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Simple Summary: The reproduction of goats is a highly complex and dynamic process of life regulation, which is synergistically regulated by various aspects such as central nervous system regulation, reproductive system development, oocyte maturation, and fertilized egg development. In goats, there is still an urgent need to explore marker genes related to reproductive performance. This study identified the RPL4 gene as a key marker gene related to reproductive capacity in goat oocytes through various bioinformatics analysis methods including WGCNA, PPI network analysis, and differential gene expression analysis. The results reveal that the RPL4 gene in oocytes has the potential to serve as a biological marker for determining the reproductive rate of goats, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of goat reproductive performance. Reproduction in goats is a highly complex and dynamic process of life regulation, involving coordinated regulation from various aspects such as central nervous system regulation, reproductive system development, oocyte maturation, and fertilized egg development. In recent years, researchers have identified numerous genes associated with goat reproductive performance through high-throughput sequencing, single-cell sequencing, gene knockout, and other techniques. However, there is still an urgent need to explore marker genes related to goat reproductive performance. In this study, a single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of oocytes (GSE136005) was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to identify modules highly correlated with goat litter size. Through gene function enrichment analysis, it was found that genes within the modules were mainly enriched in adhesive junctions, cell cycle, and other signaling pathways. Additionally, the top 30 hub genes with the highest connectivity in WGCNA were identified. Subsequently, using Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis, the top 30 genes with the highest connectivity within the modules were identified. The intersection of hub genes, key genes in the PPI network, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) led to the identification of the RPL4 gene as a key marker gene associated with reproductive capacity in goat oocytes. Overall, our study reveals that the RPL4 gene in oocytes holds promise as a biological marker for assessing goat litter size, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying goat reproductive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]