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Recent advancements in technology-based payment methods have prompted central banks all over the world to consider the possible advantages and hazards of issuing Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) in order to keep up with the current innovation trend. The Indian payment system is no exception to this fintech innovation trend. As a result, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) must begin considering related patterns and develop a phased implementation plan that progresses gradually through the pilot project. The present research is proposing a Pilot project on the issuance of retail e-rupee first. The research is primarily based on the normative method presenting a qualitative analysis of the creation of a digital rupee possibly like paper money and its smooth implementation. The study examines the potential effects of retail e-rupee implementation on the banking industry, monetary policy, technology architecture options, potential retail e-rupee applications, issuance methods, etc., as well as privacy issues. Thus, it will assist RBI in making policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This qualitative study aims to examine bankers' perspectives regarding financial inclusion, the challenges it faces and the scope for improvement. This research proposes a financial inclusion model, considering the inputs received by bankers. Financial exclusion of different sections is an issue common to emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach: Data for qualitative research were collected through interviews with bank officials. The information was gathered from 32 bankers from India's several zones (North, South, West and East). The data were collected from bankers from different public and private sector banks. Thematic analysis was performed up to the point of saturation to study the response received from bankers. Findings: Bank-related issues such as frequent computer problems, network connectivity problems, costs, a shortage of bank branches, fewer transactions through automated teller machines and a shortage of banking staff affect customers' confidence in formal banking. Banking services are disrupted by a lack of trust in banking correspondents (BCs), as they are not regular employees of banks. Limits on daily transactions discourage high-value customers from using BCs and kiosks. The time spent on administrative formalities impacts customers. Financial inclusion is affected by availability, accessibility, usage and affordability. Digital financial literacy is essential for ease of transaction, but awareness about financial products helps protect customers from cyber scams. The findings of this research would benefit financial institutions globally in developing their businesses and helping to achieve financial inclusion and the United Nation's sustainable development goals (SDGs). Originality/value: This research paper undertakes a qualitative analysis of the views collected from bankers. Bankers are crucial stakeholders in the successful implementation of the National Financial Inclusion Policy of the Government of India. Bankers' perspectives will be important not only for India and its researchers but also in the global context, as the UN's SDGs focus on leaving no one behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of technology and its advancements have brought various fundamental and structural changes to various sectors of the economy, including the banking sector. In India, the move towards e-banking was initiated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) by relying upon several recommendations provided by high-level committees formed for promoting the growth of information technology in the field of banking. In the current scenario, digital payment methods have replaced conventional paper-based methods due to their costefficiency and expediency. However, it is accompanied by certain challenges, such as poor security measures followed by institutions, which in turn create reputational, operational, or legal risks as they might lead to the disclosure and misuse of sensitive personal information of customers. In order to combat such risks and meet the challenges, the legal framework needs to be strengthened and made more stringent, while specific laws governing electronic payments need to be complied with. The paper examines the relevance of the growing electronic fund transfer systems in India, issues associated with them, existing statutory provisions, and directions issued by the RBI to combat such challenges, and offers suggestions to strengthen the legal framework in order to protect customers as well as participating institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the policy implications of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) 2016, which was enacted in India as part of banking sector reforms. The study aims to answer the question: Has the policy helped banks enhance their asset quality, stability, and performance?" To determine the effect of IBC on these research variables, we used a difference-in-difference (DID) regression technique. We collected a sample of 924 bank year observations for three categories of banks -- public, private and foreign ownership banks for the period during 2010 to 2021. We first analysed the ownership-wise impact of IBC on asset quality, stability and performance. Then, we further investigated the policy's implications by dividing banks into unhealthy and healthy categories based on their Z scores. In our findings, bank stability and asset quality for three ownership banks (private, public and foreign banks) is significantly different from each other. For overall sample observations, the relationship between asset quality and banks stability is negative and significant. This suggests that a deterioration in asset quality leads to less change in bank stability, i.e. the result confirms banks' loan evergreening problem during the reform period. The results estimating the impact of IBC on stability of public sector banks was insufficient, except for risk capital. Our findings show that public sector banks have tightened their lending standards in anticipation of potential asset quality deterioration. However, our analysis of the IBC's impact on unhealthy banks' asset quality, stability and performance did not align with the policy's objectives. While the IBC policy in itself is passing through several changes in recent, the study's results can aid policymakers in better assessing the impact of banking policies in India and can be used a reference for future policy formulation. A few related areas where the study results will aid to help are insolvency resolution, developing liquidation and cross-board insolvency framework. This paper is the first effort to estimate the impact of IBC separately on asset quality, bank stability, and performance of banks in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the role of corporate governance on the bank profitability of Indian banks vis-à-vis South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) nations. Design/methodology/approach: For the Corporate Governance Index, the authors examined board accountability, transparency and disclosure and audit committee, while Tobin's Q, return on equity and return on assets are used to measure the bank's profitability. The study used a two-stage analysis based on balanced panel data for robust findings. Sample of this study consists of 60 commercial banks from India and 60 banks from SAARC nations for the period of 2009–2021. This study used panel regression and a generalized method of moment approach using the CAMELS framework on banking industry-specific variables to determine their respective impacts. Findings: The findings of this study suggest that board accountability is positive and significantly affects the profitability of banks as indicated by return on assets, return on equity and Tobin's Q. In contrast, the audit committee has a positive and insignificant impact on return on assets, return on equity and Tobin's Q, while transparency and disclosure have a negative and significant impact on these metrics. Furthermore, the country dummy result shows a significant positive impact on all the bank performance parameters, implying that Indian banks have the highest degree of convergence with corporate governance as compared to other SAARC nations. Research limitations/implications: This study provides insight to the regulators, policymakers and financial institutions to evaluate the role of corporate governance in emerging economies. However, the findings of the study should be interpreted with caution, as the results are sensitive to the disparity between India and other SAARC nations' government policies, climatic circumstances and cultural or religious traditions. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to gauge the performance of Indian banks vis-à-vis SAARC nations using the CAMELS framework approach. Further, findings of this study suggest some novel evidence tying corporate governance quality with the profitability of banks among SAARC nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Human capital is a portfolio of rich skills that the labour possesses. Human capital has attracted significant attention from scholars. Nevertheless, empirical findings on the utility of human capital have often been divided. To address the research gap in the literature, the authors attempt to understand how human capital plays a significant role in financial development and economic growth nexus. Design/methodology/approach: The authors rely on secondary data published by the World Bank. The authors use econometric tools such as the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model and related statistical tests to study the relationship between human capital, India's financial growth and gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Findings: Study findings suggest that human capital and financial development contribute significantly to economic growth. Further, the authors found that human capital has a positive and significant moderating effect on the path of joining financial development and economic growth. Practical implications: The study contributes to the human capital debate. Despite the rich body of literature, the study based on World Bank data confirms the previous findings that investment in human capital is always useful for the financial and economic growth of the nation. Originality/value: This paper reveals some unique findings regarding effect of financial development and economic growth nexus which opens the window of new dimension to think about their nexus. It also provides a different pathway to foster the economic growth by using human capital and financial development as together, especially in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deposit insurance system in India is one of the oldest in the world. Though deposit insurance is a well-researched area across the globe, it is relatively unexplored in India. This paper aims to critically evaluate some of the core aspects of the Indian deposit insurer, explicate the strengths and weaknesses of the system, highlight the risks that accrue to the system due to its features and the lessons learned from its 60 years of experience. The study suggests that the Indian deposit insurance system is marred by certain issues, such as irregular revisions of coverage limits, cross-subsidisation, delays in the recovery of settled claims, the restricted role of the insurer and the non-availability of a benchmark for the insurance fund. It further provides policy recommendations for practitioners to overcome these shortcomings and enhance the robustness of the deposit insurer by allowing better risk management under the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public sector banks dominate India's financial sector and play a crucial role. Commercial banks are indispensable in the processes of capital circulation, capital integration, capital resource allocation, and overall societal demand and supply adjustment. But performing these vital roles, the commercial banks are associated with different risks out of which credit risk hampers them a lot. This risk attacks the major pillar of the banking industry i.e., solvency on which the industry survives. In this paper, a modest attempt is made to identify the bank-specific determinants of credit risk in the public sector commercial banks in India. Data was collected from the RBI database for the period 2005 to 2020 for 13 banks. Variables pertaining to credit risk, bank size, capital adequacy ratio, profitability, liquidity and diversification were taken. These variables were analysed with the help of different panel data analytical tools. The size of the bank, represented by the log of total assets, and diversification, measured as the ratio of non-interest income to total income, were found to positively and significantly influence credit risk in public sector commercial banks. The Return on Asset, Loan-deposit ratio, and Capital adequacy ratio were found to be negatively correlated with credit risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bank plays an important role in maintaining the economical condition of the country. Sound financial position of a bank is the guarantee not only to its depositors but is equally significant for shareholders, employees and whole economy as well. This study analyzes the financial performance of YES Bank & SBI, Lakshmi Vilas Bank (LVB) & DBS Bank India Ltd (DBIL) for the period of 2009 - 2020 by using CAMEL Model. The findings of this research reveal that net NPA (Non Performing Assets) and more advances are the major reasons for YES bank crisis. YES bank performs well up to 2017 but after that it begins to fall in terms of interest income, net profits etc., in 2020 its profit shows negative value. On the other hand, bad loans and capital inadequacy are the major reasons for failure of Lakshmi Vilas Bank (LVB) as its NPA and Advances increased excessively during the period of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian economy's growth depends heavily on the banking sector. In recent years, the banking business has undergone numerous changes. The RBI launched small finance banks as a banking initiative to encourage financial inclusion in India. Small finance banks offer services to financially excluded populations like farmers, labourers' low-income people, etc. This study is related to the period of six years from 2016-17 to 2021-22. The study uses descriptive statistics and the CAMEL model for the evaluation of financial performance. Descriptive statistics are analysed with the help of standard deviation and ANOVA. The CAMEL model analysis assists in determining how efficiently banks have performed in terms of each of the significant ratios including: (i) Capital Adequacy, (ii) Assets Quality, (iii) Management Effectiveness, (iv) Earning Quality, and (v) Liquidity Ratios. Based on the ANOVA the study concludes that the results of the selected banks have similar financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing social support to tuberculosis (TB) patients is a recommended strategy as households having TB patients find themselves in a spiral of poverty because of high cost, huge income loss and several other economic consequences associated with TB treatment. However, there are few examples of social support globally. The Indian government introduced the 'Nikshay Poshan Yojana' scheme in 2018 to provide nutritional support for all registered TB patients. A financial incentive of 500 Indian Rupee (6 United States Dollars) per month was proposed to be transferred directly to the registered beneficiaries' validated bank accounts. We examined the reach, timing, amount of benefit receipt and the extent to which the benefit alleviated catastrophic costs (used as a proxy to measure the impact on permanent economic welfare as catastrophic cost is the level of cost that is likely to result in a permanent negative economic impact on households) by interviewing 1482 adult drug-susceptible TB patients from 16 districts of four states during 2019 to 2023, using the methods recommended by the World Health Organization for estimating household costs of TB nationally. We also estimated the potential amount of social support required to achieve a zero catastrophic cost target. At the end of treatment, 31–54% of study participants received the benefit. In all, 34–60% of TB patients experienced catastrophic costs using different estimation methods and the benefit helped 2% of study participants to remain below the catastrophic cost threshold. A uniform benefit amount of Indian Rupee 10 000 (127 United States Dollars) for 6 months of treatment could reduce the incidence of catastrophic costs by 43%. To improve the economic welfare of TB patients, levels of benefit need to be substantially increased, which will have considerable budgetary impact on the TB programme. Hence, a targeted rather than universal approach may be considered. To maximize impact, at least half of the revised amount should be given immediately after treatment registration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effect of push, pull, balanced, and emotional factors on the motivational level of female entrepreneurship in Haryana state, India. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative study was conducted in Haryana's five districts among 384 women entrepreneurs using a convenience sampling method with a structured questionnaire. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses. Findings: The study found that Push, Emotional Factors, and Challenges have a significant impact on the motivational level of women's entrepreneurship and Challenges only mediate with the Push and Pull factors. Research limitations/implications: Generalization of results based on data from a few districts of Haryana state in India. A cross-sectional study was performed as a Longitudinal study helps in analyzing the changing character of women entrepreneurs and the prime reasons behind their success. Non-probability sampling technique was used in the study whereas probability sampling technique promotes reliability and reduces systematic error and sampling bias. Practical implications: Pull factors can be promoted through mentoring, counseling, and entrepreneurship training programs. Creating a conducive external environment with job security and financial support from external agencies is essential. The Government of India should take the necessary steps to reduce the hindrances faced by women entrepreneurship while raising funds through banks and financial institutions. Originality/value: The study employed a mediating variable, challenges, to investigate the impact of factors on the motivational levels of women entrepreneurs. To the best of our knowledge, this approach has not been utilized in previous research, making the current study a novel contribution to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to identify the major factors which prove as motivation and influence for a bank while deciding what, when, how and whom to outsource. A survey questionnaire was developed and responses were collected from 434 bank employees from two major groups of public sector banks and private sector banks in India. Exploratory factor analysis has been used to find out the latent factors for outsourcing decisions. Results of the study find Strategic competitive advantage, better customer service, better use of resources, capitalization on technological advancements, and cost-effectiveness as the major motivating factors for outsourcing the IT/IS, HR, marketing services, financial and other services. The present research article will be of great help for banks to measure the impact of outsourcing on the profitability, productivity, liquidity, and market share of the banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes bankers' perceptions and pulls information on the variables influencing particular NPA resolution tactics. Data was gathered from managers in several Indian banks, particularly those in the credit department, using a selfstructured questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire have been empirically validated. By employing EFA (exploratory factor analysis), Seven aspects of "management of NPAs" have been found and a comprehensive assessment of the viewpoint, conceptual, and empirical literature. Four criteria have been identified by the empirical research of these dimensions as being important for management. The current study provides useful recommendations for banking authorities on enhancing the asset quality of Indian banks and provides fresh perspectives on efficient credit management in banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the effect of environmental reporting on the financial performance of banks in India. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on the secondary data. The sample includes the banks listed in the NSE Nifty Bank Index from 2016–2017 to 2020–2021. The environmental reporting data was obtained through the content analysis technique. The financial data was collected from the CMIE Prowess database. Panel regression analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings: The findings indicate a negative significant influence of environmental reporting on the ROA and ROE of banks. On the other hand, environmental reporting does not significantly influence the EPS of banking institutions. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to contribute to the scarce literature on the influence of environmental reporting on financial performance, pertinently in the context of a developing nation's banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study is conducted to know the influence of bank-specific and macro-economic variables on bank performance in Indian context. A comparison has been made between public and private sector banks. For the purpose of the study, we have selected 32 commercial banks. Secondary data has been collected from the annual reports of the respective banks for the period 2010-11 to 2020-21. Panel regression model have been employed for the study. Empirical findings show that high operating expenses are not appropriately used to manage financial performance in sample banks especially for public sector banks. Study results also show that credit risk has an inverse association with financial performance. Leverage is negatively related to financial performance for public sector banks only. Deposit ratio, size and Annual GDP growth rate positively related to financial performance in all sample banks. While exchange rate has negative impact on the financial performances. The results show that different bank-specific and macro-economic variables influence differently with bank performance in public and private sector banks. The findings of the study will help policymakers and other stakeholders especially in the financial sector to understand various macro-economic and bank-specific variables impact on bank performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial inclusion paves the path towards inclusive growth. The Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in 2014 with a similar aim. The present study measures efficiency of 25 banks using the data envelopment analysis to ascertain how the banks have functioned under the PMJDY scheme. The study has been conducted for a duration of 7 years beginning from the year the scheme was introduced in 2014–2015 till 2020–2021. Results of the empirical analysis have indicated that the performance of public sector banks has been better than the private banks in expanding financial inclusion under the PMJDY programme. Additionally, measurement of projection and shortfall of the outputs of banks has shown that very few banks have performed efficiently in furthering the objectives of PMJDY scheme. Thus, the overall evidences derived from the analysis suggest that the inefficient banks need to expand their banking services for the deprived. Regular assessment of efficiency would assist in identifying and thereby implementing necessary steps to overcome the obstacles in achieving the financial inclusion goals. This would also improve the efficiency level of the banks having low-efficiency scores. Moreover, banks have a social responsibility to properly implement the schemes initiated by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid expansion in recent fintech innovations has garnered researchers' attention to evaluate its influence on the banking industry. In this quest, the current study conducts an interaction analysis to measure the impact of the fintech era on Indian banking stability. S imilarly t o p revious s tudies, w e u se a regression analysis and a Pearson correlation on the transition period of the fintech era to measure the impact of explanatory variables on the outcome variables of the Indian banking industry. Furthermore, as a robustness test, we have also used the Generalised Method of Moments system approach. This enabled us to make comparisons with similar studies. Using annual data from 1995 to 2021, the study reveals that, compared to the first fintech era, the second era assisted in reducing NPLs and enhancing financial stability in India. The study concludes that during the second wave of the fintech revolution, through interaction analysis, explanatory variables positively influence banking stability and NPLs. The current study contributes toward understanding the significance of fintech development from the context of an emerging country. It also helps to interpret the importance of disruptive forces of fintech development in the banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain predominant Banks astride across India stayed esoterically stable while graphing nascent opportunities in retail banking sectors to intensify their financial values. And concomitantly, Money lending facilities i.e., Consumer Loan services are one of those offerings which are supposed to meet the customer's needs and requirements. But due to a lack of proper 'customer education', customers are made to purchase third-party financial products like mutual funds or insurance policies as mandatory at the time of disbursement of loans by the bank officials, which results in financial losses to the customers. The study is carried out to explore various loan facilities provided by major banks so that customers can avail of the loan facilities as per their requirements. We have studied and surveyed all consumer loan services available, and on the basis of certain parameters such as Interest Rates, Equated Monthly Installment (EMI), Processing Fee, Pre- Payment Charges, Charges for Late Payments of EMI, Cheques/ Electronic Clearing Service (ECS) Return Charges, Mandate Life Insurance Policies, etc. The study concluded that customers should be exposed to all types of terms and conditions regarding third-party financial products at the time of loan disbursement so that every customer can be protected from mis-selling third-party financial products. Therefore, this study will enhance the literature towards' customer education' and will spread awareness of certain terms and conditions to the customer at the time of disbursement of loans in their account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study assesses the commercial bank profit efficiency and its relationship to banking sector competition in a rapidly growing emerging economy, India from 2009 to 2019 using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Design/methodology/approach: Lerner indices, conventional and efficiency-adjusted, quantify competition. Two SFA models are employed to calculate alternative profit efficiency (inefficiency) scores: the two-step time-decay approach proposed by Battese and Coelli (1992) and the recently developed single-step pairwise difference estimator (PDE) by Belotti and Ilardi (2018). In the first step of the BC92 framework, profit inefficiency is calculated, and in the second step, Tobit and Fractional Regression Model (FRM) are utilized to evaluate profit inefficiency correlates. PDE concurrently solves the frontier and inefficiency equations using the maximum likelihood process. Findings: The results suggest that foreign banks are less profit efficient than domestic equivalents, supporting the "home-field advantage" hypothesis in India. Further, increasing competition drives bank managers to make riskier lending and investment choices, decreasing bank profit efficiency. However, this effect varies depending on bank ownership and size. Originality/value: Literature on the competition bank efficiency link is conspicuously scant, with a focus on technical and cost efficiency. Less is known regarding the influence of competition on bank profit efficiency. The article is one of the first to examine commercial bank profit efficiency and its relationship to banking sector competition. Additionally, the study work represents one of the first applications of the FRM presented by Papke and Wooldridge (1996) and the PDE provided by Belotti and Ilardi (2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research employs Kirkpatrick's model, to assess the efficacy of training programmes for managerial and non-managerial employees in the banking sector using all the four components i.e., Reaction, Learning, Behavior and Results. Data were collected from 402 respondents from public, private and foreign sector banks. SEM-PLS was used to determine the relationship between the levels of the Kirkpatrick's model for the evaluation of the training programs of the baking sector. The results suggest that all the four levels are interlinked and Kirkpatrick model was effective to evaluate the impact of training programs on employee motivation and bank performance. Reactions of employees (stage 1) have enhanced knowledge, and skills and has a positive and significant influence on learning (stage 2) and Behavior through job performance (stage 3) has a positive impact on results (stage 4). The results reflected that the adjusted R2 = 0.732 of the managerial level is more than that of the non-managerial level (R2 = 0.571). This indicates that the training is more effective on the Managerial level than the Non-Managerial level and that the managerial employees are more skilled and experienced in their jobs. The study is novel and one of the initial contributions to apply Kirkpatrick's model to banking sector in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical prevalence of banking crises and their profound impact on global economies underscores the imperative for policy makers to refine their crisis forecasting frameworks. Against this backdrop, the present study endeavors to predict potential banking crises in India by leveraging a spectrum of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques (AI-ML). These techniques encompass logistic regression, random forest, naïve Bayes, gradient boosting, support vector machine, neural networks, K-nearest neighbors, and decision trees. Initially, a banking fragility index was constructed utilizing monthly banking data spanning 2002 to 2023, demarcating the periods of crisis and stability. Subsequently, an extensive array of early warning indicators (EWIs) encompassing asset prices, macroeconomic factors, external influences, and credit-related variables were employed to forecast crisis periods. Our findings reveal that AI-ML models exhibit reasonable accuracy in predicting banking crises. Moreover, advanced model performance metrics highlight neural networks and random forest models as particularly effective in crisis prediction, surpassing other methodologies. Notably, among the EWIs, variables related to credit, interest rates, and liquidity emerge as possessing relatively higher information value in discerning fragilities within the Indian banking system. Importantly, the methodological framework presented herein can be extrapolated for banking crisis prediction in other economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the effect of intellectual capital (IC) and its components on the technical efficiency of Indian commercial banks after controlling the influence of bank-specific and macroeconomic variables. Design/methodology/approach: The study selects a sample of 37 listed Indian commercial banks from 2005 to 2019 and uses the two-step data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Banks' technical efficiency scores are first estimated, while the relationship between IC and technical efficiency is examined in the second stage using the panel data Tobit model. Findings: This study's findings suggest a fluctuating trend in the technical efficiency of Indian banks. Notably, from 2015 onwards, a declining technical efficiency trend is observed for all banks. However, private-sector banks outperform public-sector banks in terms of technical efficiency. This study's regression analysis indicates a positive relationship between IC and banks' technical efficiency scores. Further, by decomposing IC into its components like human capital, structural capital and capital employed, the study's findings show that human capital and structural capital enhance banks' technical efficiency. Notably, capital employed reduces technical efficiency. Moreover, bank size, diversification, capitalization, net interest margin and the country's growth rate significantly drive Indian banks' efficiency. In contrast, their operating cost ratio and the country's inflation negatively influence the same. Originality/value: This study makes a novel endeavor to examine the IC and bank's technical efficiency nexus in the Indian context, encompassing a period of landmark banking reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative study analyzed the impact of loan portfolio composition on the efficiency of different types of banks in India—public sector, old private, and new private banks—in the period between 2013 and 2022. Efficiency was evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study considered four loan variables—term lending, working capital, priority sector lending, and secured lending in proportion to the overall loans—as independent factors against the efficiency score as the dependent variable, using a random-effects generalized least squares (GLS) regression framework. The results indicate that there were no significant effects on the efficiency of old private banks, except for working capital, which had a marginally negative impact on bank efficiency. Working capital, priority sector lending, and term lending have been found to significantly impact the efficiency of new private banks. Only term and working capital loans significantly affected the efficiency of public sector banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to develop a customer-centric model based on an online customer experience (OCE) construct relating to e-loyalty, e-trust and e-satisfaction, resulting in improved Net Promoter Score for Indian digital banks. Design/methodology/approach: This study used an online survey method to gather data from a sample of 485 digital banking users, from which usable questionnaires were obtained. The obtained data were subjected to thorough analysis using partial least squares structural equation modelling to further investigate the research hypotheses. Findings: The main factors determining digital banks' OCE were perceived customer centrality, perceived value and perceived usability. Additionally, relevant constructs were evaluated using importance-performance map analysis. Research limitations/implications: This study used convenience sampling for the urban population using digital banking services; therefore, the outcome may be generalized to a limited extent. To further strengthen digital banking, it would be valuable to imitate studies in other countries. Originality/value: There is a lack of research on digital banking and OCE in India; thus, this study will help rectify this issue while providing valuable insights. This study differs from others in that it examines the connections between online customer satisfaction, loyalty, trust and the bottom line of financial institutions using these factors as dependent variables instead of traditional measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) in India have been playing a pivotal role, contributing immensely to the overall development of the economy. The SCBs comprise public sector banks (PSBs), private sector banks (PVSBs) and the branches of foreign banks (FBs). These banks are facing a major challenge in the form of deteriorating asset quality, triggering a substantial increase in the amount of non-performing assets (NPAs). Consequently, their profit is either plummeting or they are suffering and reporting higher losses. This study examines the asset quality of three ownership groups of SCBs, viz., PSBs, PVSBs and FBs, and the impact of asset quality on their reported profit, using performance statistics for the period 2012-13 to 2021-22. For evaluation of asset quality of banks and also its impact on their profit, descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, chi-square, correlation and t-test are used. It is found that deteriorating asset quality is the root cause for the mounting NPAs and the provision against these NPAs. The study also establishes that the amount of profit has been affected adversely by the deteriorating asset quality of SCBs in varying rates (insignificant to significant and negative to positive). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, there has been notable progress in India's efforts to enhance financial inclusion. The impact of adopting Digital Financial Services (DFS) has been on the rise, reflecting the Government of India's ongoing commitment to extending financial services to those who are traditionally underserved in the banking sector. To expand financial inclusion and create a secure operational atmosphere for digital financial businesses, India should aim to reach out to the underserved sections of its population. With this regard, this research explores the profound impact of adopting DFS on Financial Inclusion (FI), a topic of increasing significance in today's global economy. The research employs a comprehensive approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative analyses, drawing upon primary and secondary data sources. A key dimension under scrutiny includes access to technology, trust and security, transaction cost, product offerings and digital literacy of digital financial service adoption. By surveying through a questionnaire, primary data is collected from 510 respondents. The study used a cross-sectional research design. The data underwent cleaning and analysis using the statistical technique of structural equation modelling to investigate the association among the constructs and variables. The finding of the study indicates that adopting DFS has a significant impact on financial inclusion and it mitigates the traditional barriers to financial inclusion such as physical distance, documentation requirements and transaction costs. The study contributes to the evolving discourse on financial inclusion by shedding light on the multifaceted impact of adopting digital financial services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of financial sector reform in India in the early 1990s was to invite more competition. Consequently, with the entry of private and foreign banks, the competitive banking environment witnessed widespread changes like new technology, new products and services, new business practices and obviously new regulatory norms to tackle the new developments. This research evaluates the impact of competition in the banking industry on the profitability of Indian banks. Using annual data of twelve public sector and nineteen private sector banks for the period 2013 to 2022, the researchers investigate the effect of competition on banking profitability. Competition is measured by Lerner index, whereas financial performance is measured by Net Interest Margin (NIM). The results of the study indicate that there is a strong effect of competition of banking profitability during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on the bank's performance using a cross-country approach with India and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries using the Skandia navigator model (SNM). Design/methodology/approach: This study uses a mixed-methods research approach by taking financial and non-financial measures to assess the impact of the IC on the bank's performance using the SNM. The study implies an analysis of the data from the top ten banks in India and twenty banks in GCC countries. The selection was done based on the volume of the bank's business for three years (2019–2020, 2020–2021 and 2021–2022). Findings: The research has three main findings: there is a positive impact of IC on the bank's performance; amongst the factors of SNM, there is a direct impact of human capital and customer focus on the performance of the selected banks in both India and GCC countries; and the other factors of SNM such as structural capital and process focus, renewal and development focus also affect the selected banks. Research limitations/implications: The outcomes of the research may be useful for policymakers in India and GCC countries, as it identifies IC components that have a significant impact on the bank's performance. This might enable them to develop policies that foster such factors, which, consequently, will improve the performance of the banks in the selected countries. Originality/value: This study is an attempt to fill the gap in the existing literature on IC and bank's performance for two different types of countries using the SNM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to investigate the relationship between employer branding and its antecedent organisational culture within the context of the private banking sector. The study also investigates the relationship between employer branding and employee brand equity as a consequential construct. Additionally, the mediating role of trust and the moderating role of gender in the relationship between employer branding and employee brand equity has been examined. Design/methodology/approach: The present study's findings result from data analysis collected from a sample of 454 employees working in private banks in India. The data analysis was conducted utilising the structural equation modelling technique with the assistance of analysis of moment structures (AMOS) software. Findings: The study's findings indicate that supportive and bureaucratic (formal) culture in private banks exhibit a significant relationship with employer branding. However, the relationship between innovative culture and employer branding was found to be insignificant. The research also reveals a significant positive association between employer branding and employee brand equity variables: brand consistent behaviour, brand endorsement and brand allegiance. Further, the study highlights the mediating role of employee trust in management in the relationship between employer branding and employee brand equity. Examining demographic variables suggests that gender moderates the relationship between employer branding and employee brand equity. Originality/value: The originality of this study lies in its exploration of the critical role of organisational culture variables in shaping employer branding within the context of private banks. The findings highlight that cultivating supportive and bureaucratic cultures can effectively enhance the employer branding of private banks. The study emphasises the outcomes of employer branding initiatives, signifying that they contribute to developing brand equity among employees. This leads to long-term employee commitment and advocacy towards the organisation, as employees become brand advocates for the bank with which they are affiliated. The study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between organisational culture, employer branding and employee brand equity, providing valuable implications for the private banking sector aiming to reinforce their employer brand and increase employee engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study primarily aims to examine the impact of financial distress on the dividend distribution policy of banks operating in India. Panel data analysis was performed using a static model to investigate the impact of distress on the bank's dividend policy. The Z-score developed by Altman measures a bank's financial distress (a high Z-score indicates the absence of financial distress). Data from 31 out of 34 banks operating in India between 2016 and 2020 has been used. The debt/equity ratio is used as the moderator. The sales log is used as the control variable. A linear connection exists between financial distress and dividends. Furthermore, debt/equity ratio significantly moderates the association of financial distress with dividend policy. The findings contribute to formulating a long-term dividend policy by drawing attention to the distressing situation in the banking sector, focusing on ensuring the banks' financial viability. Thereby, the findings are novel and hold significant worth in improving the current understanding of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to empirically explore the effect of virtuous leadership on the individual performance of an employee in light of "institutional theory", considering work engagement and subjective happiness as parallel mediators with specific reference to the banking sector in India. Design/methodology/approach: The data were gathered through a survey questionnaire from bank workers employed in branches across central India. After the survey, 453 responses were accepted for analysis after excluding incomplete returns. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses and validation of the proposed model. Findings: The results revealed the integrated association of virtuous leadership and individual performance in relation to the Indian banking sector. This study also found a significant parallel mediating function of work engagement and subjective happiness in the positive relationship between virtuous leadership and self-assessed individual performance. Research limitations/implications: Individual performance was assessed using respondents' perceptions of their own performance. Though appropriate care was made to avoid procedural and statistical common method bias, the possibility of an exaggerated relationship between constructs and single-source could not be excluded. Practical implications: The findings indicate that banks may benefit from a greater emphasis on virtuous leadership in both staff selection and leadership development programmes. According to the present research, employees who believe in the virtuous character of their leader feel more engaged and happier and exhibit better performance; this can help the efficiency of Indian banks. Originality/value: The study significantly bridges the gap in current literature by explaining the mechanism of the effect of virtuous leadership on individual performance in the Indian banking sector. The study has also addressed the gaps in individual performance literature and has empirically established the layered connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to understand the unique financial behavior of transgender individuals compared to cisgender individuals. Furthermore, this study aims to demonstrate that understanding the financial behavior of transgender people will help financial institutions, regulators and policymakers to include them in the formal financial sector. Design/methodology/approach: The qualitative approach to research aims at understanding a given phenomenon among the participants. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with 28 transgender and cisgender individuals each. Thematic analysis is used to understand the participants' financial behavior and propose future research directions and implications to regulators and practitioners. Findings: The transgender participants (TP) earn no stable income compared to cisgender participants. Due to a lack of regular income, TP faces hardships covering their spending. No fixed spending or financial planning pattern is found among the TP, and they are found to be highly uncertain of their income and spending. The TP is found wholly excluded from the financial system, and not even a single participant with an active bank account or insurance is found. TP has not visited a bank in their lifetime, and financial literacy is found completely missing among them. No TP has ever taken a bank loan or credit from a financial institution. A zeal among TP to be financially included is found, and such participation will undoubtedly help them live a financially independent life. Cisgender people (CP) are found to be earning a stable income, have full-time jobs, save money, transact through a formal financial system and are financially more independent than TPs. Gender is shown to play a role in the financial behavior of the participants. Research limitations/implications: This study gathers information from transgender and CP and does not focus on the financial services providers; the decision not to interview the providers of financial services is a potential limitation of the present study. Another limitation is the small number of respondents who participated in the semi-structured interviews. Due to these limitations, the generalizability of the findings of this study regarding financial behavior will be restricted and require further evidence from future research. Practical implications: The present study has several practical implications. First, the requirement of understanding the financial behavior of transgender people from their perspective is missing in the literature, and studies focusing on their behavior are required to help them be financially independent. The present study has implications for regulators, policymakers and practitioners to help transgender people improve their financial conditions. Originality/value: The existing literature does not include studies focusing on understanding the financial behavior of transgender people or drawing a comparison of the financial behavior of transgender or CP. The present study explores the financial behavior of transgender people and highlights the unique financial behavior of transgender individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Phygital emerges as a promising phenomenon, as it uses innovative technologies to connect digital spaces and physical places that provide customers with an interactive and unique experience. Drawing the stimuli–organism–response (S-O-R) framework, the study aims to examine the phygital customer experience by using key drivers and their effect on customer engagement (CE), trust (TRU) and patronage intentions (PI). Design/methodology/approach: Data were obtained by using convenience sampling from 389 respondents from northern parts of India between December 2022 and February 2023. After checking reliability and validity, "variance-based structural equation modeling" has been applied to obtain results. Findings: The outcomes reported that stimuli constructs such as customer brand experience (CBE), service quality (SQ) and emotions during the service (EDS) significantly influence organism (CE). However, pain points (PP) have a statistically insignificant impact on CE. Further, the outcomes also reveal a positive relation between organism and response variables (i.e. CE, TRU and PI). Practical implications: This study's results offer strategic insights to enhance CE and PI, ultimately contributing to the advancement of the retail banking industry. The financial service provider must prudently interrelate digital and physical platforms to make the customer journey fruitful. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to look at the effect of key drivers on the PI of active retail banking customers in national capital region, India by using the S-O-R framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks at how important private banks are to the expansion of the Indian economy. Private banks have become major actors in the Indian banking industry during the last few decades, offering a wide range of financial services and making innovative contributions to the country's economic growth. The purpose of this study is to examine how private banks contribute to economic growth. Specifically, it will look at how they promote entrepreneurship, improve financial inclusion, and aid in the development of infrastructure and industry. By facilitating easier access to credit for both individuals and enterprises, private banks have made a substantial contribution to the Indian economy by encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation. Their technical innovations and competitive strategies have raised consumer happiness and efficiency in the banking industry. Furthermore, by providing banking services to underserved and rural areas, private banks have been instrumental in promoting financial inclusion by drawing more people into the formal financial system. The research also emphasizes the difficulties that private banks encounter, including regulatory barriers, rivalry from public sector banks, and the requirement for ongoing technology advancements. Notwithstanding these obstacles, private banks continue to have a significant overall influence on economic growth, highlighting their significance in the financial system. Because they promote financial innovation, inclusivity, and general economic development, private banks are essential to the expansion of the Indian economy. The purpose of this study is to support policies and regulatory frameworks that will further strengthen the role of private banks in India's economy and ensure inclusive and sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banking sector is introducing various financial innovations by providing various products and services to its customers. The access to debit card and credit card has increased, but their proper use is important. The current study aims is to explain the various factors affecting the use of debit card and credit card in India. The unit-level data from the 77th round of national sample survey has been accessed and analyzed and the result has been the use of multivariate logistic regression techniques and marginal effect analyses. The study has found that the education level, the cards' major urban-place usage by regular wage and salaried individuals based on their source of income, the value of the financial assets and wealth quintile are in principle positively associated with their wide popularity, However, senior citizens and females are negatively associated with the use of debit card and credit card in India. The study recommends that banks and financial institutions should take more efforts to popularize and increase the use of debit card and credit card also in rural areas. These cards should be made more user-friendly to senior citizens, and females. Furthermore, banks, financial institutions and policy makers from the eastern and western regions of India should take more initiative to increase the use of debit card and credit card. Finally, the study recommend that banks and financial institutions should create more awareness about use of debit and credit cards and their benefits, increase the number of ATMs and reduce the annual fees charged on issuing debit and credit cards especially in remote and rural areas of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Villages are the backbone of India. Rural households constitute 70% of India’s population. Financial inclusions help rural households to open a bank account and encourage them to do more financial activities. Innovations in communications technology and mobile phone penetration in rural villages change rural households’ digital finance behaviour. The government has taken many initiatives to make rural households be digitally literate. Despite all the initiatives of the government, the rural house still lags behind. This study has taken rural households as the target audience to find out their digital financial behaviour with respect to savings, remittances, payments, credit and investments. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method is adopted to carry out the study. Rural households’ opinions are collected using structured questionnaires. The collected data is quantitatively analysed with the help of SPSS tools. The findings of this study revealed that financial behaviour traits are identified as a motivator, moderator and excluded. Security traits of digital finance transactions play a vital role in significant discrimination of different digital finance behaviours. Findings of Structural Equation Modelling reveal that the accessibility of various digital finance platforms can influence their digital financial behaviours in a broad way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]