to oxidize nitrite, in addition to other accessory functions such as urea hydrolysis and thiosulfate reduction. While one recovered species (Ca. Nitrosediminicola aerophilus) is generally confined within the oxic zone, another (Ca. Nitrosediminicola anaerotolerans) additionally appears in anoxic sediments. Counting Ca. Nitrosediminicolota as a nitrite-oxidizer helps to resolve the apparent abundance imbalance between AOA and NOB in oxic marine sediments, and thus its activity may exert controls on the nitrite budget.A novel phylum of bacteria widespread in oligotrophic marine sediments are capable of oxidizing nitrite to nitrate and could resolve the apparent abundance mismatch between ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of artificial intelligence, the ability to capture the background characteristics of hyperspectral imagery (HSI) has improved, showing promising performance in hyperspectral anomaly detection (HAD) tasks. However, existing methods proposed in recent years still suffer from certain limitations: (1) Constraints are lacking in the deep feature learning process in terms of the issue of the absence of prior background and anomaly information. (2) Hyperspectral anomaly detectors with traditional self-supervised deep learning methods fail to ensure prioritized reconstruction of the background. (3) The architecture of fully connected deep networks in hyperspectral anomaly detectors leads to low utilization of spatial information and the destruction of the original spatial relationship in hyperspectral imagery and disregards the spectral correlation between adjacent pixels. (4) Hypotheses or assumptions for background and anomaly distributions restrict the performance of many hyperspectral anomaly detectors because the distributions of background land covers are usually complex and not assumable in real-world hyperspectral imagery. In consideration of the above problems, in this paper, we propose a novel fully convolutional auto-encoder based on dual clustering and latent feature adversarial consistency (FCAE-DCAC) for HAD, which is carried out with self-supervised learning-based processing. Firstly, density-based spatial clustering of applications with a noise algorithm and connected component analysis are utilized for successive spectral and spatial clustering to obtain more precise prior background and anomaly information, which facilitates the separation between background and anomaly samples during the training of our method. Subsequently, a novel fully convolutional auto-encoder (FCAE) integrated with a spatial–spectral joint attention (SSJA) mechanism is proposed to enhance the utilization of spatial information and augment feature expression. In addition, a latent feature adversarial consistency network with the ability to learn actual background distribution in hyperspectral imagery is proposed to achieve pure background reconstruction. Finally, a triplet loss is introduced to enhance the separability between background and anomaly, and the reconstruction residual serves as the anomaly detection result. We evaluate the proposed method based on seven groups of real-world hyperspectral datasets, and the experimental results confirm the effectiveness and superior performance of the proposed method versus nine state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transcription of glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 2 (PeGRP2) transiently increased in the roots and shoots of Populus euphratica (a salt-resistant poplar) upon initial salt exposure and tended to decrease after long-term NaCl stress (100 mM, 12 days). PeGRP2 overexpression in the hybrid Populus tremula × P. alba '717-1B4' (P. × canescens) increased its salt sensitivity, which was reflected in the plant's growth and photosynthesis. PeGRP2 contains a conserved RNA recognition motif domain at the N-terminus, and RNA affinity purification (RAP) sequencing was developed to enrich the target mRNAs that physically interacted with PeGRP2 in P. × canescens. RAP sequencing combined with RT-qPCR revealed that NaCl decreased the transcripts of PeGRP2-interacting mRNAs encoding photosynthetic proteins, antioxidative enzymes, ATPases, and Na+/H+ antiporters in this transgenic poplar. Specifically, PeGRP2 negatively affected the stability of the target mRNAs encoding the photosynthetic proteins PETC and RBCMT; antioxidant enzymes SOD[Mn], CDSP32, and CYB1-2; ATPases AHA11, ACA8, and ACA9; and the Na+/H+ antiporter NHA1. This resulted in (i) a greater reduction in Fv/Fm, YII, ETR, and Pn; (ii) less pronounced activation of antioxidative enzymes; and (iii) a reduced ability to maintain Na+ homeostasis in the transgenic poplars during long-term salt stress, leading to their lowered ability to tolerate salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐syngas (gaseous mixture of CO and H2) is a promising way to curb excessive CO2 emission and the greenhouse gas effect. Herein, we present a bimetallic AuZn@ZnO (AuZn/ZnO) catalyst with high efficiency and durability for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and H2O, which enables a high Faradaic efficiency of 66.4 % for CO and 26.5 % for H2 and 3 h stability of CO2‐to‐syngas at −0.9 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The CO/H2 ratios show a wide range from 0.25 to 2.50 over a narrow potential window (−0.7 V to −1.1 V vs. RHE). In situ attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations reveals that the bimetallic synergistic effect between Au and Zn sites lowers the activation energy barrier of CO2 molecules and facilitates electronic transfer, further highlighting the potential to control CO/H2 ratios for efficient syngas production using the coexisting Au sites and Zn sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic CO2‐to‐syngas (gaseous mixture of CO and H2) is a promising way to curb excessive CO2 emission and the greenhouse gas effect. Herein, we present a bimetallic AuZn@ZnO (AuZn/ZnO) catalyst with high efficiency and durability for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and H2O, which enables a high Faradaic efficiency of 66.4 % for CO and 26.5 % for H2 and 3 h stability of CO2‐to‐syngas at −0.9 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The CO/H2 ratios show a wide range from 0.25 to 2.50 over a narrow potential window (−0.7 V to −1.1 V vs. RHE). In situ attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations reveals that the bimetallic synergistic effect between Au and Zn sites lowers the activation energy barrier of CO2 molecules and facilitates electronic transfer, further highlighting the potential to control CO/H2 ratios for efficient syngas production using the coexisting Au sites and Zn sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effect of glass network structure on the solubility properties of bioactive glasses is fundamental for designing new compositions with tailored biological functions and applications. This paper bridged the composition-structure-property relationship utilizing experimental measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. The Sr atom reorganized the network structures through a partial transformation of tetrahedral to trigonal boron units and the change of the ratio of bridged oxygen/non-bridged oxygen, which modified the glass structures at longer lengths scales, such as through changing the ring size distribution. Our results demonstrated that the evolution of solubility properties can be linked to the atomic structure change in short- and medium-range ordering. The structure-property relationship can be used to design and tune bioactive glass composition with specific properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop and validate a nomogram to predict fatigue in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 251 patients with SS from the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University were recruited. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: training group (n = 167) and validation group (n = 84). In the training group, univariate analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed on sociodemographic factors, disease activity, anxiety/depression, clinical indicators, and so on. According to the risk factors of fatigue in SS patients, a nomograph was established. In the training group and validation group, the performance of the nomogram was verified by three forms: receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Result: The incidence of fatigue was 40.6%. EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index, EULAR SS patient reported index, and depression were independent risk factors of fatigue in SS patients. The C-index of nomogram was 0.8532 in training set and 0.7381 in verification set, respectively. As to the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the P value of modeling patients is 0.996 in verification (P > 0.05). DCA further validated the clinical utility of this nomogram. Conclusion: The nomogram constructed in this study can effectively predict the occurrence of fatigue in SS patients, which is helpful for clinical decision-making and subsequent intervention implementation. Key Points • Fatigue was widespread in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, and the incidence of fatigue was 40.6%. • Disease activity and depression were independent risk factors of fatigue in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. • This was the first comprehensive nomogram to predict fatigue for Sjögren's syndrome patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive involvement of blowing in ablation and transpiration cooling directly influences the hypersonic boundary layer (HBL) transition. This work investigates the coupled effect of stabilization through micro-blowing and the corresponding porous blowing medium on a Mach 6 HBL flow. Linear stability theory (LST) and the eN method are used to interpret the characteristics of stability, and direct numerical simulations are used to resolve the detailed flow field among the porous microstructures to verify the predictions of LST. The sole effect of micro-blowing is first investigated by emphasizing the locations of the blowing strip. The results show that micro-blowing alone can significantly excite the first mode but stabilize the second mode. In general, the HBL becomes unstable if the blowing strip is installed upstream of the synchronization points of the dominant disturbances, and otherwise becomes stable. In the context of the blowing medium, a porous coating can suppress high-frequency disturbances and help stabilize the HBL if the blowing strip is placed upstream of the synchronization points of the dominant disturbances. On the contrary, the coating can prematurely excite lower-frequency disturbances and degrade the overall stabilization when the strip is located in the dominant region of the second mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractal integro-differential equations (IDEs) can describe the effect of local microstructure on a complex physical problem, however, the traditional numerical methods are not suitable for solving the new-born models with the fractal integral and fractal derivative. Here we show that deep learning can be used to solve the bottleneck. By the two-scale transformation, the fractal IDE is first approximately converted to its traditional integro-differential partner, which is further converted to a differential equation system by introducing an auxiliary variable to remove the integral operation. Moreover, a flexible adaptive technology is adopted to deal with the loss weights of a deep learning neural network. A fractal Volterra IDE is used to show the effectiveness and simplicity of this new physics-informed deep AI simulation model. All results indicate the AI simulation model has good robustness and convergence, and the fractal Volterra IDE might explore the different properties of viscoelasticity for a porous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cobalt‐catalyzed annulation of o‐phenylenediamines and internal alkynes for the synthesis of quinoxalines is developed. This method provides a variety of quinoxalines in good to high yields under a simple and mild reaction conditions with molecular O2 as a terminal oxidant. Preliminary mechanistic studies show that a novel reaction mechanism is involved in the current reaction, which is different from the previous reported dicarbonyl compound mechanism via the oxidation of the alkyne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moment-to-moment variability of resting-state brain activity has been suggested to play an active role in chronic pain. To investigate preoperative alterations in regional blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal variability (BOLDsv) and inter-regional dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in individuals with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), and their potential association with postoperative axial pain severity. Cross-sectional study. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in 42 migraine individuals and 40 healthy controls (HCs). We calculated the standard deviation (SD) of the BOLD time-series at each voxel and the SD and mean of the dynamic conditional correlation between the brain regions which showed significant group differences in BOLDsv. A group comparison was conducted using whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of the standard deviation (SD) of the BOLD time-series which was a measure of the BOLDsv. The brain areas displaying notable group discrepancies in BOLDsv were utilized to outline regions of interest (ROIs). To determine the strength/variability of the dFC, the mean and SD of the dynamic conditional correlation were calculated within these ROIs. Moreover, the postoperative axial pain (PAP) severity of patients was evaluated. Our results revealed that DCM patients with postoperative axial pain (PAP) demonstrated considerably increased BOLDsv in the bilateral thalamus and right insular, but significantly lower BOLDsv in the right S1. By applying dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) analysis, we found that DCM patients with PAP exhibited greater fluctuation of dFC in the thalamo-cortical pathway (specifically, thalamus-S1), when compared to HCs and patients without PAP (nPAP). Lastly, we established that dysfunctional BOLDsv and dFC in the ascending pain pathway were positively associated with the severity of PAP in DCM patients. Our results indicate a potential correlation between impaired pain ascending pathway and postoperative axial pain in DCM patients. These findings could potentially spark novel treatment approaches for individuals experiencing preoperative axial pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single atom alloys (SAAs) often bring new chemistry in heterogeneous catalysis and well-defined structure for the study of structure–activity relationship (SAR). However, the existing pressure gap causes the reported SARs quite divergent. Herein, we have studied CO activation over Ni/Cu(100) SAAs in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and millibar range. While the Ni SAAs formed on Cu(100) significantly enhance the CO adsorption strength under UHV conditions, the CO treatment at elevated pressure leads to notable surface carbon and oxygen deposition through surface reaction. Density functional theory calculations revealed that either dissociation or disproportionation is thermodynamically forbidden for the coverage of CO less than 5/16 ML. However, these two reaction pathways can be opened at higher CO coverages due to the elevated energy state involving repulsion between adsorbed CO. This work uncovers the initial activation process of CO and demonstrates one typical cause for the pressure gap in surface science study as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of the Syrphidae based on the different datasets of mitogenomes, and analysed and discussed the topological structures among different tribes. • Hoverfly genus Rhingia is resulted in a monophyletic group. • Natural selection, rather than mutation pressure, is exposed the main impact factor for codon usage bias in Rhingia. • It has strong AT bias in the nucleotide composition and optimal codons within Rhingia. • There are three optimal codons, GUU, ACU, and GGA, which are common to all five species of Rhingia. This study presents the sequencing and annotation of mitochondrial genomes from five Rhingia species of the family Syrphidae, focusing on codon bias. Each species possessed 22 tRNAs genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs genes, and a control region, without any observed gene rearrangements. Nucleotide composition analysis revealed a higher AT content compared with GC content, indicating AT enrichment. Neutrality plot, Parity rule 2 bias, and effective number of codons plot analyses collectively indicated that natural selection primarily influences the codon usage bias in the five Rhingia species. Relative synonymous codon usage analysis identified the optimal codons for Rhingia binotata , R. fromosana , R. campestris , R. louguanensis , and R. xanthopoda as 10, 14, 10, 11, and 12, respectively, all ending with A/U and exhibiting AT preference. Phylogenetic analysis, based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods applied to three datasets, confirmed the monophyly of Rhingia. In conclusion, this research establishes a foundation for understanding the phylogenetic evolution and codon usage patterns in Rhingia , offering valuable for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prepared a series of water-stable CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs from green to red in polar solvents. • CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs probes with different emission peaks were used for mercury ions detection in aqueous solution. • The detection of Hg2+ could by realized by analyzing the fluorescence photos by the naked eye. All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have rarely been reported in analytical chemistry, especially in water environment analysis, due to their high susceptibility to environmental conditions. Herein, we investigate and report a method of visual detection of Hg2+ concentration in aqueous solution using CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs. In this strategy, three kinds of CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs with FL emission peaks of 551 nm, 591 nm, and 617 nm were used to detect Hg2+, and it was found that Hg2+ can quench the fluorescence of CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs and blue-shift the maximum FL emission peak. We also found that the Hg2+ concentration has a good linear relationship with the fluorescence quenching rate (I 0 / I) and FL emission peak shift (Δ λ) of CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs. With the red-shift of the probe FL emission peak, the detected concentration range of Hg2+ gradually expanded. Therefore, the possibility of detecting Hg2+ concentration without huge equipment was detailed by examining the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) values of photographs of CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs with Hg2+. Under a 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) lamp, the solution color of CsPb(Br/I) 3 PNCs emission peaks at 591 nm gradually changes from orange to green with the increase of Hg2+ concentration, which has an excellent visualization effect. The method presented here has the potential to establish a new analytical method for the visual detection of Hg2+ in aqueous environments, and may also facilitate the application of all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals for analytical detection in aqueous environments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The most active catalyst, featuring Pt decoration on the Ni surface, activated within the first 10 h and preserved its activity over a 48-hour aging process. • CNTs on the Pt-Ni bimetallic catalyst showed a tendency to develop and migrate towards the support, displaying an increasing number of structural defects without entirely covering the metal active sites. • In contrast, the Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst experienced the accumulation of crystalline, low-defect CNTs, which enveloped Ni active sites over time, leading to rapid deactivation. Deactivation induced by coke deposition remains the foremost challenge in using Ni-based catalysts for the production of syngas via dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. Herein, highly dispersed Pt-Ni/Al 2 O 3 bimetallic catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) displayed remarkable stability at 650 ℃ in the DRM reaction. The Pt-Ni catalysts underwent an activation process within the initial 10 h and maintained its activity without deactivation throughout the subsequent aging testing up to 48 h. In contrast, the Ni/Al 2 O 3 rapidly deactivated over time. Despite its high CH 4 conversion rates, the Pt-Ni bimetallic catalyst produced a substantial quantity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) analogous to the Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The discrepancy in stability performance between two catalysts derived from disparities in the carbon sites and structural defects evolving over reaction time. Regarding the catalysts with Pt decoration on the Ni surface, CNTs exhibited increasing structural defects and gradually deposited on the Al 2 O 3 support without fully encapsulating the metal active sites, as evidenced by CH 4 -TPD experiments. In the case of Ni nanoparticles on Al 2 O 3 , crystalline CNTs with fewer defects accumulated, leading to rapid deactivation. These findings enhance our understanding of coke resistance in DRM catalysts and help the development of more robust bimetallic catalyst systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sediment is the source of the earliest slab-derived fluids. • The serpentinizing fluids experienced extensive interaction with subducted basalts. • Breakdown of basalt plagioclase affected chemistry of the earliest fluids. • Breakdown of plagioclase resulted in calcium carbonate precipitation. • Lawsonite and rodingite appear as stable phases after plagioclase breakdown. The geochemistry of Mariana forearc serpentinites sheds light on how the subducting slab starts to devolatilize. International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 366 targeted three serpentinite seamounts: Yinazao, Fantangisña and Asùt Tesoru, with corresponding slab depths of 13, 14 and 18 km, respectively. The fluid-mobile elements (FMEs) B, Rb, Cs, and Li become more enriched in the eruptive serpentinites with increasing slab depth. Yinazao serpentinites show strongly elevated Sr and Ba contents, which complements depletions in these elements seen in mafic clasts entrained in the serpentinites. Correlations between the FMEs and 87Sr/86Sr of the serpentinites reflect interactions among slab fluid, mantle and the subducting slab. With the enrichments of Sr-Ba in the Yinazao and B-Rb-Cs-Li in the Asùt Tesoru serpentinites, their 87Sr/86Sr converge toward values similar as those of the mafic clasts from values between sediments and the mantle. These observations indicate that sediment is the source of the earliest slab-derived fluids, which experienced extensive interaction first with mantle wedge peridotites to produce high pH fluids, and later with subducted seamount basalts. The decomposition of plagioclase in subducting basalts leads to precipitation of CaCO 3 from the high pH serpentinizing fluids and elevated Ca-Sr-Ba contents under low carbonate alkalinity conditions, as seen in the Yinazao serpentinites. The breakdown of clay minerals after lawsonite formation and the lizardite-antigorite transition release geochemically distinct fluids, with high B-Rb-Cs-Li and low Sr. This episode of fluid release results in the dissolution of CaCO 3 precipitated in the shallow subduction channel, and the generation of rodingite assemblages and epidote. Finally, these fluids evolve to have high carbonate alkalinity and low Ca-Sr-Ba contents, as seen in Asùt Tesoru serpentinites as well as those in South Chamorro and Conical Seamounts. This study reveals early plagioclase breakdown via high pH fluids in the subduction channel is important both for the generation of hydrous minerals and the precipitation of CaCO 3 in the subducting slab, subduction channel, and shallow mantle wedge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The difference in interaction strength between [C 4 C 1 im]+/[C 4 C 1 pyrr]+ and [NTf 2 ]− is described in detail. • The introduction of [C 4 C 1 pyrr][NTf 2 ] led to an increase in trans - and a decrease in cis -configurations of [NTf 2 ]−. • Provide theoretical basis for the application of ionic liquid mixtures. Ionic liquid mixtures have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications. Despite this interest, there remains a limited understanding of these mixtures, particularly regarding their microstructure. A comprehensive understanding of their microstructural characteristics and properties is essential for harnessing the full potential of ionic liquid mixtures. In this work, the structural properties and interactions were investigated within mixtures of two specific ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C 4 C 1 im][NTf 2 ]) and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C 4 C 1 pyrr][NTf 2 ]). Employing a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) The cis - and trans -configurations of [NTf 2 ]− coexist in pure ionic liquids and their mixtures; (2) The primary interaction site of [C 4 C 1 im]+ and [C 4 C 1 pyrr]+ are C2−H and H on the methylene group attached to the N atom, respectively. It mainly interacts with O atoms in [NTf 2 ]− anions through hydrogen bond interactions; (3) The introduction of [C 4 C 1 pyrr][NTf 2 ] weakens the hydrogen bonding interactions within the ionic liquid mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposing a holographic 3D display method with low speckle noise based on fractional Fourier transform algorithm. • Using the dual constraints of quadratic phase and original amplitude, as well as adjusting the ratio of the signal region to the noise region in the iteration. • The signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the proposed method is improved by 42.13 % compared with the conventional GS algorithm. Holographic 3D display is considered as one of the ideal 3D display ways, which has important application value in industrial detection, medical treatment and other fields. In the conventional iterative Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm, the use of random phase leads to serious speckle noise. This paper presents a holographic 3D display method with low speckle noise based on improved iterative GS algorithm. By replacing the Fourier transform in GS algorithm, fractional Fourier transform is used to reproduce plane images with different depths. In the process of iteration, the image is divided into signal region and noise region, and the speckle noise is suppressed by applying dual constraints of original amplitude and quadratic phase. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed method improves the signal to noise ratio of the reconstructed image by about 42 %, which provides a way to suppress the speckle noise of holographic 3D display and is expected to promote the development of holographic 3D display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper metal is essential to our production process, but it is highly corrosive in an ammonia environment and must be highly valued. Anti-corrosion coating is a simple and cost-effective method of preventing metal corrosion. In this study, a composite silane coating was prepared on copper using an impregnation method with mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (TPTES) as the silane substrate and graphene oxide (GO) modified with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) or isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS) as filler to protect the copper from ammonia corrosion. The coating samples were hanging tested against ammonia corrosion by setting up two corrosive environments: ammonia gas and ammonia water. After 20 days of corrosion, the surfaces of the TPTES/IPDI-GO and TPTES/IPTS-GO coatings remained unchanged under both ammonia environments and the corrosion rate was consistently low at 2–3 μm/y. Additionally, the coating exhibited high protective qualities according to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test in a 3.5% NaCl solution, which is attributed to the good dispersion that improves the densification and regularity of the coating. Meanwhile, IPTS-GO has a greater binding force with the coating matrix due to the increased number of reactive sites, resulting in further improved corrosion protection. This study provides an idea for research on ammonia-resistant coatings. [Display omitted] • Silane coatings are prepared by a simple impregnation method, with a simple process and wide range of applications. • 2、The corrosion hanging test was set up with two corrosive environments: ammonia gas and ammonia water. • 3、TPTES/IPDI-GO and TPTES/IPTS-GO silane coating samples show good protection after 20 days of corrosion in ammonia environments. • 4、 Further enhancement of the coating's ammonia corrosion resistance by increasing the number of reaction sites around the GO that are more readily available for binding to the coating substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the chemical composition of materials within the subducting slab is crucial for studying slab dehydration and melting mechanisms. Previous research has primarily focused on examining sediments and altered basalts collected near the seafloor, which has overlooked the chemical changes occurring within the forearc subduction channel. The Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcanoes offer a unique opportunity to investigate metabasite xenoliths, providing valuable insights into the compositional changes of subducting slab materials at forearc depths. In this study, we present Pb-Nd-Hf isotopic data for blueschist-facies mafic clasts obtained from the Asùt Tesoru serpentinite seamount in the Mariana forearc. These data are combined with existing Sr isotope and trace element data to address the aforementioned issues. The mafic clasts display Nd Hf isotopic signatures reminiscent of the HIMU- and EM1-type basalts discovered in the Magellan seamounts. However, their Sr Pb isotopes display mixed signatures, indicating the influence of sediments and altered mid-ocean ridge basalts. These findings underscore the importance of serpentinizing fluids resulting from the interaction between sediment pore water and forearc mantle peridotite in altering the Sr Pb elemental and isotopic compositions of subducted slab materials. This process is achieved through interactions between slab materials and serpentinizing fluids within the subduction channel. It is important to emphasize that the blueschist-facies mafic clasts themselves do not directly serve as source materials for arc volcanism. However, their Sr Pb isotopes can undergo further modifications through exchanges with unaltered seamount basalts facilitated by serpentinizing fluids within the deep subduction channel, which extends from depths of 30 to 100 km. In this scenario, the mafic clasts with modified isotopic signatures could potentially contribute as source materials for arc volcanism. • The protolith of the metabasite is HIMU- and EM1-type seamount basalts. • The seamount basalts interacted with serpentinizing fluid in the subduction channel. • Serpentinizing fluid modified the Sr Pb isotopes of the metabasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most current flexible electronic devices are based on petroleum materials that are difficult to degrade. The exploration of sustainable and eco-friendly materials has become a major focus in both the scientific and industrial communities. In this study, BC-Zn-BIM (bacterial cellulose-Zn-benzimidazole), a novel composite electrode material based on biodegradable BC was developed. Here, BC acted as a conductive medium involved in the conductive behavior of the composite material. We've explored the charge transport mechanisms of BC-Zn-BIM by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and applied it in the electrochemical detection of Bisphenol A (BPA). The results indicated that the oxygen-containing groups in BC and the nitrogen-containing heterocycles in BIM have a tendency to lose electrons, whereas zinc ions actively acquire electrons from these groups. This process promoted charge transfer within BC-Zn-BIM and endowed it with semiconductor-like properties, enhancing the electrocatalytic reaction of BPA. The detection limit of the electrochemical biosensor was 12 nM, and the sample recovery was 95.1%105.6%. This study clarified the mechanism of the higher electrical properties achieved in Zn-BIM complex grown in-situ on dielectric BC. This will further promote the development of low-cost, environmentally friendly flexible electronic devices. [Display omitted] • A new type of conductive BC-Zn-BIM (bacterial cellulose-Zn-benzimidazole) material was prepared. • The BC-Zn-BIM complex constructed a continuous charge transfer pathway. • The charge transport mechanism of BC-Zn-BIM was studied using DFT (density functional theory) calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The innovative CQD@UiO-66-NH 2 /PSF microspheres significantly enhance photocatalytic performance. • The microspheres exhibit remarkable efficiency in removing methylene blue and tetracycline. • The enhanced porosity of the microspheres leads to improved adsorption of pollutants. • The materials demonstrate high stability and recyclability in various applications. The advancement of sophisticated photocatalytic materials for environmental amelioration has become increasingly imperative in the context of persistent organic pollutants in aqueous effluents. The amalgamation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with nanocomposite constituents has demonstrated promising prospects in augmenting photocatalytic efficiency. Nevertheless, obstacles persist in the realms of optimizing photon absorption and the segregation of electron-hole pairs. The application of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) within this sphere, particularly in synergy with amino-functionalized MOFs such as UiO-66-NH 2 , remains underexplored. In this study, we elucidate the synthesis of UiO-66@Polysulfone porous microspheres, augmented by CQDs, employing an innovative Pickering emulsion template approach for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline. Our findings reveal that this composite material not only manifests a distinctive hollow microsphere architecture, contributing to an elevated specific surface area, but also markedly enhances the degradation efficacies of both methylene blue and tetracycline under visible light irradiation. Moreover, this research accentuates the material's exceptional recyclability and stability, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and efficacious solution for the remediation of wastewater and organic pollutant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A bactrian camel was immunized with intact mouse IgG for library construction. • Specific binders to mouse constant kappa chain (mCK) were selected from the library. • A high-affinity mCK-specific VHH was conjugated to magnetic beads to purify mAbs. • The beads can purify mouse IgG from serum-containing hybridoma culture medium. When purifying mAb from serum-containing hybridoma culture supernatant, it is essential that mouse IgG remains free from contaminations of bovine IgG. However, the broadly used Protein A resin cannot achieve this goal due to binding between both mouse and bovine IgG. Here, a novel nanobody-based affinity purification magnetic beads that discriminates mouse IgG from bovine IgG was developed. To bind all subtypes of mouse IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3) that contain the kappa light chain, mCK (mouse kappa constant region)-specific nanobody binders were selected from an immune phage display VHH library; this library was constructed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were collected from Bactrian camels immunized with a mix of intact mouse IgGs (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3). A novel clone that exhibited a higher expression level and a higher binding affinity was selected (4E6). Then, the 4E6 nanobody in the format of VHH-hFC (human Fc) was conjugated on magnetic beads with a maximal binding capacity of 15.41±0.69 mg mouse IgG/mL beads. Furthermore, no bovine IgG could be copurified from hybridoma culture supernatant with immunomagnetic beads. This approach is valuable for the large-scale in vitro production of highly pure antibodies by hybridoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmembrane 9 superfamily proteins (TM9SFs) define a highly conserved protein family, each member of which is characterized by a variable extracellular domain and presumably nine transmembrane domains. Although previous studies have delineated the potential cytological roles of TM9SFs like autophagy and secretory pathway, their functions during development are largely unknown. To establish the basis for dissecting the functions of TM9SFs in vivo , we employed the open-source database, structure prediction, immunofluorescence and Western blot to describe the gene and protein expression patterns of TM9SFs in human and mouse. While TM9SFs are ubiquitously and homogeneously expressed in all tissues in human with RNA sequencing and proteomics analysis, we found that all mice Tm9sf proteins are preferentially expressed in lung except Tm9sf1 which is enriched in brain although they all distributed in various tissues we examined. In addition, we further explored their expression patterns in the mice central nervous system (CNS) and its extension tissue retina. Interestingly, we could show that Tm9sf1is developmentally up-regulated in brain. In addition, we also detected all Tm9sf proteins are located in neurons and microglia instead of astrocytes. Importantly, Tm9sf3 is localized in the nuclei which is distinct from the other members that are dominantly targeted to the plasma membrane/cytoplasm as expected. Finally, we also found that Tm9sf family members are broadly expressed in the layers of INL, OPL, and GCL of retina and likely targeted to the plasma membrane of retinal cells. Thus, our data provided a comprehensive overview of TM9SFs expression patterns, illustrating their ubiquitous roles in different organs, implying the possible roles of Tm9sf2/3/4 in lung functions and Tm9sf1 in neurodevelopment, and highlighting a unique cell biological functions of TM9SF3 in neuronal and microglia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical short-range order (SRO) can effectively retard the dislocation motion, allowing for a substantive hardening effect. Notwithstanding, fundamental mechanisms behind subsequent friction and wear processes at the atom level are insufficiently understood. Meanwhile, it is still a tall order to experimentally characterize this nanoscale chemical inhomogeneity. Here, through conducting hybrid Monte-Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, the impact of chemical SRO on the friction and wear behaviors in a CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA) was investigated. The friction weakening after introducing SRO was demonstrated to be the consequence of a combination of several factors apart from a reduction in penetration depth, which encompassed a suppression of the pile-up effect and lowered densities in total and immobile dislocation ahead of tip. Meanwhile, the SRO-dependent repression of sub-surface deformation behaviors was verified to effectively improve wear resistance. Particularly, the presence of Ni-rich domains was validated to impose additional resistance to dislocations slipping toward the interior and increase the interlocking likelihood between dislocations parallel to the surface and those slipping deeper into the sub-surface, effectively weakening the sub-surface damage. In addition, a strong SRO was corroborated to further decrease friction and wear damage. These findings are expected to provide important insights into understanding chemical SRO-related anti-friction and wear-resisting behaviors in a CoCrNi MEA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The differences in interaction strength between AOEMIMTFSI and DMSO/CH 3 OH/CH 3 CN are described in detail. • The changes of hydrogen bonding interactions was unveiled. • Several complexes were assigned by excess spectra. Scientific research has witnessed an increasing fascination with ester-functionalized ionic liquids in recent years. These ester-functionalized ionic liquids are particularly attractive due to their superior biodegradability and potential applications, which surpass those of traditional ionic liquids. In actual use, it is common to blend these ionic liquids with co-solvents. However, there is currently a lack of research on the structures and interaction mechanisms of these mixtures. In this work, the hydrogen bonding interactions and microstructures of 1-acetoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (AOEMIMTFSI) with various polar co-solvents (DMSO, CH 3 OH, CH 3 CN) were researched by combining infrared experiments and DFT calculations. The finding are as follows: (1) O atom in [TFSI]− primary interacts with C2−H in [AOEMIM]+, while the O or N atom in the co-solvents (DMSO, CH 3 OH, CH 3 CN) primarily interact with C4,5−H in [AOEMIM]+. (2) With the addition of co-solvents (DMSO‑ d 6 , CD 3 OD or CD 3 CN), the hydrogen bonding interactions associated with the v (imidazolium C−H) in the AOEMIMTFSI−DMSO‑ d 6 /CD 3 OD/CD 3 CN systems are strengthened. (3) The hydrogen bonding interactions between AOEMIMTFSI and DMSO are the strongest, followed by those between AOEMIMTFSI and CH 3 OH, while the hydrogen bonding interactions between AOEMIMTFSI and CH 3 CN are the weakest. (4) 2[AOEMIM]+[TFSI]−, 2[AOEMIM]+[TFSI]−−co-solvent, [AOEMIM]+[TFSI]−−co-solvent and [AOEMIM]+−co-solvent complexes were assigned through the analysis of excess spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies revealed that insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) both play essential roles in insect olfaction and insect resistance. However, functional evidence supporting the crosslink between CSP and insecticide resistance remains unexplored. In the present study, 22 SfruCSP transcripts were identified from the fall armyworm (FAW) and SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are enriched in the larval cuticle and could be induced by multiple insecticides. Both SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are highly expressed in the larval inner endocuticle and outer epicuticle, and these two proteins exhibited high binding affinities with three insecticides (chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos and indoxacarb). The knockdown of SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 increased the susceptibility of FAW larvae to the above three insecticides, and significantly increased the penetration ratios of these insecticides. Our in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are insecticide binding proteins and confer FAW larval resistance to chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos and indoxacarb by an insecticide sequestration mechanism. The study should aid in the exploration of larval cuticle-enriched CSPs for insect resistance management. • Ø SfruCSP1&2 showed cuticle-enriched profiles and are up-regulate expression by multiple insecticides. • SfruCSP1&2 can highly bind with chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, and indoxacarb. • Silencing of SfruCSP1 &2 significantly increased the larval susceptibility to chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, and indoxacarb. • SfruCSP1&2 cannot directly degrade chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, and indoxacarb. • SfruCSP1&2 did not affect larval growth and cuticle thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal cobalt doped BiOBr (Co-BOB) was successfully synthesized by using hydrothermal method. The optimized Co-BOB achieved a remarkable rhodamine B degradation rate of 97 % in 30 min under visible light irradiation when initial concentration was 80 mg·L−1. Satisfactory removal efficiency was also observed under ambient sunlight irradiation and various water conditions. The cobalt doping strategy induced abundant surface oxygen vacancies formation (43.22 %) and resulted in an increasing exposure of {110} facets. The photosensitization and photocatalytic activities of Co-BOB significantly enhanced comparing with that of pure BiOBr. The synergy of Co doping and oxygen vacancies also induced the formation of a new band structure in Co-BOB. The synergistic effect promoted the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. By combining with density functional theory calculation, the RhB photocatalytic degradation mechanism by Co-BOB was proposed. [Display omitted] • Trace amounts of cobalt contributed to the formation of abundant surface oxygen vacancies in BOB. • The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Co-BOB under visible light irradiation achieved 97 % for 80 mg·L−1 RhB solution. • DFT calculation indicated that the mid-energy levels of Co-BOB were induced by cobalt atoms and oxygen vacancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lubricating layer of Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) has certain fluidity and low friction coefficient so that it can serve as a good barrier and protection effect. However, common SLIPS suffer from poor oil-holding capacity that lubricating oil is easy to be washed away and irreparable in practical application. Inspired from self-lubricating earthworm skin, we demonstrate a nanochannels surface covered by silicone-oil-infused polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which could form continuous self-complement lubricating layer. The strong capillarity of the confined nanochannels showed self-repairing properties of injected liquid film, which can recover lubricating performance quickly after physical damage for many times, exhibiting high stability. This study provides a simple and reliable way for the preparation of long-term effective antifouling functional interface materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Spermidine (Spd) play a positive role in plant responses to saline-alkaline stress. • Exogenous Spd stimulates NO synthesis under saline-alkaline stress. • Exogenous Spd enhances the tolerance of tomato plants to saline-alkaline stress depend on NO. Spermidine (Spd) and nitric oxide (NO) are closely intertwined in their synthesis and play a significant role in plant responses to saline-alkaline stress. However, the specific interactions between Spd and NO in alleviating the toxicity of saline-alkaline stress in plants remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the involvement of NO in the regulation of saline-alkaline stress tolerance by spermidine (Spd). To achieve this, we employed exogenous Spd treatment, NO synthesis inhibitors, and NO scavengers. We found that exogenous Spd stimulates NO synthesis in the leaves and roots of tomato seedlings by upregulating the nitrate reductase (NR) activities and the expression of its coding gene SlNR1. Importantly, when NO synthesis is inhibited or NO is scavenged, the regulatory effects of Spd on proline content, antioxidant enzyme system, ionic homeostasis, and the expression of genes involved in Na+/ K +homeostasis in tomato seedlings are compromised under saline-alkaline stress. These observations suggest that NO plays a pivotal role in the defensive mechanisms induced by Spd against saline-alkaline stress in tomato seedlings. Consequently, Spd enhances the tolerance of tomato plants to saline-alkaline stress by regulating the nitrate reductase (NR) signaling pathway and mediating NO synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finer resolution is one of the development trends in ocean surface waves simulation and forecasting. However, high-resolution numerical models for ocean surface waves have led to an enormous increase in computational complexity, posing a challenge with respect to balancing computational efficiency and timeliness. To meet the demand for refined ocean surface waves simulation/forecasting and to address the computational efficiency challenge of high-resolution ocean surface waves models, we propose a downscaling model called the Global location-Specific transformation Downscaling Network (GSDNet) based on the non-autoregressive fusion network (NAFNet). By incorporating global location-specific transformation and introducing a land–sea distribution indicator, GSDNet can quickly and accurately map low-resolution significant wave heights to high-resolution grids. The results show that, compared with traditional interpolation methods such as the bilinear, inverse distance weight interpolation (IDW), and bicubic methods, the GSDNet model can reduce the global mean absolute error (MAE) by >77%. Compared with those of FourCastNet (FCN), the Koopman neural operator (KNO), the original NAFNet, and residual networks in deep learning from empirical downscaling methods (DL4DS_ResNet), the MAE decreases by >21%. Furthermore, the GSDNet model outperforms the other downscaling methods at the coastal boundary and for identifying the maximum significant wave height. In this work, we provide an effective solution for balancing computational efficiency and timeliness, which is important for improving the accuracy and reliability of ocean surface waves simulation/forecasting. • GSDNet demonstrates excellent downscaling ability for global wave heights. • GS is designed to capture fine features in margin regions. • GSDNet has a good generalization to apply in different resolutions via fine-tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Presentation of a comprehensive energy efficiency algorithm for photovoltaic curtain walls considering indoor lighting. • A coupled thermal-optical-electrical computational model of translucent photovoltaic curtain wall is constructed. • Performance analysis of photovoltaic buildings with different photovoltaic distributions in different thermal zones. • Combining indoor lighting comfort and comprehensive energy consumption to give suggestions on photovoltaic distribution. The thermal, optical and electrical properties of PV curtain walls are coupled, and the results obtained from a single calculation model are biased. Therefore, the development of a coupled thermal-optical-electrical performance model for crystalline silicon PV curtain walls is essential for their thermal-optical-electrical performance analysis. In this paper, light harvesting calculation models, heat transfer calculation models and power generation calculation models are developed based on the structural characteristics of translucent crystalline silicon photovoltaic curtain walls, and the coupled calculation models are developed using the linkage between some input and output parameters and the parameters of the calculation process. An experimental platform for translucent crystalline silicon photovoltaic curtain walls was built and the performance parameters of light, heat transfer and power generation of photovoltaic curtain walls and ordinary curtain walls were calculated according to the experimental conditions. The coupled model is then used to analyse the thermal, optical and electrical performance of buildings with translucent PV curtain walls with different PV module distribution methods and comprehensive energy consumption under the five thermal zones, and the best solution is given for the PV module distribution methods of translucent PV curtain walls in each of the five thermal zones based on the results of the light and comprehensive energy consumption studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Establish a multi-temperature region thermal vibration coupled optical test system. • Visualization of modal shapes based on full-field 3D-DIC output-only response. • Propose a multi-state non-uniform temperature field FEM updating method for structures. • Full-field non-uniform heat transfer analysis of structures using Q-learning algorithm. • The proposed structure can serve as a structural component in reusable hypersonic vehicles. Thermal effects in hypersonic vehicles, such as severe aerodynamic heating, can greatly influence their thermodynamic behavior. These effects can cause uneven temperature distributions and drastic vibrations, which in turn impact the vibration characteristics of the vehicle structure. To address this issue, a comprehensive approach was developed to study the behavior of honeycomb sandwich structures in high-temperature environments. Firstly, a full-field thermal vibration testing system was established, which allowed for free-boundary multi-temperature region heating at 900 °C while applying unconnected excitation. Through this setup, we were able to obtain modal frequencies and modal shapes of the honeycomb sandwich structures under high-temperature conditions. To accurately simulate the heat transfer distribution of the honeycomb sandwich structure, the Q-learning algorithm was employed, which proved effective in achieving accurate and detailed predictions of the full-field heat transfer distribution. Furthermore, for the purpose of further enhancing the accuracy of the finite element model, a multi-state non-uniform temperature field model updating method was utilized. This updated model accounted for the influence of the multi-temperature region heating, resulting in a more reliable representation of the structure's behavior. Additionally, a variational mode decomposition (VMD) framework was applied to visualize and analyze the modal shapes of the honeycomb sandwich structures. By decomposing the time-domain signals with VMD, it is possible to efficiently obtain the modal shapes of the output-only response signals. Experimental results demonstrated that the identification method used in this study produced modal frequencies and modal shapes that closely matched those obtained using the PolyMAX method at room temperature. Therefore, the proposed approach offers an effective means of identifying the modal characteristics of structures subjected to non-uniform temperature fields, particularly in output-only scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]